AM & AM (armed conflict: risk categories) Somalia CG [2008] UKAIT 00091
ASYLUM AND IMMIGRATION TRIBUNAL
Date of hearing: 27 – 29 October 2008
Date Determination notified: 27 January 2009
Before
Senior Immigration Judge Storey
Senior Immigration Judge P R Lane
Senior Immigration Judge Perkins
Between
AM & AM | APPELLANT |
and | |
Secretary of State for the Home Department | RESPONDENT |
For the Appellants: Mr R Toal of Counsel and Mr S Sayeed of Counsel instructed by South Manchester Law Centre and Wilson & Co
For the Respondent: Miss E Laing QC and Miss D Rhee instructed by the Treasury Solicitor
DETERMINATION AND REASONS
1. When considering the question of whether a person is eligible for refugee protection on the basis of exposure to armed conflict, Adan [1998] 2 WLR 702 does not permit decision makers to reject their claims per se.
2. A person may be able to succeed in a claim to protection based on poor socio-economic or dire humanitarian living conditions under the Refugee Convention or Article 15 of the Qualification Directive or Article 3, although to succeed on this basis alone the circumstances would have to be extremely unusual.
3. In the context of Article 15(c) the serious and individual threat involved does not have to be a direct effect of the indiscriminate violence; it is sufficient if the latter is an operative cause.
4. The Opinion of the Advocate General in Elgafaji, 9 September 2008 in Case C-465/07, BAILII: [2008] EUECJ C-465/07_O, does not afford an adequately reasoned basis for departing from the guidance given on the law in the reported cases of the Tribunal on Article 15(c), namely HH and others (Mogadishu: armed conflict: risk) Somalia CG [2008] UKAIT 00022 and KH (Article 15(c) Qualification Directive) Iraq CG [2008] UKAIT 00023.
5. Before the Tribunal will take seriously a challenge to the historic validity of a Tribunal country guidance case, it would need submissions which seek to adduce all relevant evidence, for or against, the proposed different view. The historic validity of the guidance given in HH is confirmed.
6. However, as regards the continuing validity of the guidance given in HH, the Tribunal considers that there have been significant changes in the situation in central and southern Somalia, such that the country guidance in that case is superseded to the following extent:
(i)There is now an internal armed conflict within the meaning of international humanitarian law (IHL) and Article 15(c) of the Refugee Qualification Directive throughout central and southern Somalia, not just in and around Mogadishu. The armed conflict taking place in Mogadishu currently amounts to indiscriminate violence at such a level of severity as to place the great majority of the population at risk of a consistent pattern of indiscriminate violence. On the present evidence Mogadishu is no longer safe as a place to live in for the great majority of returnees whose home area is Mogadishu;
(ii) Assessment of the extent to which internally displaced persons (IDPs) face greater or lesser hardships, at least outside Mogadishu (where security considerations are particularly grave,) will vary significantly depending on a number of factors;
(iii) For those whose home area is not Mogadishu, they will not in general be able to show a real risk of persecution or serious harm or ill treatment simply on the basis that they are a civilian or even a civilian internally displaced person (IDP) and from such and such a home area, albeit much will depend on the precise state of the background evidence relating to their home area at the date of decision or hearing;
(iv) As regards internal relocation, whether those whose home area is Mogadishu (or any other part of central and southern Somalia) will be able to relocate in safety and without undue hardship will depend on the evidence as to the general circumstances in the relevant parts of central and southern Somalia and the personal circumstances of the applicant. Whether or not it is likely that relocation will mean that they have to live for a substantial period in an IDP camp, will be an important but not necessarily a decisive factor;
iv) As a result of the current conflict between the TFG/Ethiopians and the insurgents, the Sheikhal clan (including the Sheikhal Logobe), by virtue of the hostile attitude taken towards them by Al Shabab, is less able to secure protection for its members than previously, although both as regards their risk of persecution and serious harm and their protection much will depend on the particular circumstances of any individual clan member's case.
7. Where a particular route and method of return is implicit in an immigration decision it is within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal to deal with issues of en route safety on return: see AG (Somalia) [2006] EWCA Civ 1342. But in the context of Somali appeals currently, the method of return is far too uncertain and so any opinion the Tribunal expresses on such issues can only be given on an obiter basis.
The Appeals
Procedural History
Scope of the Appeals
Internal relocation
Safety of en route travel
"In cases where the route of return is known or is implicit in the decision which is subject to appeal, those issues may (probably) be considered by the AIT ..."
"51. It may be that there will exist cases where the appellant may be able to make good this deficiency even in the absence of removal directions, because the Secretary of State has committed himself through a policy statement or otherwise to a particular method and route of return. In such a case, it may be implicit in the decision to remove from the United Kingdom that a particular method and route would be adopted and, if so the safety of that method and route may be considered by the appellate tribunal as being part of and parcel of the "immigration decision" under section 82(1) [of the 2002 Act]. It would be open to an appellant to rely on ground (g) under section 84(1), just as he could if the Secretary of State had chosen to give removal directions as part of the immigration decision. Like Scott Baker LJ I take the view that the wording of section 84(1)(g) is wide enough to give the appellate tribunal jurisdiction to take into account the "en route" risks in such cases.
"... it is impossible for immigration judges in cases of this kind (involving the safety of arrival at an airport and of journey into Mogadishu) to deal with all the eventualities at the time of the hearing ..."
The Background evidence
The UN arms embargo against Somalia
Evidence of Professor Chinkin
"The question I have been asked to address is whether requiring returnees to Somalia to pre-arrange a paid militia to escort them from their place of arrival to an area of Somalia where they would likely to be safe because of their clan membership would incur violation of the arms embargo imposed by the UN Security Council (SC) against Somalia."
"both clarifies the definition of the arms embargo ('financing of all acquisitions and deliveries of weapons and military equipment') and extends its scope, spelling out that it covers indirect as well as direct action, and services as well as weapons and equipment, including financial assistance and training."
"In April 2008 the Monitoring Group noted that 'financing for arms purchases in violation of the embargo is facilitated by sanctionable activities'. It lists various funding sources including the payments that are demanded at roadblocks (UN Document. S/2008/274 para 187) ... In these circumstances it seems reasonable to assume that payments at roadblocks constitute 'indirect financial assistance' that facilitate purchase of arms and contributes to the supply chain. Further paying militia for escort services constitutes business and commercial activities and generates revenues and thus also constitutes indirect financial assistance for the making of such purchases ..."
"Any person who except under the authority of a licence granted by the Secretary of State under this article, directly or indirectly provides to any person in Somalia any -
(a) technical advice;
(b) financial or other assistance; or
(c) training,
related to military activities shall be guilty of an offence under the Order, unless he proves that he did not know and had no reason to suppose that the technical advice, financial or other assistance or training in question was to be provided to a person in Somalia."
"This indicates that attention is directed towards the form of conflict in Somalia, including the holding of weapons by militia and supplements the argument relating to the specific mention of small arms in Resolution 1474..."
Our decision on the UN arms embargo issue
"In any view this ground is unsustainable but for another reason. Until such time as arrangements are made for the return of the appellant, it cannot be known whether there is even the possibility of a breach ..."
"In every case it is by comparing the conduct in fact engaged in by the state with the conduct legally proscribed by the international obligation that one can determine whether there has been a breach of that obligation. (Ibid, 125-6)."
"Reaffirms its previous resolution 1325 (2000) on women, peace and, security, and 1674 (2006) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, and stresses the responsibility of all parties and armed groups in Somalia to take appropriate steps to protect the civilian population in the country, consistent with international humanitarian law, human rights and refugee law, in particular the avoiding of any indiscriminate attacks on populated areas." (see also Resolution 1801, 20 February 2008)
"While the functions of armed escort groups could come within 'protective use' (Resolution 1356, para 3) there is no suggestion that their weapons are intended to be 'non-lethal' ...The exemption from the embargo on 'supplies and the technical assistance by States intended solely for the purpose of helping develop security sector institutions' emphasises the importance the SC places on the process of national security sector reform, not the continuation of multiple armed groups. Payment to armed militia does not come within the exemption and there has been no decision from the Sanctions Committee suggesting that it does."
Protection Issues and Armed Conflict
Refugee Protection
"…
(3) In a civil war situation, a person can only claim the protection of the Convention if he has a fear of persecution over and above that attaching to his involvement in, or with, the civil war and, further, that that persecution is for a Convention reason" (ibid, p. 598) (emphasis added).
"…what the members of each group may have is a well-founded fear not so much of persecution by other groups as of death or injury or loss of freedom due to the fighting between the groups. In such a situation the individual or group has to show a well-founded fear of persecution over and above the risk to life and liberty inherent in civil war."
(At p.713B Lord Lloyd of Berwick used the words "over and above the ordinary risks of clan warfare".)
"But I do not consider that this throws doubt on the Tribunal's conclusion that all sections of society in northern Somalia are equally at risk so long as the civil war continues. There is no ground for differentiating between Mr Adan and the males of his own or any other clan."
"What then is the critical factor which distinguishes persecution from the ordinary incidents of civil war? Mr Blake sought to draw a distinction between the armed forces of either side, who would, he said, be governed by the rules of war, and the targeting of individual civilians or groups of civilians. I doubt, however, whether in the context of clan warfare in Somalia, it is realistic to think in terms of rules of war, or the conventional distinction between civilians and members of the armed forces. Mr Adan's own evidence was that most of the population is armed."
"the responsibility of all parties and all armed groups in Somalia to take appropriate steps to protect the civilian population in the country, consistent with international humanitarian law, human rights and refugee law, in particular by avoiding any indiscriminate attacks on populated areas."
Poor socio-economic conditions and refugee protection
"[T]he prevailing economic conditions in a society which are experienced either by all its members or a section of its members cannot amount to persecution for the purposes of the Refugee Convention. It is clear from a number of authorities that the purpose of the Refugee Convention is not to enable people to escape dire economic conditions, but to protect them from deliberate ill-treatment on Convention grounds."
Refugee Convention reason
Article 15(b) protection and Article 3 protection
Article 3 of the ECHR
"The evidence before the court concerning the background of the applicants, as well as the general situation, does not establish that their personal position was any worse than the generality of other members of the Tamil community or other young male Tamils who were returning to their country" (Emphasis added).
The ECHR and situations of armed conflict
"116. Exceptionally, however, in cases where an applicant alleges that he or she is a member of a group systematically exposed to a practice of ill-treatment, the Court has considered that the protection of Article 3 of the Convention enters into play when the applicant establishes that there are serious reasons to believe in the existence of the practice in question and his or her membership of the group concerned (see Saadi v. Italy, cited above, para 132). In those circumstances, the Court will not then insist that the applicant show the existence of further special distinguishing features if to do so would render illusory the protection offered by Article 3. This will be determined in light of the applicant's account and the information on the situation in the country of destination in respect of the group in question (see Salah Sheekh, cited above, para 148)." (Emphasis added)
Article 3 and poor socio-economic and humanitarian conditions
"acute pertinence of socio-economic and humanitarian considerations to the issue of forced returns of failed asylum seekers, such considerations do not necessarily have a bearing, and certainly not a decisive one, on the question of whether the persons concerned would face a real risk of ill-treatment contrary to Article 3" (paragraph 141).
