United Kingdom Journals

		[2006] 3 Web JCLI

Introduction
Meaning of clinical legal education
The clinical aspect of legal education in Nigerian universities
Pre-1990 legal education
Post-1990 legal education

Structure of the Clinical Programme

100 Level Clinical Programme
200 level clinical programme
300 Level clinical programme
400 level clinical programme

500 level clinical programme

End of each segment of the clinical programme

Assessment of clinical training

Career Path of Graduates
Appraisal of the clinical programme
Conclusion and Proposals for Reform

Bibliography

Introduction

Strictly speaking, a clinic in medical and para-medical science is a place for medical examination and treatment; oftentimes free for experimental and instructive purposes (Webster dictionary). It is basically the sessions of instructions in an institution or department for treating patients for diagnosis or giving instructions to a group in a particular field or profession (Chambers Dictionary). Legal clinic is the name given to the practical side of legal training designed to complement and supplement the theoretical knowledge of the law acquired by the students.

It is not very clear whether clinical legal education has been existence in Nigeria since the establishment of formal legal education in 1963 (by the Legal Education Act 1962, repealed in 1976 but now consolidated in Cap. 110 of the Revised Laws of the Federation of Nigeria  (LFN) 2004). Abia State University introduced the formal clinical aspect of legal education at the undergraduate LLB level first in Nigeria. This fundamental aspect of the LLB curriculum was devised at the inception of the university in 1981. it was the first of its kind in Nigeria. It was introduced as a result of the initiatives and innovations of the pioneer Professors and Deans of Law (Anthony Oye Chukwurah (1981-1986) and Osita Eze (1987 - 1992), to facilitate a formidable link between the LLB course and the legal profession as well as government agencies to promote smoother transition from the academic to the practical world.

The pioneer Professors worked extremely hard apparently to excel the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) owned universities particularly because there was a threat by the Federal Government to proscribe state universities even though education was on the concurrent legislative list. Legal clinical was accorded its pride of place  at Abia State University (ABSU) due to the awareness of the growing professional needs and the necessity to stimulate the interest, commitment and participation of the students as early as possible, in the practical aspect of the legal profession. Owing to the huge success recorded at Abia State University, clinical legal education is becoming very popular as one of the most effective ways of teaching students lawyering skills, values/etiquettes and responsibilities of the profession, access to justice and government agencies. It has also been introduced in the LLB degree courses at Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba ñAkoko Ondo State and at Ebonyi State University Abakaliki upon the approval of their curricular by their respective university senates.

Meaning of clinical legal education

Legal clinic is the practical side of the undergraduate LLB training programme. It is the process of learning by observation which characterizes the Nigerian clinical system in contrast to the USA system of learning by doing (Joy 2004). Strictly, clinical legal education provides practical training, or experiential and experimental learning of skills, to prospective lawyers who may be called ‘lawyers in the making’. In this process, the would-be lawyers (LLB students) work, understudy and undertake hands on learning through experience under the supervision of the law faculty academic and administrative staff; learn to practice law and how to solve clinical legal problems in the actual life environment. This course is practice-oriented and the would-be lawyers in a well structured clinical course as in a real life practical environment, undertake interviews of live clients, real life witnesses, gather facts, analyze clients’ problems and synthesize them with law, provide legal advice, perform legal activities and confront the same problem situation which lawyers face in practical life rather than academic or moot court situations.

While the would-be lawyers could draft pleadings and legal documents and perform legal works on behalf of indigent or impecunious clients or charge little fees based on the limited licence to practice granted to them by the government at the various levels in USA, their Nigerian counterparts not having been called to the Bar have no licence at all to practice. Apart from the learning by observation, they are disabled by the professional rules from rendering any service to the client. The usefulness of the clinical aspect cannot be under-estimated. In the fields of medicine, architecture, pharmacy and para-medical professions (nurses, laboratory technologists for instance) substantial parts of these clinical aspects are impacted in the form of experimental learning in laboratories, clinics, hospitals, internships etc. Similarly, in the architectural profession, the architects in-the-making receive the clinical aspect of the vocational practice-oriented course in the workshop, bounding technological firms, construction sites, etc, in live clients/professional environments as part of the hands-on-the-job experiential learning processes. In engineering, technical and science education, clinic plays a more important role in hands-on-the-job-learning in workshop where engines and components are fabricated, designed and built by the student engineers under the supervision of faculty.

