Easter Term
[2017] UKPC 10
Privy Council Appeal
No 0092 of 2015
JUDGMENT
Sun Alliance (Bahamas) Limited and
another (Appellants) v Scandi Enterprises Limited (Respondent) (Bahamas)
From
the Court of Appeal of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas
before
Lord
Mance
Lord
Kerr
Lord
Clarke
Lord
Sumption
Lord
Toulson
JUDGMENT
GIVEN ON
8
May 2017
Heard
on 10 November 2016
|
Appellants
Gail Lockhart
Charles
Rhyan Elliott
(Instructed by
Harcus Sinclair)
|
|
Respondent
(Not participating)
|
LORD SUMPTION:
1.
In about 1990 the Respondent, Scandi Enterprises, acquired a dilapidated
two-storey building with 12 apartments on King’s Road, Freeport, Grand Bahama
with a view to improving and re-letting it. The planned improvements involved
putting the building and the individual units into good repair, refurbishing the
interiors and adding an extra storey. In July 1992, Mr Risse, a Vice-President
and part-owner of the company, approached Mr Donald Ward of Insurance
Management (Bahamas) Ltd which acted as local agents of the Appellant insurers.
Mr Ward’s evidence, which the trial judge accepted, was that Mr Risse wanted to
insure the building against the usual physical risks, but Mr Ward refused to
insure the building because it was by then unoccupied. Instead, he suggested
that Scandi should insure the proposed works under a Contractors All Risks
(“CAR”) policy. Mr Risse accepted that advice and a CAR policy was duly issued
to Scandi on 31 July 1992 for a period of a year from 27 July 1992 for an
insured value of B$700,000. On 3 December 1992, the building was extensively
damaged by fire.
2.
In February 1997, more than four years after the fire, this action was
begun in support of a claim for B$700,000 on the policy. The basis of the claim
was that the policy insured Scandi against all risks of loss or damage to the
building, that the policy was a valued policy at B$700,000 and that the
building had become a total loss. There are two subsisting issues before the
Board. The first is whether the building (as opposed to the works) was insured.
The trial judge (Evans J) held that it was not. The second issue was whether
the policy was a valued policy. The judge held that it was not, so that the insured
were required to prove their actual loss. Since they had not sought to do so,
the claim would have failed even if the buildings had been insured. The Court
of Appeal (John, Conteh and Adderley JJA) reversed him on both points.
3.
The policy is unusual in one respect. Scandi was the sole insured, there
being in effect no contractor since Scandi proposed to carry out the works by
employing small firms and individual workmen under their direct control. That
apart, the terms are characteristic of standard forms of CAR policy. The
“contract” is described as “Renovations to a 12 unit apartment building
constructed of concrete blocks with cement tile roof.” The property insured was
then defined as follows:
“Property Insured
Item 1
The Contract Works (which term shall
include Temporary Works) and all materials belonging to the insured or for
which they are responsible, all situate on the Contract Site in connection with
the performance of the contract, but excluding Constructional Plant Equipment
and Temporary Buildings.
Item 2
Constructional Plant Equipment and
Temporary Buildings (all in accordance with an inventory submitted to and
agreed with the Insurers) belonging to the Insured or for which they are
responsible, whilst on the Contract Site in connection with the performance of
the Contract.
Item 3
Costs and Expenses necessarily
incurred by the Insured with the consent of the Insurers in removing debris of
the portion or portions of the Property Insured under Items 1 and 2 above
destroyed or damaged by any peril hereby insured against.”
The “sum insured” was expressed to be B$700,000, all of
it attributable to Item 1. Against Items 2 and 3, the sum insured was stated to
be “NIL”. Exception 9 excluded:
“9. Loss of or damage to the
permanent works or any part thereof
a) which has been taken
into use or occupation by the employer;
b) in respect of which a
Certificate of Completion has been issued unless such loss or damage be
occasioned
i) during the period of
maintenance arising from a cause occurring prior to the commencement of the
Period of Maintenance;
ii) by the contractor in
the course of any operations carried out by him for the purpose of complying
with his obligations under the Maintenance Clause(s) of the Contract.”
Finally, it is necessary to draw attention to clause 5 of
the general conditions:
“5. On the happening of any
loss or damage, the Insured shall forthwith give notice thereof to the Insurers
and shall as soon as possible thereafter deliver to the Insurers;
a) a claim in writing for
the loss and damage, setting forth all the several articles or items of
property damaged or destroyed and of the amount of the loss and damage thereto
respectively not including profit of any kind;”
4.