Earlier in the same judgment, the skeleton also reminds us, the Court had said that "a general situation of violence will not normally in itself entail a violation of Article 3 in the event of expulsion" (paragraph 114).
"The Court has never excluded the possibility that a general situation of violence in a country … will be of a sufficient level of intensity to breach Article 3. Nevertheless the court would only adopt such an approach in the most extreme case of general violence, where there was a real risk of ill-treatment simply by virtue of an individual being exposed to such violence on return."
Article 15(c)
"This represents a significant distinction between Geneva Convention common Article 3(1)(a) which talks of 'violence to life and person' and [Article 15(c)] which talks of 'threat to…life or person by reason of…violence'. By way of example, indiscriminate shelling of a civilian neighbourhood may cause death and wounding to civilians. Those deaths and woundings would plainly be 'by reason of' the indiscriminate violence. Equally, it is submitted, if in consequence of that violence, the surviving civilian population was displaced to a region in which it was likely to die of starvation and disease, those consequences would also be 'by reason of' the indiscriminate violence…"
Advocate General's Opinion in Elgafaji
Points of accord
"Community provisions, irrespective of which provisions are concerned, are given an independent interpretation which cannot therefore vary according to and/or be dependent on developments in the case law of the ECtHR".
".. the more the person is individually affected (for example, by reason of his membership of a given social group), the less it will be necessary to show that he faces indiscriminate violence in his country or a part of the territory which is so serious that there is a serious risk that he will be a victim of it himself. Likewise, the less the person is able to show that he is individually affected, the more the violence must be serious and indiscriminate for him to be eligible for the subsidiary protection claimed."
Points of possible discord
"…However, the burden of proof will be greater in respect of demonstrating indiscriminate violence, which must be generalised (in the sense of non-discriminatory) and so serious that it raises a strong presumption that the person in question is the target of that violence."
OUR ASSESSMENT: General
Historic validity of HH
HH now
Armed Conflict
"Such indicative factors include the existence of a command structure and disciplinary rules and mechanisms within the group, the existence of headquarters, the fact that the group controls a certain territory, the ability of the group to gain access to weapons, other military equipments, recruits, and military training, its ability to plan, co-ordinate and carry out military operations, including troop moments and logistics; its ability to define a unified military strategy and use military tactics, its ability to speak with one voice and negotiate and conclude agreements such as a ceasefire or peace accords."
"remnants of the ICU, supporters of the ARS, and radical Shabab youth militia. They also include clan, sub-clan and local political leaders and militias who have acted as bandits, perpetrating raids, robberies and other abuses against civilians, including rape and other forms of sexual violence…"
"number, duration and intensity of individual confrontations; the type of weapons and their military equipment used; the number and calibre of munitions fired; the number of persons and type of forces partaking in the fighting; the number of casualties, the extent of material destruction; and the number of civilians fleeing conflict zones. The involvement of the UN Security Council may also be a reflection of the intensity of conflict". (para 49)
Geographical Scope of Armed Conflict
Intensity of the Violence
"indiscriminate bombardment of civilian areas; indiscriminate use of roadside bombs and mortars from and in civilian areas; indiscriminate shooting in response to road side bombs; arbitrary arrest and detention of civilians, including children; forced evictions; forced recruitment, including of children; sexual and gender based violence; intimidation and assassination of journalists, aid workers and civilian officials; and extrajudicial killings. "
Deterioration in the Humanitarian Situation and IDPs
"never been so many people in Somalia in such dire humanitarian circumstances and there has never been such limited ability to support them, mainly because of precarious security conditions."
Conclusions
"…it is possible that a returnee from abroad may also face a real risk of serious harm by virtue of being a returnee, although the level of this risk is difficult to assess and would depend on case [sic]. Although I would caution against awarding refugee status simply because of being a returnee, several factors, when combined would add other considerations in an applicant's asylum claim. As mentioned above, there has been a dramatic increase in criminality in Mogadishu, and persons perceived as wealthy are attractive targets for robbery or abduction – returnees would certainly attract attention and be assumed to have money. If the individual has been outside of Somalia for a significant period of time, he or she will not possess the knowledge and experience necessary to be able to manage and avoid risk in the current situation. Al Shabab cells are likely to investigate any newcomer to their areas to determine whether the individual is connected with the TFG or otherwise opposed to them…"
Clan Matrix and Loyalties
"The Tribunal should now find a reasonable likelihood that in general, membership of a particular clan does not by itself protect an individual from serious harm."
Minority clans and groupings
Sheikhal Logobe
"13. These issues were considered by the Tribunal in Mohammed [promulgated on the 29 November 2002]. That Tribunal had before it the Minorities Report and evidence from Dr Luling. Paragraph 19 of that determination reads as follows:
"The Shekhal are not one but several groups not necessarily related and with different cultures and dialects. The word is simply the plural of Sheikh and signifies the lineage who have an inherited religious status. They all trace descent from the same ancestor Sheikh Faqi Cumar who travelled around Somalia and married wives in each location.
The Shekhal of Jasira and Gandhershe are ethnically distinct from other groups such as the Shekhal Loboge. Jasira and Gandhershe are both places on the coast between Mogadishu and Merce. Shekhal in that area belong to the light skinned Benadiri population of Arab descent who are found along the coast, like the Bravenese and the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu."
14. Having reviewed all the evidence before it, the Tribunal concluded that the Shekhal Gandhershe and the Shekhal Jasira were minority groups which were not protected by the Hawiye. The respondent had failed to make an important distinction between the Shekhal Gandhershe and the Shekhal Jasira on the one hand and the Shekhal Loboge on the other. The latter group were protected by the Hawiye. The Shekhal were not one discrete sub-clan but were distinct and separate groups and as such ethnically distinct from the majority of the Somalis. The Tribunal found that members of the Shekhal Gandhershe were a minority group then at risk if returned to Somalia. It went on to find that a member of the Shekhal Gandhershe clan would be considered to be a Benadiri and as such among the groups recognised by the Home Office as qualifying for refugee status. On that basis the appeal was allowed."
"The whole of the Sheikhal/Logobe clan is believed by Al Shabab to be supporters of the TFG because of my part in the formation and support for the TFG. …There is also a group of the UIC called Alislah and founders of this group are Sheikhal. Al Shabab sees Alislah as a threat to them and people associated to them…The Sheikhal Logobe are mostly now in Dabaab Refugee Camp or Haragdhere Refugee camp…"
Mogadishu
"The AU military response to opposition attacks on its forces – by mortaring markets in Mogadishu (essentially following the Ethiopian/TFG practice of random murder as a collective punishment response) – has now made the AU 'peacekeeping' intervention a complete anathema to all Somalis from all clans as part of any proposed political solution that Western and UN interests continue to aspire to."
The COIS at D.7-D8 details that:
"One of the main security incidents in Mogadishu in August 2008 was the 15 August 2008 bus massacres. The TFG/Ethiopian forces opened fire in a retaliatory attack on two buses outside Mogadishu, which left over 40 civilians dead. On the same day 56 people were killed and 80 wounded in incidents in and around Mogadishu.
IRIN reported that schools are currently closed in Mogadishu, because they have been targeted in the latest fighting in the city. Ninety percent of schools are affected. The targeting of schools is reported to be "unprecedented" in the past eighteen years' conflicts".
"the incessant level of harassment and intimidation by all militarised actors in the city is making living conditions for the civil population intolerable".
Jowhar
Internal relocation
"The decision-maker, taking account of all relevant circumstances pertaining to the claimant and his country of origin, must decide whether it is reasonable to expect the claimant to relocate or whether it would be unduly harsh to expect him to do so…There is…a spectrum of cases. The decision-maker must do his best to decide, on such material as is available, where on the spectrum the particular falls…All must depend on a fair assessment of the relevant facts". (Lord Bingham at para 5, citing from himself in Januzi [2006] UKHL 5).
"although the test of 'reasonableness' is a stringent one – whether it would be 'unduly harsh' to expect the claimant to return – it is not to be equated with a real risk that the claimant would be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment so serious as to meet the high threshold set by Art 3 of the European Convention…" (Baroness Hale, para 22)
Safety of en route travel from Mogadishu International airport
Roadblocks and Checkpoints in and around Mogadishu
"On arrival in Mogadishu last year [December 2006], the TFG has attempted to enforce the disarmament of the militias in Mogadishu. Consequently, anyone carrying arms in Mogadishu, including a protective militia escort, who is not part of the TFG, Ethiopian or African Union forces could be perceived as an insurgent and targeted by the TFG or Ethiopians, if travelling through the few areas they control. At the same time, the TFG has failed to create a secure environment in which engagement of an armed escort is not necessary to achieve some degree of persons safety."
Hammar Jahid
En route travel from Mogadishu airport to Jowhar and other locations
Jowhar
Refugee Convention reasons
OUR ASSESSMENT: AMI
OUR ASSESSMENT: AM2
Internal relocation
The appeal of AMI is dismissed on asylum, humanitarian protection and human rights grounds.
The appeal of AM2 is allowed on asylum and human rights grounds.
