Easter Term
[2017] UKPC 11
Privy Council Appeal
No 0071 of 2015
JUDGMENT
Cono Cono and Co Ltd (Appellant) v Veerasamy
and others (Respondents and First and Third Co-Respondents) (Mauritius)
From the Supreme Court of
Mauritius
before
Lord Mance
Lord Clarke
Lord Sumption
JUDGMENT GIVEN ON
8 May 2017
Heard on 16 November 2016
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Appellant
Antoine Domingue SC
(Instructed by
Edwin Coe)
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Respondent
Nilen Vencadasmy
Yudish Lutchmenarraidoo
(Instructed by
Sheridans)
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(Respondents and First and Third Co-Respondents)
James Guthrie QC
Geereesha
Topsy-Sonoo
Kamlesh Domah
(Instructed by
Royds Withy King)
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LORD SUMPTION:
1.
The question at issue on this appeal is a narrow one. It is whether an
appeal lies to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Mauritius from a
decision of a Supreme Court Judge in Chambers sitting on a statutory appeal
from a lower tribunal.
2.
In March 2006, the appellant applied to the Black River District Council
for a development permit to build a restaurant on land leased from the state on
the public beach of Flic-en-Flac. The application was opposed by the respondents,
who were neighbouring residents, and was ultimately refused by the local
authority in May 2006.
3.
The appellant initially appealed against the local authority’s decision
under section 106 of the Local Government Act 2003. That provision conferred a
right of appeal to a Judge in Chambers of the Supreme Court against the refusal
of a development permit, and provided that that judge’s decision should be
final and conclusive. However, on 1 October 2006, shortly after the appeal was
lodged, the law was changed by section 7 of the Business Facilitation
(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2006. The new Act repealed section 106 of the Local
Government Act in its entirety. As a result the appeal was automatically
remitted to the Town and Country Planning Board to be decided under section 7(6)
of the Town and Country Planning Act (1990). That provides:
“any person aggrieved by a
decision of a local authority … may … appeal to the Board.”
The Town and Country Planning Board allowed the appeal in
October 2008 and modified the decision of the local authority so as to grant a
development permit on terms. The respondents then appealed to the Judge in
Chambers.
4.
Section 7(8) of the Town and Country Planning Act provided that a person
aggrieved by a decision of the Town and Country Planning Board had a further
right of appeal to the Judge in Chambers. The respondents exercised that right.
The matter came before Cheong J in Chambers. He allowed the appeal in March
2010, in effect restoring the decision of the local authority to refuse the
development permit. The appellant sought to take the matter to the Court of
Civil Appeal, but was met with the contention that there was no right of appeal
from the decision of the Judge in Chambers. That contention was upheld by the
Court of Appeal in November 2012.
5.
The appellant accepts that there is no inherent right of appeal. Some
statutory basis for a right of appeal must be demonstrated. He relies on
section 69(1) of the Courts Act and section 82 of the Constitution. Before
turning to these provisions, it is necessary to say something about the way in
which the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court has developed.
6.
Before 1850, there had been in Mauritius a tiered system of superior
courts comprising a Tribunal de Première Instance and a Cour d’Appel, inherited
from the period of French colonial government. In 1850 both of these courts
were abolished and replaced by the Supreme Court, which was a single court
invested with the jurisdiction and powers of the Court of Queen’s Bench in
England. The Court of Queen’s Bench in England at the time (as now) exercised
an unlimited original jurisdiction and a supervisory jurisdiction over inferior
courts and tribunals.
7.
In 1945, the legislation governing the court system in Mauritius was
consolidated and amended by the Courts Ordinance 1945. Section 3 of the
Ordinance provided that the Court was to consist of the Chief Justice and a
number of Puisne Judges. Section 34(1) of the Act provided that it was to be
“the principal court of original civil
jurisdiction and shall exercise general powers of supervision over all District
and Industrial Courts and other special courts established or which may be
established in the Colony.”
The original civil jurisdiction of the Court was
exercisable by a single judge except where the Chief Justice directed that a
particular case shall be heard by two or more judges: see sections 35-36.
8.