The clinical aspect of legal education in Nigerian universities.

The clinical aspect of legal education in Nigeria is an integral part of the process of imparting knowledge and training of prospective lawyers at the LLB stage so that they can acquire the necessary skills and discipline required by the legal profession (Jack-Osimiri 1992). The clinical system starts at the 100 to 500 level LLB degree; in spite of the fact that legal education is a  continuous one for life throughout the post-qualification years (Jack-Osimiri 1995b). The birth of clinical legal education in Nigeria was as a result of increasing concern over the perceived falling standard of legal education.  There was a desire for competition to excel and beat other educational institutions in order to ward off unnecessary discrimination and the anxiety about the professional competence of lawyers generally. These factors led to much attention being directed at their training, such that approved courses of many universities in Nigeria are being constantly updated and revised to meet the increasing controls of the regulatory bodies.

In order to raise the standard or possibly arrest falling standards, ABSU, AAU and EBSU introduced the clinical aspect to complement the mandatory substantive law content of the LLB degree. The Faculty of law at Rivers State University of Science and Technology will also introduce it in 2005-06. The result of the injection of this practice-oriented aspect is to infuse skills learning in areas such as advocacy, professional responsibilities, drafting, negotiation, alternative dispute resolution, etc.  It increases links with the immigration, armed forces, prison services, legislative houses at both the state and federal levels, magistrates and high courts, legal aid council, ministry of justice and law firms.

It is anticipated that this observational job learning would expose any prospective lawyer to a varying choice of careers after qualification as a fully-fledged lawyer and the relationship between theory and practice of law thus:

The study of the law is not merely the gaining of knowledge of the laws of one’s country. It is a liberal education, a discipline of mind. Law teaches us precision, lucidity of expression, the value of words and more than anything else, how to shift the wheat from the chaff, how to discard the irrelevancies that surround a subject and how to get at the root of the matter. (Chalga 19610)

Nigerian clinical legal education is founded on the principle that seeing the machineries of law in motion (Zander 1981) can enhance the learning of law. Thousands of years ago Socrates the great philosopher recognized and emphasized that the ability to explain actions lies in the capacity to perform them. We shall examine the above development in the pre-1990 and post 1990 period respectively.

Pre-1990 legal education

Nigeria was a British colony/protectorate for 99 years from 1861 to independence in 1960. She inherited the British educational system. The Nigerian Bar was established in 1885.  Between 1886 and 1962 all Nigerian lawyers, with the exception of very few local attorneys, were trained in Britain, as there were no facilities to train them locally. The legal profession in Nigeria is a fused one. The functions of the solicitor (the lawyer who handles the preparatory work involved in a law suit) and barrister (the lawyers engaged in the conduct of litigation) are amalgamated. Nigerian lawyers still use the titles of barrister, solicitor and attorney, but are known officially as legal practitioners. S. 23 Legal Practitioners Act (1975 now consolidated in Cap.111 LFN (2004)) as a person entitled to practice as a barrister, solicitor or both either generally or for the purpose of a particular office or proceedings.

The training given by the Inns of Courts and the Law Society in England was considered insufficient and unsuitable for lawyers practicing in Nigeria in many ways (Orojo 1979). Firstly, despite the fact that Nigerian laws have 80 percent background of English laws, efforts were made to incorporate indigenous customary laws in the attempts to integrate and adopt them to serve local needs (Obilade 1979). Law is an instrument of social engineering. The social habits in England may not necessarily represent the cultural norms and decorum in Nigeria. As a result of this latent defect, the newly qualified lawyers in England were handicapped, as they had not the opportunity to study Nigerian laws. Secondly, the British trained lawyers were used to the dichotomy of legal practice in which barristers and solicitors are given different training designed to equip them to perform different but complementary functions, and consequently may not necessarily fit into a fused system. The majority of the pre-1963 lawyers in Nigeria qualified as barristers in the Inns of Court of England without training as solicitors but they returned to Nigeria to practice as both.