Signed Date
Senior Immigration Judge Storey
Note 1 BVerwG 10 C 43.07 (June 2008). [Back]
Annex 1: decision as to material error of law in the case of AM1 by SIJ Storey dated 4 August 2008"The appellant is a national of Somalia. In a determination notified on 18 February 2008 Immigration Judge D N Harris dismissed his appeal against a decision dated 10 November 2007 to remove him as an illegal entrant. The immigration judge made adverse credibility findings.The grounds do not challenge the immigration judge's findings of fact in relation to the appellant's history. They focus rather on the immigration judge's approach to the issue of whether or not the appellant was eligible for humanitarian protection under 339C(iv)/Article 15(c) of the Refugee Qualification Directive.I consider that the grounds are correct in stating that the judge materially erred in law in his approach to the issue of eligibility under para 339C(iv)/Article 15(c). The determination fails to give reasons for the conclusion that the appellant could not demonstrate eligibility for humanitarian protection because there is not an armed conflict in southern Somalia.The immigration judge's error was compounded by the fact that he appeared to see the issue of whether or not the appellant could or could not show under 339C(iv)/15(c) a "serious and individual threat" as hinging in part on whether "… he would be particularly at risk …on making the journey from Mogadishu to his home town". However, the Court of Appeal in AG (Somalia) has held that the issue of internal safety was not one which should form part of the assessment of risk on return.Manifestly, these errors had a possible bearing on the outcome of the appellant's appeal.Since the IJ decided this case the Tribunal has reported two cases dealing with Article 15(c), HH and others and KH (Iraq). The former gives specific guidance on the application of 15 (c) in the context of Somalia and that guidance is endorsed by KH (Iraq) except in one respect relating to threats from criminal violence.At the resumed hearing it is highly unlikely there will be any need to re-open the issue of whether or not there is an internal armed conflict in southern Somalia within the meaning of para 339C(iv)/Article 15(c). There is. The focus will need to be on the remaining requirements of this provision. Whilst on the strength of HH and others the appellant is unlikely to be able to succeed in showing a serious and individual threat, he is at least entitled to have his particular circumstances considered on the basis of the correct legal tests and it will be open to the parties, of course, to adduce fresh evidence as to whether more recent developments in Somalia require a different view being taken as regards Article 15(c).I would re-emphasise, however, that there has been no challenge to the immigration judge's findings of fact in relation to the appellant's past experiences and those findings must be preserved."Annex 2: decision as to material error of law in the case of AM2 by SIJ Jordan, 23 January 2008"1. This is an oral determination, I am satisfied that the Immigration Judge made a material error of law as identified in paragraph 5 of the grounds of application settled by the appellant's Counsel. This concerns the Immigration Judge's handling of the risks that the appellant faces immediately on arrival at Mogadishu International Airport and the journey to Mogadishu where the Immigration Judge found members of his family were living.2. It was submitted in paragraph 40 of the skeleton argument that the Home Office COIS report referred to a mission which had been sent to Mogadishu in 2007 and a report published in May 2007 which suggested there was a substantially changed situation for those returning. In the grounds of application specific reference is made to the European Commission Delegation and the results of interviews that were conducted dealing with the area between the airport and Mogadishu City and the circumstances in which an appellant might travel with sufficient safety to the centre of Mogadishu. In my judgment the Immigration Judge did not deal with this element of the case.3. It was argued on behalf of the Secretary of State that this was not a material omission because the report of the information gathering mission of April 2007 was only concerned with single returnees and was not concerned with the situation of those who had got appropriate military or armed assistance as the Immigration Judge found the appellant would have.4. In my view, whilst there may well be differences between the position of a sole returnee unprotected by any militia and somebody who may be able to return to support to assist in his relocation to Mogadishu, I am not satisfied that the background material to which I have been referred suggests that there is a clear-cut means by which those who have got militia support are able to leave the airport. It seems to me that this is an issue which will have to be reconsidered by the Tribunal.5. I am conscious of the fact that the decision principally relied on by the Immigration Judge, NM [2005] UKIAT 00076, offered guidance in relation to the circumstances as they existed in 2005 and this is a swiftly changing situation. It may well therefore be that the guidance offered is somewhat out of date and should be revisited. This, in my judgment, is sufficient to merit the second stage reconsideration.6. The grounds of application also contain a number of other grounds to which I should briefly refer. In paragraph 8 of the grounds it is asserted that the Immigration Judge failed to deal with the question of humanitarian protection by reference to paragraph 339C(iv) of the Immigration Rules HC 395. This now contains a definition of serious harm which includes the serious and individual threat to a civilian's life or person by means of indiscriminate violence in situations of international or internal armed conflict. I am aware of the fact that the Tribunal will, in a relatively short time, be issuing guidance on the proper interpretation of the Immigration Rules which will have a bearing not simply on the conditions in Iraq, to which I understand the case immediately applies, but also in relation to other areas of conflict upon the globe. It seems to me, therefore, that it is not possible for me to make any sustainable findings on what is the meaning of this difficult expression until the Tribunal has issued its guidance.7. In these circumstances, the appropriate route is merely to say that I am unable and do not make any findings on this part of the grounds of appeal and these will have to be argued at the second stage of the reconsideration which will occur in due course.8. In addition, it is said in paragraph 6 of the grounds of application that the Immigration Judge was wrong in law in failing to recognise the fact that in using the help of armed militia the appellant will be complicit in breaches of resolutions put forward by the UN Security Council made under the provisions of the UN Charter. I was asked by Mr Toal not to make any findings on this element of the claim. I am, however, prepared to say that the questions raised in AG v SSHD [2006] EWCA Civ 1342 do not obviously apply to a case such as the appellant's. In AG v SSHD the Court of Appeal decided that where the Secretary of State had not decided the travel arrangements he intended to adopt for the return of an appellant, it was not possible to make any findings upon the consequences of those travel arrangements and the associated travel risks. The risks could only be identified when specific plans for removal and return had been made and notified to the appellant. That decision would give rise to an appeal or review by the Administrative Court on conventional grounds of irrationality or illegality. In my judgment that cannot apply in relation to the appellant's case because there is no dispute that the appellant will be returned to Mogadishu International Airport and will then have to make his way to Mogadishu itself.9. My decision is in line with the decision in AG v SSHD [2006] EWCA Civ 1342 and the practical good sense of making findings on risk on return which are not hypothetical and which might be of assistance in formulating specific travel arrangements. Hooper LJ said as much in the following passages:29….I disagree with the proposition that the AIT is never obliged to consider whether there is a real risk of persecution or Article 3 ill-treatment at the airport or on the way home. As to "guess work", the AIT cannot just throw up its hands and not deal with relevant issues.123. Although Mr Jay is critical of NM in the light of GH, it seems to me that in a Country Guidance case it may well be helpful for all concerned to know the dangers inherent in a method of return that is likely to be used, if known. Those dangers can then inform the SSHD when (or if) removal directions are made.For these reasons I consider that the Tribunal in due course is required to grapple with the issue of the travel risks associated with the appellant.10. One of the other issues which is raised in paragraph 6 of the grounds of application concerns the question of whether the funding of armed militia is in breach of the United Nations resolutions. This issue may well be determined by reference to whether the actions of the individual by taking steps to protect himself are lawful acts of self protection or self defence or whether they go to assisting in financing or helping militias in circumstances which violate the embargos made by the United Nations resolutions. In my judgment it cannot seriously be stated that an individual who merely takes steps to protect himself will violate any United Nations resolutions. In other words it is, in my judgment, inconceivable that ordinary acts of self defence will be covered by the United Nations embargo. However, it is clear that in the circumstances of any individual case it might be that the procurement of militiamen to assist in the relocation of an individual from the International Airport to a safe haven will go beyond lawful self-help and will constitute a violation of the embargo but that will depend on the individual circumstances of a case. This ground was raised in AG v SSHD [2006] EWCA Civ 1342 and dismissed as unsustainable by Hooper LJ in paragraph 35 of the Court's judgment.11. In paragraph 2 of the grounds of application (which was not otherwise pursued by Mr Toal), it is said that the Immigration Judge's adverse credibility findings were erroneous. It seems to me that the Immigration Judge's findings in paragraphs 22 and 23 were properly open to the Immigration Judge and do not amount to a material error of law. In paragraph 22 the Immigration Judge recorded the fact that the appellant claimed that his brother was shot dead in 1999 and his father in 2001 by the USC armed militia. This followed the account that the appellant had given in his statement, paragraphs 5 and 6, in which the appellant said,"5. On account of my age I do not remember the exact dates of many incidents I have described. I do remember that my brother Jamal was killed in 1999 this was a major incident and I was a little older then. He was shot dead by the USC, I was at home at the time, he went out one day and he was shot dead. I do not know why he was killed.6. My father was shot dead in 2001 by the USC near the restaurant he worked at. For some reason the militia killed him but I do not know why".12. The Immigration Judge in dealing with this part of the evidence said in paragraph 22,"There is no credible evidence that they were targeted because of their clan membership. The appellant has given very little information with regard to the circumstances of their deaths. The appellant's family were able to retain their home until it was sold. The appellant claims that the militia may not have forcibly taken the house because they would not have been able to maintain legal ownership of it. I find that if the appellant and his family were deemed to be minority clan members without any majority support it is highly unlikely that they would have been able to retain their home in what Mr Toal has described as a no go area and a very dangerous part of Mogadishu according to the reporting of the information gathering mission in April 2007. I find that the militia could well have forced the appellant's mother to sign over the legal deeds of the property if they wanted legal ownership of the property in order to sell it on."13. It seems to me that the Immigration Judge was here finding that if the appellant's account that he and his family were able to conduct an orderly sale of the family home, this could not have happened if they were minority clan members. This pointed to the fact that the appellant and