In addition to its original jurisdiction, the court had under the Act an
appellate jurisdiction, which was conferred by section 69 in the following terms:
“69. The Appellate
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
Subject to the provisions of any
Ordinance or any other enactment for the time being in force and in accordance
with the provisions thereof, the Supreme Court shall have full power and
jurisdiction to hear and determine all appeals, whether civil or criminal, made
to the said court from -
(a) the Supreme Court of
the Colony of the Seychelles;
(b) the Court of any
District Magistrate, including the Dependencies;
(c) the Master and
Registrar of the Supreme Court;
(d) a Judge in Chambers;
(e) a Bench of Magistrates;
(f) the Bankruptcy
Division of the Supreme Court;
(g) any other court or body
established under the provisions of any Ordinance or other enactment.”
9.
It will be seen that there was no provision in section 69 of the Courts
Ordinance for appeals from the decisions of judges of the Supreme Court itself,
whether in the exercise of their original or appellate jurisdiction, except in
the case of a Judge in Chambers. With that exception, the appellate
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court was limited to the decisions of lower courts
and tribunals. Indeed, even the exception for appeals from a Judge in Chambers
was narrowly construed. Before the creation of a Court of Civil Appeal in 1963,
it was held that the right of appeal from a Judge in Chambers extended only to
those powers, generally of an administrative or procedural nature, which the
Judge in Chambers performed as the delegate of the court and subject to the
court’s power of review. It did not extend to decisions in respect of which a
Judge in Chambers had an “original and exclusive” jurisdiction: see Gujadhur
v Reunion Ltd [1960] MR 112. In relation to this last category he was
exercising a jurisdiction co-ordinate with that of the Court itself. Appeal lay
from his decision in the same way as from any other decision of the Supreme
Court only to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council under section 3 of
the Judicial Committee Act 1833, an Act of the United Kingdom Parliament.
10.
A significant change occurred with the creation of separate courts of
appeal for criminal matters by the Criminal Appeal Act 1954 and for civil ones
by the Court of Civil Appeal Act 1963. They followed broadly the same scheme,
although for present purposes only the Act of 1963 is relevant. This provided
for the creation of a Court of Civil Appeal, which was to be a division of the
Supreme Court comprising the same judges. Section 3(1) of the 1963 Act
provided:
“(1) Subject to this Act and
to any rules of Court made under it, any party aggrieved by any judgment or
order of a judge sitting alone in the exercise in Court of his original civil
jurisdiction may appeal from such judgment or order to the Court of Civil
Appeal.”
The Court of Civil Appeal was to be constituted by two or
three judges of the Supreme Court, other than the judge from whose decision the
appeal was brought: section 2(3).
11.
The Courts Ordinance remains in force, subject to a number of
amendments, as the Courts Act. In its current form, section 69 reads:
“69. Appellate jurisdiction
of the Supreme Court
(1) Subject to any other
enactment, the Supreme Court shall have full power and jurisdiction to hear and
determine all appeals, whether civil or criminal, made to the court from -
(a) a judge in the exercise
of his original jurisdiction;
(b) -
(c) the Bankruptcy
Division;
(d) the Registrar;
(e) the Intermediate Court;
(f) the Industrial Court;
(g) a Magistrate;
(h) any other court or body
established under any other enactment ...”
The creation of an appellate
division was reflected in the amended section 69 by (i) the introduction of a
new sub-paragraph (a) extending the jurisdiction of the Court to a decision of
a judge in the exercise of his original jurisdiction; and (ii) the deletion of
the old sub-paragraph (d), with the result that appeal lay from the decisions
of a Judge in Chambers only where he was exercising an original jurisdiction
within sub-paragraph (a). Both of these changes were made by Ordinance 9 of
1963 at the time of the creation of the Court of Civil Appeal. Their effect was
described by the Court of Civil Appeal in Ujoodha v Gopy [1991] MR 253,
as being “to confer on the Supreme Court a jurisdiction which did not
previously exist, namely that of hearing … appeals from decisions of the
Supreme Court in the exercise of its original civil jurisdiction …”.
12.