The property insured under this policy was the “Contract Works”. This meant
the works described in the preamble to the insuring clause under the heading
“Contract”. The policy distinguishes between contract works according to
whether they are permanent or temporary. The Permanent Works are the structures
to be created under the building contract. They are insured up to the point
when they are taken into use or occupation by the employer or (subject to
certain provisos) when a certificate of completion is issued: see Exception 9. The
temporary works are those works which are required in order to carry out the
permanent works, but do not form part of them. A pre-existing building which is
not being rebuilt does not form part of the works, whether permanent or
temporary. It is the structure upon or in relation to which the works are being
carried out. Thus in Rowlinson Construction Ltd v Insurance Company of North
America (UK) Ltd [1981] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 332, 336, Lloyd J, construing a very
similar policy declined to allow a claim for damage to a retaining wall which
was part of the original structure but not part of the works:
“In order to determine whether the
retaining wall was included in the permanent works one has have regard to what
the plaintiffs were actually going to do under the contract. If they had been
going to rebuild the retaining wall, then the retaining wall would have been
part of the permanent works. But they were not. At the moment when the wall
collapsed they had no intention of doing anything to the wall other than to
improve its appearance. In those circumstances it seems to me that it would be
a misuse of language to describe the wall as part of the works. To take an
analogy which was mentioned in the course of argument: suppose a contractor
agrees to build a wing on to an existing mansion. It seems to me that the works
would consist of the new wing but would not include the mansion-house. It is to
my mind essentially the same position here. Nor do I think that the answer
would be any different if the contractor had agreed to give the existing
mansion-house a coat of paint.”
5.
In the present case, the judge found that no works had been carried out
by the time of the fire, apart from some renovations to two of the 12 units,
and some minor work on the building done by a plumber and an electrician. These
were worth less than B$5,000 and no claim has been made for them. The damage
claimed relates entirely to the pre-existing building, which was not part of
the insured property.
6.
The Court of Appeal set out the main parts of the insuring clause but
made no attempt to construe them. They proceeded entirely by reference to the
extrinsic evidence. They considered that because there was no contractor in
this case, the ordinary principles on which CAR policies work could be ignored.
They decided that because of the discussions which preceded the contract, the
“Contract Works” could not be limited to the renovations which were described
as being the subject of the contract. Essentially, this was because the figure
of B$700,000 for the sum insured was too large to have represented the value of
the works and must therefore have represented the value of the buildings. In
particular, they thought it significant that the insurers quoted the same
premium on the same insured values for the following year, 1992/3 when the
works would have been completed. The Board reiterates that where the express
terms of a contract are clear, they must be applied. The Board has the
strongest reservations about the admissibility of this material for any purpose
of interpretation, let alone for the purpose of contradicting the express
language of the insuring clause. But they are satisfied that it would be
irrelevant even if admissible. In the first place, the value of the contract
works was the difference between the value of the building with and without the
renovations. The sum insured against Item 1 represented the maximum amount of
that difference. It could be expected to increase as the works progressed. It
would also be affected by movements in the value of property generally. There
was no evidence as to what the maximum difference might be once the works were
approaching completion, and no reason to believe that it could not amount to
B$700,000, especially when it is borne in mind that the works included the
addition of a third story. Secondly, the reference to the premium for the
following year is derived from a “Confirmation Advice” dated 28 July 1992,
which was not a contractual document and did not commit Scandi to renew at the
premium stated if the terms failed to meet their commercial requirements. Thirdly,
if material of this kind is to be admitted, it must be admitted in its entirety.
In the evidence about the placing of the insurance the cardinal fact is that Mr
Ward expressly refused to insure the buildings.
7.
In those circumstances, the question whether this was a valued policy
does not strictly speaking arise. But the Board considers it important to deal
with it in order to avoid misconceptions on the point in future cases. A
contract of insurance is a contract of indemnity. In the ordinary course, the
insured must prove the amount of his loss. By way of exception, a valued policy
may be agreed, ie a policy in which the parties have agreed in advance the value
of the property insured irrespective of its actual value. An agreed value is
not the same thing as the sum insured, which merely serves as a maximum. The
difference is pointed out by the editors of MacGillivray on Insurance Law,
13th ed (2015), at para 21-013 in terms which the Board regards as beyond
controversy:
“The policy may state an amount
for which the object is insured, but if it is not an agreed value policy this
cannot bind the insurer, the only effect of such a statement is to fix the
maximum amount for which the insurer can be held liable, and the insured will
still have to prove the extent of his loss.”
An agreed value is unlikely to
be a practical proposition in a CAR policy where the property is contract works
whose value will necessarily increase over time, and where the values at risk
will depend on how far the works have advanced when the casualty occurs. But
practical or not, it is clear that the figure of B$700,000 in this policy was
not an agreed value, but merely the maximum sum insured. It follows that the
insured was required to prove what he had lost. This is confirmed, so far as
confirmation is required, by clause 5 of the general conditions, which requires
the insured to specify the amount of loss attributable to each item damaged or
lost.
8.
The Board would not wish to part with this case without expressing its
surprise at the length of these proceedings. The writ was issued in February
1997 but the action did not come on for trial until March 2010. The Board is
not fully informed about the reasons for this delay, but considers that an
interval of thirteen years before an action comes on for trial cannot be
consistent with the interests of justice. The Board understands that there are
procedures which enable the Court to manage cases actively with a view to
avoiding unnecessary delay. If such procedures exist, they should be used.
9.
The Board will humbly advise Her Majesty that this appeal should be
allowed and the order of Evans J restored.