his family had sufficient protection within the community to avoid the deprivation of their property by majority clan members or militias supporting them. There is nothing in my judgment which is irrational or perverse in that finding and there is nothing that amounts to improper speculation about the exercise in which the Immigration Judge engaged.14. Dealing with paragraph 3 of the grounds of application, it is submitted that the Immigration Judge erred in law in his findings of fact. This is a specific reference to the judge's findings in paragraphs 34 and 35 of the determination. In paragraph 34 of the determination the Immigration Judge found that the appellant could make appropriate arrangements to be received at Mogadishu Airport by clan members and also with an armed escort. He found that the appellant was in contact with his mother and brother and indeed with clan members with whom they are staying. He found, therefore, the appellant did have what he described as clan protection in Mogadishu. Similarly, in paragraph 35 of the determination he found that the appellant could take the opportunity to arrange to be met at Mogadishu Airport by his family and clan members together with an armed escort to enable him to safely travel from the airport to his home area. He found that the appellant was able to access clan protection in his home area in Mogadishu.15. These findings carry on from the Immigration Judge's analysis of the evidence in relation to those issues. It was always the case of the Secretary of State that the appellant was able to access support and assistance. In the refusal letter referred to in paragraph 4 of the determination the respondent's decision is set out. As Somalia is one of the poorest countries in the world, the Secretary of State found it highly unlikely that the appellant's mother would have been able to raise sufficient funds to pay both for his release and for his journey out of the country unless she was able to access resources and protection. The respondent also noted that if the appellant's mother had been able to raise money she would have used it to move all the family to a nearer safe country rather than just the appellant to the United Kingdom.16. It seems to me that these issues which were not directly addressed by the Immigration Judge were relevant for two purposes. First, they were an indication as to whether or not the appellant was a member of a minority clan, it being clear that minority clan members are at risk of arbitrary seizure of their possessions by majority clan members; and secondly, it was indicative of a person with sufficient wealth to make effective arrangements to afford the appellant protection on return. Those who have used their wealth to effect departure are at least liable to be deemed capable of using their wealth to affect a safe return. In the present case the Immigration Judge made significant findings about the circumstances in which the appellant left his mother and brother in Mogadishu. The appellant had stated that he last spoke to his mother at the end of 2006 when he said she was living in Mogadishu in the accommodation to which they had moved for a period of seven or eight months. He said that the clan members with whom the family were staying were attacked on a number of occasions but there were no valuables in the house and the looters just took other items. There were shouts but no one was hurt. In these circumstances it was open to the Immigration Judge to find that the circumstances of the appellant, his mother and brother did not amount to being at serious risk.17. He made specific findings in relation to the contact that he had been able to maintain with his mother. In paragraph 25 of the determination he said that he did not find it credible that the appellant would not make arrangements to remain in contact with his mother after he had travelled to the United Kingdom and that he had made no effort to trace his mother since arriving in the United Kingdom. In those circumstances he found that the reasons for his doing this was that he knew exactly where his mother and brother were staying and how they could be reached. He found at paragraph 26 that the appellant's mother and brother were still in Mogadishu living with clan members where the appellant left them. He found that the appellant had not sought to find his mother and brother because he already knew full well where they were actually living. It seems to me that, by implication, the Immigration Judge was also finding that they were living in circumstances of sufficient safety for the appellant not to wish to reveal this fact to the Immigration Judge.18. In these circumstances, the Immigration Judge made sustainable findings that the appellant and brother were living in sufficient safety to avoid the immediate risk of serious harm. Although it has been submitted that this was not the case, the Immigration Judge found in paragraph 31 that it was clear that there are clan members willing and able to look after the appellant's mother and brother and indeed the appellant, when he was there for about seven or eight months living with them. He found that the appellant's mother and brother continued to live with clan members in Mogadishu and that the appellant left his family in Somalia in the knowledge that, in the absence of his father, they had the protection of clan members with whom they were living. In my judgment those findings were sustainable. They cannot be classified as perverse and it may therefore be that the Immigration Judge was not making any global findings that the appellant had clan protection in a general sense; all that he was finding was that, in circumstances which the appellant had failed properly to reveal, the appellant's mother and brother had managed to effect safety mechanisms in Mogadishu which enabled them to continue their life without being at risk. That obviously involved individuals who were either relatives or members of the same clan affording them with protection. Whether that situation is the same as saying that the appellant has general clan protection in Mogadishu is not important. It seems to me, however, the important issue is that they were able to access protection in the circumstances in which they found themselves in Mogadishu and it was on that basis that he found that protection was also available to him on return.19. For these reasons I reject the criticisms which are made in the grounds of application that his findings on risk in Mogadishu were perverse or illogical. This leaves open, however, the real issue in this appeal and that is whether the appellant is able to access protection in the circumstances in which he finds himself on return to Mogadishu International Airport. In that event he will not be returning simply as an unidentified individual, he will be returning as a member of the Sheikhal clan. This is a clan which is not consistently dealt with in the background information. It will be open to the appellant to deal with whether members of the Sheikhal clan in general (as well as the appellant in particular) have any specific or different protection needs." Appendix: BACKGROUND MATERIALS
1 FCO Africa Research Analyst comment on 'COI Project Somalia: Minority Groups' 2 Somali passport of CA 3 Certificate of participation of CA 4 Article on peace talks with CA photographed 5 ID card of CA in respect of Somali National Reconciliation Conference 6 US Citizenship and immigration Services website - Information on Temporary Protected Status 7 Rebuilding Somalia: issues and possibilities for Puntland WSPA Somali programme 8 Human Rights Watch Report 9 Witness statement of Consultant to EU and UN projects in Somalia 10 OCHA: South/Central Somalia 11 OCHA: Protection 12 Somalia Situation Supplementary Appeal 2007 - 2008 13 UN Security Council Resolutions on Somalia: 1991 – Present 14 September 2000 Danish Immigration Service: Report on minority groups in Somalia 15 07/05/2002 UNHCR Guidelines on Particular Social Group 16 25/07/2002 Report on political, security and human rights developments in southern and central Somalia, including South West State of Somalia, and Puntland State of Somalia - joint British-Danish fact-finding mission to Nairobi and Baidoa and Beletweyne 17 01/08/2002 UNCU/OCHA: A study on minorities in Somalia 18 13/03/2003 29-AR54 19 21/07/2003 Letter to CA 20 Circa 2004 A Situational Analysis of Child trafficking in East Africa 21 21/01/2004 UNHCR - Advisory on the return of Somali nationals to Somalia - January 2004 22 08/03/2004 Judgment of Master Whitaker in Zahra Abdullah and other v Abdullahi Yusuf (HQ02X03221) 23 17/03/2004 Human rights and security in central and southern Somalia - Joint Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and British fact-finding mission to Nairobi, Kenya 24 20/09/2004 Swiss Refugee Council: Somalia: Situation and Trend Analysis 25 22/11/2004 Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs - General country report - Somalia 26 13/03/2005 Judgment of Treacy J in Zahra Abdullah and other v Abdullahi Yusuf [2005] EWHC 737 (QB) 27 16/03/2005 Final order in Zahra Abdullah and other v Abdullahi Yusuf 28 02/11/2005 UNHCR - Advisory on the return of Somali nationals to Somalia - November 2005 29 15/01/2006 African Security Review: An analysis and comparison of armed groups in Somalia 30 08/03/2006 Ethiopia Landmine Monitor Report 2006 31 19/05/2006 OCHA: Fact Sheet May 2006 32 27/07/2006 US Citizenship & Immigration Services - DHS Extends temporary protective status for Somalia for 18 months 33 November 2006 Gundel, G. The predicament of the 'Oday', Final report 34 22/11/2006 Report of the UN Monitoring Group on Somalia - 22nd November 2006 35 29/12/2006 World Security Network 36 20/01/2007 ICG: Somalia: The tough part is ahead 37 24/01/2007 AFP: Somalia: Mogadishu airport attacked as US Envoy meets top Islamist 38 31/01/2007 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-31st January 2007 39 February 2007 UN Humanitarian situation in Somalia – Monthly Analysis 40 19/02/2007 Somalia - Displacement as of 19th February 2007 Map 41 21/02/2007 UPI: Vigilantes hired to help secure Mogadishu 42 22/02/2007 Reuters: Mortars hit Mogadishu airport in latest strike 43 12/03/2007 Somalia - Displacement as of 12th March 2007 Map 44 12/03/2007 United Nations Refugee Agency: Somalia – New Displacement in February 45 14/03/2007 Hiraan Online: Somali woman says soldiers raped her 46 23/03/2007 Aviation Safety Network 47 30/03/2007 Human Rights Watch: People fleeing Somalia war secretly detained 48 31/03/2007 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-31st March 2007 49 United Nations: Humanitarian Situation in Somalia Monthly Analysis - March 2007 50 01/04/2007 Crisis Watch monthly bulletin 51 01/04/2007 Reuters Foundation: Fighting rages in Mogadishu, peacekeeper killed 52 01/04/2007 OCHA Regional Office for Central and East Asia - Humanitarian Newsmaker - April 2007 53 02/04/2007 Reuters Foundation: Guns silent in Mogadishu, hundreds thought dead 54 02/04/2007 Reuters Foundation: Somalia: Somalis bury dead during lull in battles 55 02/04/2007 OCHA: Somalia: Appeal to warring parties in Mogadishu to act with humanity 56 02/04/2007 Agence France-Presse: Hundreds more Ethiopian troops enter Somali capital 57 02/04/2007 Reuters Foundation: Mogadishu exodus grows, but no respite for refugees 58 02/04/2007 UNHCR: Somalia: Almost 50,000 people flee Mogadishu since March 21; more expected 59 02/04/2007 The Christian Science Monitor: Truce aims to stem Somalia's bloodshed 60 03/04/2007 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights: High Commissioner urges protection of civilians in Mogadishu 61 03/04/2007 Agence France-Presse: Somalia diplomatic players look to replace Ethiopian forces 62 03/04/2007 Agence France-Presse: Somalia: The scars of battle in Mogadishu 63 03/04/2007 UNHCR: Somalia: thousands have recently fled capital, plight of those remaining becoming desperate 64 03/04/2007 European Union: EU High Representative Javier Solana and Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid Louis Michel appeal to all Somali parties to cease hostilities immediately 65 03/04/2007 United States Department of State: Meeting of the International Contact Group on Somalia 66 03/04/2007 Reuters Foundation: Somalia refugee crisis grows, some 'charged for shade' 67 03/04/2007 IRIN: Kenya-Somalia: Border remains closed to asylum seekers 68 04/04/2007 IRIN: Somalia: UN decries civilian deaths in Mogadishu 69 04/04/2007 Agence France-Presse: Somalia: Mogadishu tries to bury its dead 70 04/04/2007 United Nations News Service: UN envoy cautions against forced disarmament before Somalia reconciliation congress 71 05/04/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Locals