The statutory constitution of the Supreme Court as it stood immediately
before independence was substantially reproduced in the Constitution of 1968.
Section 80 of the Constitution provided:
“80. Courts of Appeal
(1) There shall be a Court
of Civil Appeal and a Court of Criminal Appeal for Mauritius, each of which
shall be a division of the Supreme Court.
(2) The Court of Civil
Appeal shall have such jurisdiction and powers to hear and determine appeals in
civil matters and the Court of Criminal Appeal shall have such jurisdiction and
powers to hear and determine appeals in criminal matters as may be conferred
upon them respectively by this Constitution or any other law.
(3) The Judges of the Court
of Civil Appeal and the Court of Criminal Appeal shall be the Judges for the
time being of the Supreme Court.”
Section 82 provided:
“82. Supreme Court and
subordinate courts
(1) The Supreme Court shall
have jurisdiction to supervise any civil or criminal proceedings before any
subordinate court and may make such orders, issue such writs and give such
directions as it may consider appropriate for the purpose of ensuring that
justice is duly administered by any such court.
(2) An appeal shall lie to
the Supreme Court from decisions of subordinate courts in the following cases -
(a) as of right from any
final decision in any civil proceedings;
(b) as of right from any
final decision in criminal proceedings whereby any person is adjudged to pay a
fine of or exceeding such amount as may be prescribed or to be imprisoned with
or without the option of a fine;
(c) by way of case stated,
from any final decision in criminal proceedings on the ground that it is
erroneous in point of law or in excess of jurisdiction; and
(d) in such other cases as
may be prescribed …”
13.
Mr Guthrie QC, who appeared for the Town and Country Planning Board and
the Minister who were joined as co-respondents to the proceedings, submitted
that neither of these provisions was enough to confer a right of appeal to the
Court of Civil Appeal, even in cases within them. This, he said, was because they
merely conferred jurisdiction on the Court of Appeal without conferring any
right of appeal. A right of appeal had to be found in some other enactment,
containing some such words as “an appeal shall lie …”. The result was that the
only cases in which an appeal lay were (i) appeals from the exercise by a judge
sitting alone in the exercise of his original jurisdiction, authorised by
section 3 of the Court of Civil Appeal Act; and (ii) other cases where a right
of appeal from other courts or bodies was conferred by specific legislation. A
similar submission was accepted by the Court of Appeal in Gujadhur v Reunion
Ltd [1960] MR 112. For reasons that will become apparent, it is unnecessary
for the Board to determine this question. The real question on this appeal is
to what cases do section 82 of the Constitution and section 69 of the Courts
Act apply.
14.
Section 82 of the Constitution can be shortly dealt with. Sections 82(1)
and 82(2) apply only to appeals from “subordinate courts”. Each of the four
sub-paragraphs (a) to (d) of section 82(2) is governed by that limitation. The
effect is to give the force of the Constitution to the long-standing appellate
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court over inferior tribunals. A Judge in Chambers
acts as a judge of the Supreme Court, albeit in Chambers. When he hears an
appeal under section 7(8) of the Town and Country Planning Act, he is
exercising a statutory jurisdiction over an inferior tribunal, namely the Town
and Country Planning Board. But he is not himself a “subordinate” tribunal in
relation to the rest of the Court.
15.
Section 69(1) of the Courts Act (as amended) is the only possible basis
for any right of appeal in civil matters from a judge of the Supreme Court to
the Court of Civil Appeal. The only sub-paragraph of that sub-section which
authorises such an appeal is (a), which is limited to an exercise by the judge
of his original jurisdiction. The appellant sought to rely on “(h) any other
court or body established under any other enactment”. But both the historical
and the linguistic context show that that sub-paragraph is concerned with
inferior courts and tribunals “established” under an “other” enactment than the
Courts Act. The Judge in Chambers derived his appellate jurisdiction over
development permits from the Town and Country Planning Act, but he is not a
court or body “established” by that Act.
16.
Accordingly, the present appeal must be dismissed. It is the Board’s
provisional view that the appellant pay the respondents’ costs of the appeal,
but parties are invited to make written submissions on costs within 21 days of
the delivery of this judgment.