The Legal Education Act 1962 established the Council of Legal Education, which in turn established the Nigeria Law School (NLS). There are now campuses at the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Enugu, Kanu and Lagos. Since 1963 NLS has been responsible for the conduct of professional legal education to meet local needs. The entry qualification is an LLB degree of any university from a common law jurisdiction; England, Scotland, Ireland, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, the West Indies, South Africa, Malaysia, India, Singapore etc.

From 1963 to 1989 there was a liaisez faire attitude. All the Nigerian universities designed four year LLB degree programmes,  provided these had the core common law jurisdictions such as constitutional/administrative law, law of contract, criminal law, equity/law of trust, land law, law of torts, evidence, company/commercial law, (see the stipulations of the Council for legal Education Government Notice No. 25 Gazette Nos 9 and 10 Vol. 21 January 1989).  This increased the core common law subjects from the traditional six to eight, adding evidence and commercial/company law-made pursuant to the exercise of their powers under the Legal Education Act). On completion of the academic stage, the LLB degree is issued as entry qualification for one year compulsory vocational training at the Nigerian Law School.

Post-1990 legal education

From 1990 the National Universities Commission (NUC) in pursuance of its statutory powers conferred by s. 10 Education (Minimum Standard & Establishment of Institutions) Act (1985; now Cap. E. 3 (LFN) 2004) increased the LLB degree programme to five years (four years for graduate applicants with degrees) and laid down minimum standards in legal studies for all universities in Nigeria. Under the above minimum standards there is no specific provision at all relating to the clinical aspect education, interpreted the minimum standards as equivalent to maximum standards and replaced their pre-existing curricula with the one compulsory imposed by the NUC. It is necessary for us to examine the clinical aspect both pre-and post 1990 in order to properly appraise and examine its contributory significance to the comprehensiveness of legal education in Nigeria.

Clinical legal education as constituted by the four law faculties operating it in Nigeria consists of two weeks attachment to police stations in the first semester and a further period of two weeks in the federal prisons service department for the second semester for LLB 100 level first year students. The 200 level second year students undergo an attachment of two weeks duration at the state House of Assembly in the first semester, while the second semester is devoted to another two weeks in the federal legislature. The 300 level third year students are also attached for two weeks at the magistrate court in the first semester while the second semester is devoted to attachment at the high courts. The 400 level fourth year LLB students undergo attachment for two weeks at the office of the Legal Aid Council in the first semester and a further two weeks at the Ministry of Justice, Attorney General Chambers for the second semester. The fifth/final year LLB 500 level student undergo only a first semester attachment of two weeks duration in the law firms/chambers of repute.

Each semester consists of 16 weeks of academic activities, totaling 32 weeks per academic session, giving a cumulative total of 160 weeks for the five year degree programme, out of which 18 weeks are devoted to the clinical programmes. We shall examine each category in detail, to demonstrate the management of each segment and the benefits derived there from. It is worthy to observe that the legal institutions, government agencies and practitioners outlined above render these services to the clinical students on a goodwill basis without any payment obligation.   Their desire being to contribute to the training of the youths most of whom will eventually turn out to be their successors-in-offices. It is noteworthy to mention that the commencement of each segment of the legal clinic coincides with the students’ law weeks, which involve many activities such as public lectures on topical issues of practical utility to the legal profession by eminent personalities, mooting competitions, novelty matches etc. Since the harmonization of the curriculum of the law degree courses in all Nigerian universities (Jack-Osimiri 1995a) and the increase in duration to five years, some of the universities now regard the clinical aspect as not mandatory. The Senate of Ebonyi State University adopted it at the inception of LLB programme as mandatory in 2004 when convinced by the arguments that the NUC standards are merely minimum, while the maximum remaned unlimited and consequently each university is at liberty of the outputs. The Senate of AAU was also convinced by this argument.