mobilised to assist displaced civilians 72 07/04/2007 Government of the United States of America: Assistant Secretary Frazer visits Baidoa 73 07/04/2007 Agence France-Presse: In Somalia, refugees wait for aid 74 08/04/2007 Agence France-Presse: About 124,000 people flee fighting in Somali capital: UN 75 10/04/2007 Agence France-Presse: More than 1,000 killed in Mogadishu clashes: elders 76 10/04/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Afraid to return home despite prevailing calm 77 10/04/2007 United Nations News Service: Nearly three dozen more refugees drown in doomed bid to reach Yemen – UN 78 11/04/2007 Medecins Sans Frontieres: MSF is responding to cholera outbreaks in Somalia 79 11/04/2007 Yemen Times: Somali war causes more exodus to Yemen 80 11/04/2007 Medecins Sans Frontieres: MSF is responding to cholera outbreaks in Somalia 81 12/04/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Fighting threatens peace efforts in Mogadishu 82 12/04/2007 OCHA: Somalia: Fiercest fighting since 1991 takes humanitarian toll 83 12/04/2007 International Committee of the Red Cross: Somalia: Helping those forced to flee their homes 84 13/04/2007 UNHCR: UNHCR trucks 28 tonnes of aid to displaced people in Somalia 85 18/04/2007 Reuters Foundation: Fighting in Mogadishu kills at least seven 86 19/04/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Displaced Somalis living rough near Kenyan border 87 19/04/2007 Reuters Foundation: UN Somalia humanitarian chief warns of catastrophe 88 19/04/2007 UNHCR: UNHCR sends aid from Kenya to Somali town struggling with IDPs and disease 89 20/04/2007 SOS-Kinderdorf International: Shells land in compound of SOS Children's Village Mogadishu 90 20/04/2007 Reuters Foundation: Somali deaths mount, refugee exodus grows 91 20/04/2007 Reuters Foundation: Latest Mogadishu violence kills 21 people 92 23/04/2007 UNHCR: Thousands of desperate Somalis fleeing Mogadishu as aid agencies struggle to meet needs 93 24/04/2007 World Vision: Women, children fleeing Mogadishu clashes face high risk of disease, trauma, rape 94 24/04/2007 Reuters Foundation: Analysis: Somalia burns – but does anyone care? 95 24/04/2007 UNHCR: Gulf of Aden: More drowned by smugglers, others die of asphyxia and dehydration 96 24/04/2007 Agence France-Presse: 65 die in Somalia fighting, car bombs 97 24/04/2007 International Committee of the Red Cross: Somalia: ICRC Bulletin No. 01/2007 98 25/04/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Struggling to help displaced Mogadishu residents 99 25/04/2007 UNHCR: Small Somali town struggling to cope with tens of thousands of people displaced by fighting in nearby Mogadishu 100 26/04/2007 Reuters Foundation: Somali PM declares gains in Mogadishu war 101 26/04/2007 Reuters Foundation: All sides flouting humanitarian law in Somalia – UN 102 27/04/2007 Agence France-Presse: US and UN slam Somali government's treatment of relief agencies: report 103 27/04/2007 United Nations Children's Fund: UNICEF condemns shelling of Mogadishu hospital and calls for full access for humanitarian aid to displaced families 104 27/04/2007 Trocaire: Impending humanitarian disaster in Somalia 105 27/04/2007 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 106 Somalia: Report of Information Gathering Mission 27-30th April 2007 107 30/04/2007 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-30th April 2007 108 30/04/2007 United Nations Security Council: Security Council expresses grave concern at renewed fighting in Somalia, condemns indiscriminate shelling in Mogadishu 109 30/04/2007 Agence France-Presse: Renegade Somali leaders vow deeper insurgency 110 30/04/2007 United Nations News Service: UN Security Council deplores rising civilian deaths in Somalia 111 01/05/2007 Crisis Watch Monthly Bulletin 112 07/05/2007 Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in Somalia - 7th May 2007 113 10/05/2007 OCHA: Somalia: Protection, Fact Sheet – May 2007 114 10/05/2007 Reuters Foundation: Two foreign aid workers kidnapped in Somalia 115 10/05/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Habibo Muhammad, "No one could survive Mogadishu" 116 14/05/2007 Reuters Foundation: Aid not reaching most Somali war afflicted – UN 117 15/05/2007 Reuters Foundation: Gunmen attack UN health office in Mogadishu 118 17/05/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Plea to help 12,000 displaced in Bardere 119 18/05/2007 Danish Refugee Council UNHCR Branch Office Somalia – Report on Profiling of Internally Displaced Persons Mogadishu 120 18/05/2007 Danish Refugee Council: Report on Profiling of IDPs - Mogadishu 121 19/05/2007 Agence France-Presse: Ethiopia says 1,000 insurgents killed in Mogadishu clashes 122 23/05/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Economic pressures rising with influx of IDPs 123 25/05/2007 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 124 28/05/2007 Reuters Foundation: Grenades thrown at Ethiopian troops in Somalia 125 29/05/2007 Reuters Foundation: Somali court officer gunned down in Mogadishu 126 30/05/2007 Reuters Foundation: At least four dead in Somalia after convoy attack 127 31/05/2007 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-31st May 2007 128 01/06/2007 UNHCR: Somalia: Three quarters of those who fled Mogadishu have not returned 129 04/06/2007 Agence France-Presse: Seven dead in Mogadishu attacks 130 04/06/2007 Center for Strategic and International Studies: Fading hopes for Somalia crisis 131 05/06/2007 European Parliament: Ethiopian Government's Stance on Human Rights Attacked 132 12/06/2007 US Department of State – Trafficking in Persons Report 133 14/06/2007 United Nations Security Council: Security Council gravely concerned by recent extremist attacks in Somalia, condemns attempts to use violence to undermine political process 134 14/06/2007 Voice of America: Somalis sceptical of peace 'under occupation' 135 15/06/2007 Deutsche Presse Agentur: At least nine people slain in Somalia blasts 136 15/06/2007 Food Security Analysis Unit: Somalia: Food security and nutrition situation in Shabelle region is rapidly deteriorating 137 15/06/2007 OCHA: Somalia: Situation Report – 15 Jun 2007 138 17/06/2007 Agence France-Presse: Somali grenade attack prompts curfew 139 18/06/2007 HJT Research: Ogaden Residents Say They Are Being Brutalised by Ethiopian Soldiers 140 18/06/2007 Reuters Foundation: Blast strikes Mogadishu 141 18/06/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Deteriorating food security in south 142 18-25/06/2007 World Health Organisation: Health Action in Crises 143 20/06/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Government criticised over NGO raid 144 20/06/2007 Reuters Foundation: 8 killed in Somalia amid government, insurgent battles 145 21/06/2007 Reuters Foundation: Somali authorities impose curfew as killings mount 146 22/06/2007 USAID – Somalia – Complex Emergency 147 22/06/2007 OCHA: Protection of civilians in armed conflict – UN Security Council briefing by Emergency Relief Coordinator John Holmes 148 22/06/2007 United Nations World Food Programme: WFP appeals to Kenyan authorities to allow food into Somalia 149 25/06/2007 Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in Somalia - 25th June 2007 150 25/06/2007 Reuters Foundation: Somali solider fires at crowd seeking food, 3 killed 151 26/06/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Returnees killed waiting for food distribution 152 27/06/2007 UNHCR: Somalia: Thousands flee Mogadishu amid renewed violence 153 28/06/2007 International Medical Corps: Somalia: Two slain in Somalia shooting 154 28/06/2007 Reuters Foundation: Doctor with US charity shot dead in Somalia 155 30/06/2007 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-30th June 2007 156 July 2007 UN Humanitarian situation in Somalia – Monthly Analysis 157 04/07/2007 Human Rights Watch: Ethiopia: Crackdown in East Punishes Civilians 158 05/07/2007 Ethiopia: Ogaden Crackdown Carries High Human Cost 159 06/07/2007 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 160 08/07/2007 Agence France-Presse: Somali troops shoot sesven civilians in Somali capital 161 12/07/2007 Reuters Foundation: Six die in fresh Mogadishu violence – residents 162 13/07/2007 Deutsche Presse Agentur: Roundup: Attacks plague Somali capital ahead of peace meeting 163 13/07/2007 Reuters Foundation: Factbox – Somalia, a country torn apart 164 15/07/2007 Reuters Foundation: Somali peace talks adjourned after mortar attack 165 16/07/2007 Ogaden Online: The World's Heart Beats in Ogaden 166 16/07/2007 Reuters Foundation: Violence flares day after Somali peace meeting 167 18/07/2007 Agence France-Presse: UN opens new Somali refugee camp in Ethiopia 168 18/07/2007 Reuters Foundation: Deadly Mogadishu blasts overshadow peace talks 169 19/07/2007 Reuters Foundation: Fighting erupts before Somali reconciliation talks 170 19/07/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Livelihoods in jeopardy after poor rainfall 171 20/07/2007 UKBA – Report of Fact Finding Mission 11-15 June 2007 - Somalia 172 23/07/2007 OCHA: Somalia: Insecurity in Mogadishu driving people out and restricting humanitarian relief 173 23/07/2007 IRIN: Somalia: IDPs in dire need as more flee violence 174 24/07/2007 United Nations Department of Public Information: Press conference by Emergency Relief Coordinator on humanitarian crises in Africa, Middle East 175 24/07/2007 Reuters Foundation: Battles around peace talks send Somalis fleeing again 176 26/07/2007 Reuters Foundation: Eritrea sending missiles, arms to Somalia, UN says 177 29/07/2007 BIA - Nationality, routing and documentation aid valid from 29th July 2007 178 31/07/2007 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-31st July 2007 179 31/07/2007 Forced Migration Review, University of Oxford: Emergency within an emergency: Somali IDPs 180 FAST Update: Somalia/Trends in Conflict and Cooperation April-July 2007 181 01/08/2007 Reuters Foundation: U.N. says Mogadishu violence scaring returnees 182 August 2007 Danish Refugee Council: Human rights and security in central and southern Somalia 183 03/08/2007 UNHCR: Somalia: Another wave of departures 184 03/08/2007 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 185 03/08/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Call for agencies to scale up aid operations in capital 186 06/08/2007 Xinhua News Agency: Roundup: Mogadishu violence continues as renewed exodus spills over to distant town 187 09/08/2007 Barnes, Dr. C (SOAS): European CIO Seminar Country Report - Somalia 188 10/08/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Five police stations attacked overnight in Mogadishu 189 12/08/2007 OCHA: UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for Somalia strongly condemns the killing of two journalists, harassment of the media and calls for end to impunity 190 12/08/2007 Human Rights Watch: Shell-Shocked, Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu 191 13/08/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Reporters killed amid concerns over human rights abuses 192 13/08/2007 Human Rights Watch: Somalia: War crimes in Mogadishu 193 14/08/2007 Food Security Analysis Unit Somalia - Press Release - "Sudden On-set Humanitarian Emergency Breaks in the Shabelle Regions of Somalia Amid Escalating Civil Insecurity" 194 14/08/2007 Deutsche Presse Agentur: Violent day of fighting leaves at least 30 dead in Somalia 195 15/08/2007 IRIN: Somalia: 'Life in Mogadishu is so bad we'll risk our lives to escape' 196 15/08/2007 The Christian Science Monitor: UN faces calls for action in Somalia 197 15/08/2007 Xinhua News Agency: About 1.5 million need humanitarian assistance in Somalia 198 17/08/2007 OCHA: Somalia South Central zone in state of emergency 199 17/08/2007 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 200 20/08/2007 SOS-Kinderdorf International: Mortar shell hits SOS Hospital Mogadishu 201 20/08/2007 Medecins Sans Frontieres: Access to medical care dangerously scarce in and around Mogadishu, Somalia 202 21/08/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Thousands flee central region after clash violence 203 22/08/2007 Order for Reconsideration 204 22/08/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Displaced people branded "terrorists" by Mogadishu mayor 205 24/08/2007 Agence France-Presse: Nine killed in Somalia unrest 206 24/08/2007 Voice of America: Aid workers in Somalia fear government attack on camps near Mogadishu 207 25/08/2007 Agence France-Presse: Somali Islamists vow to step up drive against Ethiopians 208 27/08/2007 Norwegian Refugee Council: Vast needs in Mogadishu 209 31/08/2007 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-31st August 2007 210 31/08/2007 