Structure of the Clinical Programme

100 Level Clinical Programme

At this preliminary stage the students familiarize and acquaint themselves with the constitution, composition and operation of the different branches of the law enforcement agencies. References are made to the Customs and Excise Department, Immigration Services and Armed Forces, but the clinical studies by observations are centred on the Nigerian Police Force (NPF) and State Security Service (SSS).

The students are divided into groups. Each group is under the supervision and control of academic advisers (usually a member of the academic staff) and students’ leaders are appointed. Each group is assigned and attached to different divisional police stations in the same town or different towns of close proximity under the guardian of academic advisers. They visit the police station from 8am and remain there till 4pm for the duration of two weeks. Within this period the participants are given first hand information and knowledge about the organizational structure and functions of the Nigerian Police, its chain of command system and official hierarchies. For instance, the trainees learn about the various departments in the police force-armoury, exhibits, dogs, signals, intelligence, surveillance squad, robbery, homicide, firearms, musical bands/ceremonies, etc. They are further introduced to the formal division of labour and command hierarchies within the force. The studies are extended to the specialized and highly skilled sections of FIIB (Force Intelligence and Investigation Bureau), SIIB (State Intelligence and Investigation Bureau) force headquarters etc and the examination of criminal statistics.

General lecture handouts and monographs are delivered to the trainees by the appropriate police officers about law enforcement, crime prevention, detection, apprehension of offenders, preservation of law and order, protection of life and property, search, arrest, interrogation or questioning of suspects, volunteering of statements by suspects, recovering/handling and removal of exhibits, tendering them in courts and disposals of exhibits, prosecution of accused in the courts, etc. On the conclusion of the two weeks study, the commissioner of police for the state command or officer acting on his behalf formally addresses the students. The students gain first hand knowledge about the police, which helps in the appreciation of their roles and that of the authorities in the administration of the justice system in Nigeria. This is particularly advantageous for some of the trainees, who eventually undertake research projects on these areas and so are in a better position to write more informatively and constructively. Some of the students on graduation join the police force as officers. This helps in facilitating links with the government agencies at the onset and development of professionalism

The clinical aspect of the second semester at 100 level of the LLB programme involves the same attachment of the students to the prisons service department for the duration of two weeks. This enables them to learn from the prisons service authorities about the treatment of offenders, the enforcement of custodial and non-custodial sentences, legal custody of prisoners, the removal and production of prisoners before the courts, discharge, visits, illness/hospital medical treatments, jail deliveries by Chief Justice/Chief Registrar, the gallows and execution of death sentences, paroles, prison regulations etc. Similarly, the functions of the Director of Prisons, Chief Superintendent, Deputy Superintendent, Assistant Superintendent and the rank and files are also highlighted.

An official of the prison service organizes lectures and gives the students handouts or monographs on the various aspects of the prison services. This clinical attachment and exposure to the functions of the prison is advantageous because of the strong link it builds with the government agencies and the university products. Some of the LLB graduates who write research projects on prison regulations are able to do so informatively with first hand information. Some of them who eventually got employment with prison service department confirmed enormous professional competence derived from this clinical programme.

200 level clinical programme.

The 200 level second year clinical programme is the same in content, duration and form as that of the 100 level outlined above.  During the first semester, subject to prior notification and consent, the 200 level students are further attached to the state’s House of Assembly. There are 36 states in Nigeria and with a unicameral legislature. Within the two weeks duration of attachment the clinical trainees acquire first hand knowledge and understudy the duties of the state legislators. Urban towns such as Umuahia, Owerri, Akure, Abakaliki, Port Harcourt etc. are chosen for the purpose of this learning by observation training. The trainees observe and learn how bills are passed-first, second readings, committee stages, motion and other legislative functions. They study the functions and duties of speaker, deputy speaker, chief whip, majority leader, minority leader (opposition), clerk of the House, legislative draftsmen and other functionaries and  also watch and observe the sponsorship of private member bills, executive sponsored bills, debates about the passage of bills, defeat of the bills on the floor of the legislative house.

In addition to the learning by observation, the officials of the State House of Assembly organize lectures, handouts and monographs for the students. At the end of the session they entertain questions from the participants. It is worthy to note that over 40 percent of the LLB graduates join politics and win elections into State Houses of Assembly. This clinical training facilitates easy transition from the academic stage into practical life situations in this important government agency. It is equivalent to a legislative internship, where trainees acquire first hand knowledge of the operations  of this organ of the government. Abuja Federal capital Territory (FCT) is the seat of the Nigerian Federal Parliament-the bicameral National Assembly consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.  As a result of  the exorbitant costs of transportation and lodgings of the trainees some videocassettes of the proceedings of the National Assembly are selected for viewing by the clinical trainees. Lectures are organized by serving and former legislators of the functions of the Senate, the House of Representatives and their leadership - Senate President, Deputy Senate President, Speaker and Deputy Speaker and other hierarchies. The clinical programme is exactly the same at the state House of Assembly. This course fosters deeper cooperation between the trainees and the federal draftsmen and elected members to the National Assembly are better equipped to perform their functions creditably.

300 Level clinical programme

The clinical programme  at the 300 level  is designed to expose the  students to the dispensation and administration of justice by the magistrate courts in the first  semester. Once again,  the students are divided into groups and the target town is usually where the magistrate courts are located viz. Aba, Umuahia, Owerri,  Okigwe, Ahoada, Port Harcourt, Abakiliki, Owo, Akoko, Ishielu and Ezza. Each group is under the leadership of an Academic Adviser. The role of the Academic Adviser is to liaise with the authorities at the magistrate court (the presiding magistrate, Registrar, clerk of the court, bailiffs, etc) and introduce the students to their host trainers, comment on the course of events in each court and at the end of each day’s activities to move a vote of thanks. Prior to the commencement of the clinical training the faculty of law and the judiciary formalize and finalize the arrangements so that the programme will be hitch-free, for instance, the Chief  Judge, the various administrative judges, Chief Magistrates, the Chief Registrar and his/her deputy at the  designated towns have to give their fiat indicating their readiness to receive the trainees. The personnel in the judiciary lecture the students about the functions, sittings and organization of the magistrate courts. Part of the clinical training include counseling the students on their conduct inside and outside the court. The most significant part of the course is the exposure to the machineries of adjudication in the court that characterize our adversarial system and all aspects of the trials in civil and criminal proceedings at the magistrate court. These aspects are plea, commencement of proceedings, announcement of appearances by prosecuting/defence lawyers in order of seniority, use of evidence in chief, the weapon of cross-examination, the role of witnesses, IPO (Investigating Police Officer), raising, handling and disposition of objections, prosecution and defence.

The role of the students while in court is to learn by observing the proceedings while the opportunity to ask questions will be afforded at the close of the court when the students interact with the presiding magistrate in his/her chambers. The magistrates or chief registrars  normally organize lectures on different  aspects of the proceedings and answer  questions in relation to criminal charge sheets , cause lists, overnights and criminal prosecution. The above also   includes lectures on civil matters, claims, writ of summons, particulars of civil defence, subpoena, warrant of possession, enforcement or execution of judgments, specimen of court forms,   etc. The lectures also center on professional ethnics-mutual fraternity amongst lawyers and mutual respect amongst  magistrates/judges and lawyers, which complement each other in the administration of justice.

At the end of the clinical programme it is usual for the officials of the judiciary to address the students and wish them well in their academic pursuits. This aspect of the clinical programme is equivalent to the Judicial internship in the United States of America. It helps to build links with the professional world and this important organ of the judiciary. About 15 percent the LLB graduates opt for jobs in the magistracy. The clinical training provides invaluable assistance to students who contemplate careers in the judiciary early. The knowledge derived facilitates understanding and practice at the magistrate court level for the early years of legal practice at the Bar and when they eventually become magistrates after a minimum of three years post call experiences.