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 211 Danish Joint Fact finding mission report - August 2007 212 02/09/2007 Agence France-Press: Fresh fighting rocks Mogadishu as security chiefs summoned 213 03/09/2007 Xinhua News Agency: Journalists flee violence in Somalia 214 03/09/2007 Voice of America: 18,000 flee Mogadishu in August, 50,000 since June 215 03/09/2007 18,000 flee Mogadishu in August, 50,000 since June 216 04/09/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Displaced families overwhelm Lover Shabelle town 217 05/09/2007 Reuters Foundation: Several killed in clashes in Somalia 218 05/09/2007 Agence France-Presse: Six killed in Mogadishu fighting 219 10/09/2007 Agence France-Presse: Somalia: Seven killed in Mogadishu attacks 220 11/09/2007 Xinhua News Agency: Security searches underway in Mogadishu market as violence continues 221 12/09/2007 IRIN: Somalia: UN staff member killed 222 14/09/2007 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 223 16/09/2007 Associated Press: Saudi King oversees Somalia pact signing 224 17/09/2007 Agence France-Presse: Five killed in Somali violence 225 17/09/2007 IRIN: Somalia: What have we done to deserve this? 226 17/09/2007 227 18/09/2007 Agence France-Presse: Somalia warns humanitarian catastrophe 'imminent' 228 21/09/2007 Reuters Foundation: Fighting makes Somalis fear more than ever – UN envoy 229 24/09/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Nadifo Gedi – I have never begged but I am close to it now 230 25/09/2007 Terrorism Focus: Somali fighters focus on common Ethiopian enemy 231 25/09/2007 Jamestown Foundation: Terrorism Focus 232 27/09/2007 Agence France-Presse: Two Somalis killed in Mogadishu violence 233 28/09/2007 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 234 30/09/2007 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-30th September 2007 235 30/09/2007 Agence France-Presse: Eight killed in Somali violence 236 01/10/2007 United Nations World Food Programme: Fleeing Moghadishu to Somalia's breadbasket 237 02/10/2007 Human Rights Watch: Ethiopia and the State of Democracy: Affects on Human Rights and Humanitarian Conditions in Ogaden and Somalia 238 03/10/2007 Agence France-Presse: Fierce fighting in Somali capital 239 05/10/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Rising tension forces aid workers out of project area 240 08/10/2007 IRIN: Somalia – Families flee escalating violence 241 09/10/2007 Agence France-Presse: Somali Islamist leader vows holy war against 'Christian invaders' 242 10/10/2007 IRIN: Somalia: IDPs cause overcrowding in Galgadud towns 243 10/10/2007 Reuters Foundation: Violence kills another seven in Somalia 244 12/10/2007 Church World Service: CWS appeal: Somalia (Mogadishu) humanitarian assistance 245 16/10/2007 Reuters Foundation: Interview – Threats and death stalk Somali journalists 246 17/10/2007 The Independent: Ethiopia's Own Darfur as Villagers Flee Government Backed Violence 247 19/10/2007 United Nations News Service: Somalia: Aid delievery impeded by 'suspicion' from Government, other parties – UN 248 25/10/2007 UNHCR: Displaced women tell tales or rape and fear in Somalia 249 29/10/2007 Agence France-Presse: More Mogadishu residents flee as violence rages 250 30/10/2007 Reuters Foundation: Weekend fighting drove 36,000 from Somali capital – UN 251 30/10/2007 World Vision: International NGOs cannot adequately respond to the unfolding humanitarian catastrophe in Somalia 252 30/10/2007 UNHCR: Somalia – Mogadishu violence sets off new wave of displacement 253 31/10/2007 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-31st October 2007 254 31/10/2007 OCHA: 88,000 newly displaced by insecurity in Mogadishu 255 31/10/2007 Famine Early Warning System Network, Food Security Analysis Unit: Humanitarian emergency worsens in the Shabelle regions of Somalia – as thousands of families flee Mogadishu in a new wave of displacement 256 November 2007 Landinfo Report on Security and human rights conditions in southern Somalia 257 01/11/2007 United Nations Office of the Coordinator for Somalia - Open Letter from the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for Somalia a.i. in response to the massive displacement of civilians from Mogadishu 258 01/11/2007 Deutsche Presse Agentur: Aid organizations in Somalia warn of worsening situation 259 01/11/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Malnutrition increases as humanitarian emergency worsens in the Shabelles 260 01/11/2007 Voice of America: UN official says 1.5 million need assistance and protection in Somalia 261 02/11/2007 51. IDP Population because of conflicts in Laas Caanood Map 262 02/11/2007 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 263 02/11/2007 Reuters Foundation: Somalia: Mogadishu battles stoke humanitarian crisis 264 05/11/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Thousands more leave capital as troops converge 265 06/11/2007 UNHCR: Somalia: Inter-agency UN team finds displaced living in extremely harsh conditions 266 06/11/2007 Xinhua News Agency: Thousands displaced by floods in southern Somalia 267 07/11/2007 Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in Somalia - 7th November 2007 268 07/11/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Mogadishu residents trapped by violence – MSF 269 08/11/2007 Voice of America: Mounting violence around Mogadishu displaces tens of thousands of Somalis 270 09/11/2007 Human Rights Watch: Somalia: Mogadishu clashes devastating civilians 271 09/11/2007 Deutsche Presse Agentur: Somalia: Bloody Mogadishu clashes leave at least 51 dead 272 09/11/2007 Agence France-Presse: Death tolls mounts as Mogadishu violence flares 273 09/11/2007 Agence France-Presse: Ethiopian forces kill six civilians in Mogadishu: witnesses 274 10/11/2007 SOS-Kinderdorf International - Four mortar shells hit SOS Children's Village Mogadishu 275 10/11/2007 Agence France-Presse: Thousands flee as fighting in Somali capital claims 59 lives 276 12/11/207 Foreign & Commonwealth Office: Past and Current Levels of Armed Violence in Somalia 277 12/11/2007 UKBA: Country of Origin Information Report Somalia 278 12/11/2007 UN OCHA: Somalia: Mounting bloodshed prompts police full help from Mogadishu 279 12/11/2007 OCHA: Somalia displacement reaches new high, many killed 280 12/11/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Mounting bloodshed prompts pleas for help from Mogadishu 281 13/11/2007 UNHCR: Somalia: UNHCR responds to exodus from Mogadishu 282 15/11/2007 Reuters Foundation: Fugitive Somali Islamist urges jihad on AU troops 283 16/11/2007 CAFOD: Somalia: Worst humanitarian crisis in Africa 284 17/11/2007 Reuters Foundation: Insurgents attack Ugandan troops in Somali capital 285 19/11/2007 United Nations News Service: Concerned at conditions in Somalia, Security Council urges end to violence 286 19/11/2007 IRIN: Somalia – The voice for the voiceless is no more 287 23/11/2007 SOS – Kinderdorf International: Mortars hit the SOS Children's Village Mogadishu – five co-workers injured 288 27/11/2007 Norwegian Council for Africa: Somalia: Mogadishu mayor wants to silence independent reporting 289 28/11/2007 Agence France-Presse: Camps abound as Somalis flee Mogadishu violence 290 28/11/2007 Shabelle Media Network: Somalia: Corpses found at the suburbs and the center of the capital Mogadishu 291 29/11/2007 sacbee.com: Ethiopia Accused of Civilian Abuse 292 30/11/2007 Reuters Foundation: Somalia: Ten more killed in North Mogadishu fighting 293 30/11/2007 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-30th November 2007 294 03/12/2007 SOS – Kinderdorf International: SOS co-worker killed in the crossfire at the SOS Children's Village Mogadishu 295 03/12/2007 OCHA: USG visits newly displaced Somalis from Mogadishu on mission to Afgooye 296 03/12/2007 GOAL: Somali statement 297 03/12/2007 Human Rights Watch: UN: Atrocities fuel worsening crisis in Horn of Africa 298 04/12/2007 UNOCHA: Somalia: Civilians caught in the cross fire 299 04/12/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Civilians caught in the crossfire – UN humanitarian chief 300 04/12/2007 UNOCHA: Somalia: Civilians caught in the cross fire 301 06/12/2007 BBC News: Images Back Ethiopia Abuse Claim 302 07/12/2007 Deutsche Presse Agentur: UN: Rape is now "part of the game" in brutal Somali conflict 303 07/12/2007 DPA report 304 08/12/2007 Reuters report 305 08/12/2007 Reuters Foundation: Somali Islamists seize town from government troops 306 09/12/2007 VOA News: Islamist fighters seize central Somali town 307 10/12/2007 Agence France-Presse: Daily life in Mogadishu shrivels under incessant violence 308 11/12/2007 Odenwald, M. and others: The Consumption of Khat and Other Drugs in Somali Combatants: A cross-sectional study 309 11/12/2007 MSF report 310 11/12/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Aid appeal broadened to cope with massive displacement 311 11/12/2007 Agence France – Presse: 13 killed in Somalia violence: officials 312 11/12/2007 Medecins Sans Frontieres: Somalia: Displaced populations, fleeing war in Mogadishu face a dramatic situation 313 11/12/2007 IRIN: Somalia: Aid appeal broadened to cope with massive displacement 314 14/12/2007 New York Times: Ethiopia Turns to Civilian Patrols 315 14/12/2007 Agence France-Presse: Two women killed in fresh Somali violence: witness 316 14/12/2007 Agence France-Presse: Somalia: Mogadishu civilian death toll reaches 19 after two days fighting 317 14/12/2007 BBC News: Sweden denies Mogadishu conflict 318 15/12/2007 New York Times: Ethiopians Said to Push Civilians into Rebel War 319 18/12/2007 Deutsche Presse Agentur: Fresh fighting in Mogadishu kills at least 17 320 19/12/2007 IRIN: Somalia – Zeinab Ali – Every day someone you knew had died 321 20/12/2007 USAID Report: Somalia – Complex Emergency 322 31/12/2007 Reuters report 323 31/12/2007 Reuters Foundation: Mogadishu violence kills 6,500 in past year 324 31/12/2007 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-31st December 2007 325 UNOCHA - Humanitarian Situation in Somalia June-December 2007 326 OCHA Regional Office for Central and East Africa – Displaced Populations Report - July – December 2007 327 OCHA: Situation Reports September-December 2007 328 FIDH/OMCT: Steadfast in Protection: Annual Report 2007 329 SAACID: Emergency IDP Settlement Rehabilitation programme 2007/8 330 Circa 2008 SAACID: Results of the "SAACID Rapid Population Assessment of IDP Settlements in Mogadishu" 331 02/01/2008 United Nations: 2007 'one of the deadliest years' for United Nations personnel, Staff Union says; at least 9 peacekeepers, 33 civilian staff members killed during year 332 07/01/2008 IRIN: Somalia: IDPs face eviction from camp 333 08/01/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Calls for help for IDPs in Middle Shabelle 334 10/01/2008 UNOCHA report 335 10/01/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Clashes near IDP camps "causing more displacement" 336 11/01/2008 Danish Refugee Council: Essential help in Somalia 337 11/01/2008 Jane's Sentinel Country Risk Assessments 338 16/01/2008 Oxfam report 339 17/01/2008 Reuters Foundation: Heavy fighting erupts in Somali capital, 13 dead 340 18/01/2008 Agence France-Presse: Somali insurgents expanding area of attacks: African Union 341 21/01/2008 Norwegian Council for Africa: Somalia: New government lands in Mogadishu 342 21/01/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Anti-government activities spreading, warns AU 343 22/01/2008 Newsweek: Ethiopia's Dirty War 344 27/01/2008 VOA News: Mortar rocks Mogadishu airport as AU Commissioner visits 345 28/01/2008 Medecins Sans Frontieres: Three MSF workers killed in fatal incident in Kismayo, Somalia 346 28/01/2008 United Nations Secretary General: Secretary-General condemns killing of aid workers, journalist in Somalia 347 28/01/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Food, water shortages hit Galgadud 348 29/01/2008 Voice of America: UN's Somalia envoy says country faces deepening crisis 349 29/01/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Kismayo's only hospital closes as aid workers killed 350 30/01/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Government seeks urgent help for drought regions 351 31/01/2008 FSAU press release 352 31/01/2008 Food Security Analysis Unit: More than a quarter of the population of Somalia are in humanitarian crisis 353 31/01/2008 UNHCR Refworld – various items on Somalia 354 31/01/2008 allAfrica.com: Islamists vow to continue fight against Ethiopian troops 355 31/01/2008 InsideSomalia.org: Somali MP wounded in Mogadishu overnight 356 31/01/2008 allAfrica.com: Mogadishu mayor appeals talks with the opposition 357 31/01/2008 Amison troops settle a new base in Mogadishu 358 01/02/2008 allAfrica.com: Radical clerics take a softer stance on new premier 359 01/02/2008 Mail & Guardian Online, South Africa: Aid group pulls international staff out of Somalia 360 01/02/2008 www.simbanews.com: Uganda: Meseveni plans more troops for Somalia 361 05/02/2008 UNOCHA report 362 05/02/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Two million face humanitarian crisis, warn agencies 363 06/02/2008 SOS-Kinderdorf International: Mogadishu faces its most difficult time 364 08/02/2008 Voice of America: Somalia violence and displacement worsen 365 12/02/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Lower Shabelle struggling to help IDPs 366 13/02/2008 UN News Service report 367 13/02/2008 United Nations News Service: Violence puts some 2 million people in Somalia at risk, says UN 368 13/02/2008 IRIN: Somalia – Shukri Gamadiid - This is not a life 369 14/02/2008 UNICEF 370 19/02/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Troops attack Mogadishu's largest market 371 19/02/2008 Reuters Foundation: Battles kill seven in Somali capital Mogadishu 372 20/02/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Clashes force nomads out of south-central region 373 21/02/2008 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 374 21/02/2008 IRIN: A Somali girl's childhood ends in shelling, burns and terrible scars 375 24/02/2008 Agence France-Presse: Somali Islamists wrest control of southern township 376 27/02/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Impunity "the root cause of crisis" 377 27/02/2008 IRIN: Somalia: IDPs march for help 378 29/02/2008 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-29th February 2008 379 UNOCHA report - March 2008 380 03/03/2008 Human Rights Watch: UN: Rights council should tackle Somalia crisis 381 04/03/2008 United Nations Country Team in Somalia: UN Coordinator for Somalia concerned population still being displaced 382 04/03/2008 Hiraan.com: UN Coordinator for Somalia concerned population still being displaced 383 11/03/2008 US State Department report 384 13/03/2008 Reuters Foundation: Interview – Somalia war creates 20,000 refugees a month 385 14/03/2008 Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in Somalia - 14th March 2008 386 14/03/2008 UN Secretary General Report 387 14/03/2008 Voice of America: Somalia's humanitarian crisis worsens amid fears of widespread drought 388 15/03/2008 UKBA: Country of Origin Information Report Somalia 389 16/03/2008 Reuters Foundation: Interview – Somali Islamist leader rejects talks with govt 390 17/03/2008 Report of the UNHRC Independent Expert 391 17/03/2008 United Nations General Assembly: Technical Assistance and Capacity-Building 392 17/03/2008 Reuters Foundation: Clan battles kill 10 in central Somalia 393 17/03/2008 Report of the UNHRC Independent Expert 394 19/03/2008 Reuters Foundation: Battles erupt in Somali capital 395 19/03/2008 Deutsche Presse Agentur: Battles rage in Mogadishu: at least 12 killed 396 26/03/2008 NGOs' statement 397 26/03/2008 International Medical Corps report 398 26/03/2008 Reuters Foundation: Somali Islamists seize key town of Jowhar 399 26/03/2008 Reuters Foundation: Factbox – Somalia, a country torn apart 400 26/03/2008 International Medical Corps: Somalia crisis deteriorates, International Medical Corps warns 401 26/03/2008 International Medical Corps report 402 26/03/2008 BBC News: Q & A Somali conflict 403 27/03/2008 UN WFP report 404 27/03/2008 The Irish Red Cross Society: Red Cross concern over worsening humanitarian situation in Somalia 405 27/03/2008 United Nations World Food Programme: WFP warns Somalia sinking deeper into abyss of suffering 406 27/03/2008 Reuters Foundation: Somali Islamists plot more hit-and-run raids 407 27/03/2008 UN WFP report 408 28/03/2008 Oxfam report 409 28/03/2008 UNHCR: Somalia: 15,000 Somalis seek asylum in region since beginning of year 410 28/03/2008 Oxfam: Humanitarian emergency in Somalia 411 31/03/2008 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-31st March 2008 412 31/03/2008 Refugees International Bulletin 413 31/03/2008 Human Rights Watch Report 414 31/03/2008 Refugees International: Somalia: Proceed with caution 415 31/03/2008 Refugees International: Somalia most neglected crisis in the world 416 31/03/2008 Reuters Foundation: Death toll from Mogadishu market blasts hits 17 417 31/03/2008 Refugees International Bulletin 418 31/03/2008 Human Rights Watch Report 419 OCHA: Monthly Cluster Reports January-March 2008 420 UNOCHA report, March 2008 421 03/04/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency report 422 03/04/2008 Agence France-Presse: At least 19 killed in Somali fighting 423 03/04/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency: Clashes, many victims, hospital closes in Kismayo 424 03/04/2008 Refugee International report 425 03/04/2008 MSF report 426 03/04/2008 AFP report 427 03/04/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency report 428 04/04/2008 Refugees International Statement to UN Security Council 429 04/04/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency: Kismayo, civilians and aid workers victims of violence 430 04/04/2008 Refugees International Statement to UN Security Council 431 05/04/2008 Agence France-Presse: Five killed in Mogadishu clashes 432 06/04/2008 AFP Report 433 06/04/2008 Agence France-Presse: Islamists seize Somali town after fighting: witnesses 434 08/04/2008 Voice of America report 435 08/04/2008 Xinhua News Agency: Suicide car bomb targets AU peacekeepers in Mogadishu 436 08/04/2008 Voice of America: Number of displaced persons soars in Mogadishu 437 08/04/2008 Voice of America report 438 09/04/2008 Reuters report 439 09/04/2008 Reuters Foundation: Islamist rebels seize key Somali town again 440 09/04/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Fahmo Aden: I would do anything to see my boy normal again 441 09/04/2008 Agence France-Presse: Burundi peacekeeper dies as Mogadishu violence rages 442 15/04/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Harder times ahead as dry conditions, insecurity persist 443 15/04/2008 insidesomalia.org: Somalia's govt to introduce new currency 444 16/04/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Poor suffer most from currency woes 445 18/04/2008 UNOCHA report 446 18/04/2008 allAfrica.com: 'We are fighting children in Mogadishu' says Somali leader 447 19/04/2008 AFP report 448 19/04/2008 Agence France-Presse: At least 18 killed in Mogadishu fighting 449 19/04/2008 AFP report 450 20/04/2008 Reuters report 451 20/04/2008 Reuters Foundation: More than 80 die in Mogadishu fighting rights group 452 21/04/2008 UN Political Office report 453 21/04/2008 UN Secretary General Report 454 21/04/2008 AFP report 455 21/04/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency: Mogadishu: After weekend 'massacre', more tension in north 456 21/04/2008 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 457 21/04/2008 United Nations Political Office for Somalia: UN Special Representative condemns 'senseless' violence in Somalia 458 21/04/2008 Reuters Foundation: Death-toll in Somalia battles rises to 85 459 21/04/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Weekend clashes claim dozens of lives 460 22/04/2008 UNOCHA report 461 22/04/2008 Reuters report 462 22/04/2008 Voice of America: Mogadishu residents express outrage after Ethiopian troops attack mosque 463 22/04/2008 Voice of America: UN warns Somalia faces humanitarian catastrophe 464 22/04/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Intervention needed to avoid "impending catastrophe" 465 22/04/2008 Reuters Foundation: Somalia death toll nears 100 with fresh fighting 466 22/04/2008 McClatchy Washington Bureau: Brush with death forces Somali journalist to flee his homeland 467 23/04/2008 UN Human Rights Council report 468 23/04/2008 Amnesty International Press Release 469 23/04/2008 UNOCHA report 470 23/04/2008 British Red Cross: Rising insecurity brings new challenges for humanitarian reporting 471 23/04/2008 United Nations Human Rights Council: Independent expert on the situation of human rights in Somalia denounces the killing of civilians, appeals for calm and immediate cease fire 472 23/04/2008 UN Human Rights Council report 473 24/04/2008 Report of the UN Monitoring Group on Somalia - 24th April 2008 474 24/04/2008 Reuters Foundation: Ethiopia denies Amnesty mosque killings accusation 475 24/04/2008 ENOUGH: 15 years after Black Hawk Down- Somalia's chance? 476 24/04/2008 United Nations Human Settlements Programme: Communities make things work in war-torn Mogadishu 477 25/04/2008 UNOCHA report 478 25/04/2008 UNHCR: Somalia: Renewed fighting in Mogadishu sparks fresh exodus 479 28/04/2008 SOS-Kinderdorf International: Somalia: SOS Children's Villages condemns attacks on civilian facilities 480 29/04/2008 MISNA report 481 29/04/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency: Beledweyne occupied, army prepares for clash 482 29/04/2008 Reuters Foundation: Inflation adds more hardship to war-weary Somalis 483 29/04/2008 United Nations Security Council: Security Council condemns continuing flow of arms to Somalia as it adopts resolution authorizing six-month extension of Monitoring Group's mandate 484 30/04/2008 Food Security Analysis Unit Somalia: Rapidly Rising Food Prices and Deepening Drought: More than 2.6 Million People Are in Crisis 485 30/04/2008 Reuters Foundation: Somali insurgents target seat of parliament 486 30/04/2008 SOS-Kinderdorf International: SOS Children's Villages Somalia mourns the death of a co-worker 487 30/04/2008 International Committee of the Red Cross: Somalia: ICRC Bulletin No. 02/2008 488 30/04/2008 IRIN: Somalia - Fadumo Hussein: Staying home meant certain death 489 30/04/2008 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-30th April 2008 490 30/04/2008 US Department of State – Country Reports on Terrorism (Africa Overview) 491 02/05/2008 United Nations News Service: UN says humanitarian situation in Somalia is deteriorating 492 02/05/2008 Reuters Foundation: Somali rebels defiant after al Qaeda chief killed 493 02/05/2008 UNOCHA report 494 05/05/2008 Reuters Foundation: Mogadishu rocked by food demonstrations 495 05/05/2008 allAfrica.com: Somalia: Amid Insurgent Attacks, Violent Riots Over Food Prices 496 06/05/2008 Terrorism Focus: Strategy of Somalia's Islamists Survives Death of Militant Leader 497 06/05/2008 Amnesty International 498 06/05/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Hundreds displaced in fighting over water and pasture 499 06/05/2008 Trocaire: Somalia's steep decline continues 500 06/05/2008 Amnesty International: Killing of civilians now routine in Somalia 501 06/05/2008 Amnesty International report 502 06/05/2008 Amnesty International: Routinely Targeted - Attacks on Civilians in Somalia 503 06/05/2008-10/05/2008 Alex Strick van Linschoten - narratives 504 07/05/2008 CNN: Discord drives Somalis to Yemen in record numbers 505 08/05/2008 AFP report 506 12/05/2008 Letter from UK Border Agency to Wilson & Co 507 20/05/2008 Terrorism Focus: Jihadi website interviews new leader of Somalia's Shabaab al Muhahideen 508 21/05/2008 The Christian Science Monitor: Somalia violence flares in the wake of US airstrike 509 23/05/2008 Garowe Online: Islamist rebels in secret deal with Kismayo port militia 510 27/05/2008 Agence France-Presse: Mogadishu attack death toll rises to 18 511 27/05/2008 www.hornofafrica.de: Somalia on the verge of collapse, aid officials and resident say 512 28/05/2008 Amnesty International annual report 513 30/05/2008 Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in Somalia - 30th May 2008 514 30/05/2008 Action Against Hunger – USA: Conditions deteriorate in Somalia, threaten humanitarian crisis 515 31/05/2008 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-31st May 2008 516 01/06/2008 Garowe Online: Somalia: Islamic Court opened near Mogadishu 517 01/06/2008 Officials: Somali president escapes mortar attack on airport 518 06/06/2008 United States Agency for International Development: Horn of Africa: Complex Emergency Fact Sheet #1 (FY 2008) 519 06/06/2008 OCHA: Situation Report 520 09/06/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Dozens killed, thousands displaced in renewed fighting in Mogadishu 521 11/06/2008 Agence France-Presse: Gunmen kill humanitarian chief, driver in Mogadishu: aid worker 522 12/06/2008 IPS: Ethiopia: Western Allies Ignoring Government Abuses Report Says 523 12/06/2008 Collective Punishment: War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in the Ogaden Area of Ethiopia's Somali Regional State 524 12/06/2008 Reuters Foundation: Somali airport shelled as president flies out 525 12/06/2008 Garowe Online: Somali insurgents target Mogadishu airport as president flies out 526 