During the second semester of the 300 level LLB, clinicals are held at the high court, similar to that at the magistrates court. Subject to the consent of the chief judge, the 300 level students are exposed to high court trials and administration. Their role is to learn by observation, the proceedings of the high court while reserving questions for the judges   in chambers at the close of the court session. Both the judges and registrars lecture the students on different aspects of the administration of justice and other related matters, similar to that of the fist semester clinical at the magistrate courts.  These clinicals also facilitates the students’ acquisition of deep knowledge of the practice and procedure  at the high courts. It further makes the transition from academic to the professional life much easier. The clinical training therefore acts as a bridge or catalyst facilitating transition from neophytes to full fledged lawyers expediently.

400 level clinical programme

The 400 level clinical programme consist of  attachment at the Ministry of Justice, Attorney General’s chambers  for the duration of two weeks in the first semester. Students are given information on the functions and duties of the  Attorney General and the operation of the various departments in the ministry. They  understudy the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), directors  of civil litigation, legal drafting, research and planning , law review,  law reporting, law reforms, public defender and environmental protection  departments . The trainees are given lectures on the significance of these important government departments and how they work co-operatively to achieve set goals.  This fosters links between the products of the universities and their eventual employers, because over 40 percent of the LLB students get employment with these departments of the Ministry of Justice.

In the second semester, the 400 level students are further attached to the office of the Legal Aid Council (LAC).   There they are given first hand knowledge of the operation of the scheme, the scope of the assistance, eligibility of the recipients/applicants, question of the availability and their pro bono obliga tion to provide legal services free or at reduced rates to the poor. This is very advantageous, because about five percent of the LLB graduates secure employment with the LAC. The instructions received by the students in the form of lectures and learning by observation contribute in fostering strong link between the universities and this very important government agency. The trainees at the onset are acquainted with the operations and specific functions of these vital organs.

500 level clinical programme

The 500 level of the clinical training consist of attachment and attendance to reputable law firms, offices or chambers for the duration  of two weeks in the first  semester. As usual, before dispatch of the students, the law firms and chambers give their consent to the arrangement, showing their readiness to receive the trainees. During this period, the students are exposed to the knowledge of the organization and management of the law firm, client interviews, examination of  case files, motion on notice or ex parte, affidavits, preparation of cases and legal documents, preparation of pleadings (Statements of Claim and defence), business communications/legal letters, specimen of conveyancing  documents, preparation of documents for incorporation of companies , registration of patents, mortgages, leases, wills, powers of attorney, trust documents etc. The students accompany the lawyers to courts, tribunals and other legal engagements and get acquainted with the professional lives of lawyers.

This aspect of the clinical training is similar to that of the USA. Placing the students in the role of lawyers as much as possible enhances quicker learning. This clinical teaching methodology focuses on the students’  confronting client problems much like practicing lawyers confront them in practice (Joy 2004), identifying  and handling clients’ problems under the  supervision of the faculty,  and lawyers in chambers.

In addition, the principal of the chambers, managing  partners, other lawyers and supporting staff organize lectures on general practice, conduct of litigation, general ethics and the norms and decorum of the legal profession. The various chambers exhibit devotion and patience in receiving  and answering the students’ questions. To forestall truancy and ensure strict attendance and compliance, each chamber or law office is encouraged to keep an attendance register, which each trainee must sign at the commencement and close of daily business.  The attendance register is forwarded to the faculty of law at the end of the exercise. These clinical courses have the advantage of exposing the trainees to the hazards, pressures, fortune etc involved in the practice of law in real life.

End of each segment of the clinical programme

At the end of each segment of the clinical programme the student trainees return to the campus in preparation for the law dinner on  the 15th day or so thereafter, during which public lectures feature as part of the end programme by eminent and distinguished lawyers. Topical issues touching not only on the legal profession but also on the processes of law making, administration of justice etc are normally chosen  for the public lectures.

Assessment of clinical training

Having discussed the nature and scope of the clinical legal education operative in Nigeria, it is now appropriate for us to appraise and analyze the design of the clinical teaching methods of assessment. The AAU and EBSU LLB students have just graduated this December 2004 and the knowledge they acquired is yet to be tested until after the bar Final Examinations in 2005 or 2006 at the Nigerian Law School. The clinical programme at RSUST is yet to take off.  We shall use the results of the Abia State University as a case study to assess the effectiveness and utility of the clinical training. It may be convenient for us to deal with the pre 1990 and post-1990 till date assessment separately.

Pre-1990 assessment

Prior to October 1990 there was a laissez faire attitude by the universities in this respect  and each university tailored its own law degree programme or curriculum, as it deemed fit provided the eight  core common law courses were taught and studied by the students. In the exercise of this liberty the founding fathers of the College of Legal Studies ABSU initiated an assessment procedure using three criteria in equal proportions:

1. Attendance and observation of the police, prisons, National and State Houses of Assembly, magistrate and high courts, Ministry of Justice, Legal Aid Council and Chamber attachment. The attendance register, strictly kept for this purpose, was relied upon and all the students assigned marks over 100 percent at each segment reflecting their attendance ratio. The marks for all the semesters are aggregated and an average mark recorded for each and every student.
2. Practical assessments were also used. The object of this was to ascertain the students’ perception, appreciation and understanding of the machinery of justice and the instructions received through the clinical programmes. Take-home essays and term papers were given to the students on problem solving, reflecting critically on the  role of the aforementioned institutions and their impacts on the enforcement of law and the administration and quality of justice dispensed. By means of these written papers, the students tested  their observations, had the opportunity of identifying crucial issues and were made to present practical solutions to some of the problems encountered  in litigation.
3. Unseen examination questions were also used to test the students, consisting of questions reflecting areas covered semester by semester. These written examinations were designed to enable the students reflect on the  practical exercise , performance of counsel in the forensic combats in their court observations, problems  confronting  counsel, witnesses, courts etc and how to solve them. All the marks scored in each semester are assessed over 100 percent and at the end of the entire progamme marks reflecting 70 and above =  A grade, 60-69 =B, 50 - 59 = C, 45-49 =  D, 40-49  = E and  0  -  39 =  F   grades are aggregated to other scores to calculate the Cumulative Grade Point Average. These lead to the award of first, second (upper & lower divisions) Third class and pass degrees to the students respectively. The grades obtained from the clinical  aspects are evaluated and computed together with the scores obtained in the substantive law subjects for the purpose  of the final degree classifications.

1. The ABSU clinical aspect provides the rare opportunity of a nexus between legal education and legal practice and the development of professional competence and skills  making the transition from undergraduate to legal practice easier. Furthermore, it is a quality control programme,  well-thought out and introduced by the founding fathers of ABSU  law school to improve the quality of graduates. It is also designed to enhance the skills, critical and analytical competence of the graduates which are valuable assets as they proceed into the professional world.
2. Other law schools in many universities  in different  parts of the world might find the ABSU experience not only useful but worth emulating to enhance the quality of legal education worldwide. Clinical legal education is gaining popularity not only in the USA but also in Canada, Australia, Britain, India, the Netherlands, South Africa, Sweden, Croatia, Japan, Romania, Chile and Russia etc. We are convinced that these developments will spur other universities  in the world to incorporate this participatory, observational and integrated experiential learning into the study of law.
3. Finally, the role of  both law teachers and hosts of the clinical programme (viz: the police, prisons, magistrates , judges, law firms or chambers) in promoting the essential, effective teaching of law and a conducive, favourable environment for  learning law deserve commendation. Through  their devotion, the understanding of the law and its operations are facilitated, thereby enriching the students knowledge and competence through the cultivation of positive attitudes  to legal education and practice.