12/06/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Violations against Children on the increase, UN 527 13/06/2008 Javno.hr: West Fails to Condemn Ethiopia Rights Abuse 528 13/06/2008 United Nations World Food Programme: WFP-contracted driver killed by gunmen in southern Somalia 529 16/06/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency: Floods devastate Mogadishu refugee camps 530 17/06/2008 International Crisis Group: Beyond the Fragile Peace Between Ethiopia and Eritrea: Averting New War 531 17/06/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Conditions getting worse for IDPs in Kismayo 532 19/06/2008 European Parliament resolution on the routine killing of civilians in Somalia 533 20/06/2008 Reuters Foundation: Somali battles kill 38 since Djibouti 'peace pact' 534 22/06/2008 Reuters Foundation: Somali activist assassinated, UN boss kidnapped 535 23/06/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency: Mogadishu displaced dying from starvation 536 24/06/2008 Terrorism Focus: Emerging Cracks in Somalia's Islamist Insurgency 537 26/06/2008 Reuters: Somalia conflict kills more than 2,100 this year 538 27/06/2008 United Nations General Assembly, Human Rights Council: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights including the right to development 539 28/06/2008 California Chronicle: Ethiopia: State Specialised in Extrajudicial Killings, Rape, Child Molestation and Torture 540 28/06/2008 Agence France-Presse: Kidnapped Danish, Swedish aid workers freed in Somalia 541 30/06/2008 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-30th June 2008 542 30/06/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Thousands displaced following attack on central town 543 Somalia: Humanitarian Overview reports February-June 2008 544 01/07/2008 Reuters Foundation: Five aid workers kidnapped in Somalia-group 545 02/07/2008 Freedom House Report 546 02/07/2008 Deutsche Presse Agentur: Fierce fighting leaves more than 50 dead in Somalia 547 09/07/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Families displaced after homes destroyed 548 10/07/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency: Fighting near Baidoa, civilians fleeing 549 14/07/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Thousands flee Beletweyne as clash fears mount 550 16/07/2008 Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in Somalia - 16th July 2008 551 16/07/2008 American Chronicle: Terrorist, Barbaric Ethiopian Army Proven Worse Than Afghanistan's Taliban Extremists 552 16/07/2008 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 553 17/07/2008 Xinhua News Agency: Six die in renewed fierce clashes in Mogadishu 554 18/07/2008 Report of the UN Monitoring Group on Somalia - 18th July 2007 555 20/07/2008 House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee - Somalia/Ethiopia Human Rights Annual Report 2007 556 22/07/2008 Extract from Hansard 557 23/07/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Country months away from major crisis 558 29/07/2008 Internal displacement monitoring centre: Somalia: Massive displacement and humanitarian need 559 29/07/2008 Terrorism Focus: New Strategy of killing aid workers in Somalia – but whose strategy is it? 560 29/07/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency: Clashes in Mogadishu, displaced in camps without food or medicine 561 30/07/2008 Country of Origin Information Service (COIS) – Report on Somalia report 562 31/07/2008 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-31st July 2008 563 31/07/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Leaders decry killing, abduction of aid workers 564 August 2008 US Department of State Bureau of African Affairs: Somalia Profile 565 01/08/2008 Aromia Times: Human Rights Abuse in the Horn of Africa 566 01/08/2008 IRIN: Somalia: IDPs out of food, more clashes in Beletweyne 567 03/08/2008 Deutsche Presse Agentur: Terror bomb kills 20 in Mogadishu, political crisis deepens 568 05/08/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency: Mogadishu – Ethiopian military bomb homes, kill civilians 569 07/08/2008 UN: UN under-Secretary General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Co-Ordinator alarmed by civilian casualties in Somalia 570 07/08/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Aid delivery problems for rural IDPs 571 08/08/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Death threats as UN raises alarm over increase in attacks 572 11/08/2008 Xinhua News Agency: Six civilians, two Ethiopian soldiers killed in Somalia 573 11/08/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency: Medicine needed in Mogadishu, as clashes continue everywhere 574 13/08/2008 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 575 14/08/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency: Ethiopian troops kill civilians on minibus 576 15/08/2008 Reuters Foundation: About 50 people killed in separate Somalia attacks 577 16/08/2008 allAfrica.com: 56 killed, 80 wounded in Somalia violence 578 17/08/2008 Agence France-Presse: UN says two employees feared dead in Somali kidnapping 579 20/08/2008 Xinhua News Agency: Fourteen die in Somalia's escalating violence 580 21/08/2008 Voice of America: Somalia peace deal jeopardized by continuing violence 581 22/08/2008 allAfrica.com: Somalia's Islamists seize Kismayo 582 25/08/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Thousands displaced as insurgents take control of Kismayo 583 25/08/2008 In Somalia, it's all about the clans 584 26/08/2008 Food Security Analysis Unit Somalia: More than 3.2 Million People in Humanitarian Crisis 585 26/08/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Conditions getting worse in IDP camps 586 27/08/2008 Garowe Online: Ethiopian PM signals shift over Somalia 587 27/08/2008 Reuters Foundation: Violence forces MSF to close clinic in Mogadishu 588 29/08/2008 IRIN: Somalia: IRIN interview with Mark Bowden, the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator 589 30/08/2008 Miraya FM: UN envoy to Somalia urges for help 590 31/08/2008 UNHCR - Somalia – New displacement Map - 1st-31st August 2008 591 31/08/2008 Garowe Online: Divided over Djibouti Agreement, Islamists fight 592 31/08/2008 Somalia Online: New Islamic Court opened in central Somalia 593 UNOCHA - Monthly Cluster Reports January-August 2008 594 UNOCHA - Somalia Humanitarian Overview January-August 2008 595 UN: Somalia Humanitarian overview - September 2008 596 Witness Statement of Matt Bryden - September 2008…(Nairobi evidence) 597 Sept. 2008 COIS Information Requests and Answers with source material 598 Sept. 2008 UKBA policy document: Operational Guidance Note on Somalia – v16.0 599 01/09/2008 Summary of Conversation with Alex Tyler…(Nairobi evidence) 600 02/09/2008 Report from a meeting with a senior official of a UN agency…(Nairobi evidence) 601 02/09/2008 Interview with a member of an international agency in Nairobi who is a senior Somali expert…(Nairobi evidence) 602 02/09/2008 Witness statement of an international aid worker…(Nairobi evidence) 603 02/09/2008 Witness statement of a journalist…(Nairobi evidence) 604 02/09/2008 Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - List of Questions…(Nairobi evidence) 605 02/09/2008 Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 1…(Nairobi evidence) 606 02/09/2008 Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 2…(Nairobi evidence) 607 02/09/2008 Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 3…(Nairobi evidence) 608 02/09/2008 Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 4…(Nairobi evidence) 609 02/09/2008 Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 5…(Nairobi evidence) 610 02/09/2008 Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 6…(Nairobi evidence) 611 02/09/2008 Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 7…(Nairobi evidence) 612 02/09/2008 Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 8…(Nairobi evidence) 613 02/09/2008 Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 9…(Nairobi evidence) 614 02/09/2008 Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 10…(Nairobi evidence) 615 02/09/2008 Deutsche Presse Agentur: Aid agency closes clinic in violent Mogadishu area 616 03/09/2008 Report of Conversation with UN Special Representative Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah…(Nairobi evidence) 617 03/09/2008 Report of a meeting with 2 Security Advisors to all NGOs operating in Somalia…(Nairobi evidence) 618 03/09/2008 Menkhaus, K (ENOUGH): Somalia – A Country in Peril, a Policy Nightmare 619 03/09/2008 Garowe Online: 9 Somali police officers 'slaughtered' in Mogadishu 620 04/09/2008 Witness statement of a Humanitarian Worker…(Nairobi evidence) 621 04/09/2008 IRIN: Somalia: IDPs plead for help in southern town 622 04/09/2008 Security Council statement on signing of Djibouti agreement 623 04/09/2008 CIA World Factbook - Somalia 624 05/09/2008 Witness statement of CA 625 06/09/2008 Witness statement of a Somali journalist working for an international news agency…(Nairobi evidence) 626 06/09/2008 Statement of Hon. Professor Mohamed Omar Dalha…(Nairobi evidence) 627 09/09/2008 Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict: Changing nature of warfare makes children more vulnerable 628 10/09/2008 Famine Early Warning System Network; United States Agency for International Development – Somalia: Food Security Alert 10 Sep 2008 – Decreasing humanitarian access exacerbates already extreme food insecurity 629 10/09/2008 USAID: Somalia – Complex Emergency 630 11/09/2008 United Nations News Service: Attacks on Somali students, teachers and schools draw condemnation from UN 631 11/09/2008 UNICEF: Somalia: latest 632 11/09/2008 Afrol News: Somali women more angaged in decision-making 633 03/05/2008-11/09/2008 Behind the Mask - cuttings 634 12/09/2008 Missionary International Service News Agency: Ethiopian troops open fire on civilians 635 15/09/2008 Reuters: Somali insurgency escalates, 15 civilians die 636 16/09/2008 Witness statement of Tony Burns…(Nairobi evidence) 637 16/09/2008 Witness statement of Muhunthan Paramesvaran…(Nairobi evidence) 638 16/09/2008 Reuters Foundation: Nearly 9,500 Somalis die in insurgency-group 639 18/09/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Families forced into camps by drought 640 19/09/2008 OCHA: Horn of Africa Alert Over review and resource gaps 641 19/09/2008 DPA: Somali insurgents attack African Peace keeping flight 642 19/09/2008 UN - Press Conference by the Secretary General for humanitarian affairs and Relief Co-Ordinator John Holmes on food crisis in Horn of Africa 643 19/09/2008 Email from Alex Tyler, UNHCR Protection Officer 644 19/09/2008 Reuters Foundation: Battles rock Mogadishu, Islamists show strength 645 19/09/2008 Deutshce Presse Agentur: Somali insurgents attack African Union peacekeeping flight 646 19/09/2008 pr-inside.com: Ethiopia Starving Somalis in Ogaden 647 21/09/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Mogadishu rocked by worse shelling yet 648 21/09/2008 UNHCR Refworld – various items on Somalia 649 22/09/2008 DPA: At least 6 Somali civilians die in attack on peace keepers 650 22/09/2008 Reuters: Somali insurgents take Mogadishu, 23 dead 651 22/09/2008 MISNA: Mogadishu: Civilians killed in attack on African peace keepers 652 24/09/2008 DPA: At least 13 civilians dead in heavy Somali clashes 653 24/09/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Hospitals "swamped" as clashes continue 654 24/09/2008 MISNA: Mogadishu: exodus of civilians out of city 655 25/09/2008 UN Agency UN News service - Thousands of Somalis flee capital after fresh fighting this week 656 25/09/2008 Reuters: Analysis – Insurgents take upper hand in Somalia 657 26/09/2008 US Aid: Horn of Africa – Complex emergency 658 26/09/2008 Xinhua Newsagency: Ten die in escalating fighting in Mogadishu 659 26/09/2008 Government of Norway: Lack of security is exacerbating crisis in Somalia 660 26/09/2008 UNOCHA: Somalia situation report No 38 661 26/09/2008 UNHCR: Fresh exodus from Mogadishu, thousands reaching Kenya 662 26/09/2008 Xinhua Newsagency: Ten die in escalating fighting in Mogadishu 663 26/09/2008 Official AFP: Crows loot food from trucks in Somalia 664 26/09/2008 ICRC: Somalia: ICRC urges all sides to respect international humanitarian law 665 28/09/2008 BBC News: US destroyer nears Somalia pirates 666 28/09/2008 allAfrica.com: 10 killed in Mogadishu's Bakara Market Shelling 667 28/09/2008 Garowe Online: Somalia MP accuses AU peacekeepers of 'massacre' 668 29/09/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Fighting forces 18,500 to flee Mogadishu 669 29/09/2008 allAfrica.com: Fighting forces 18,500 to flee Mogadishu 670 29/09/2008 Al Shabab are criminals: Somalia opposition official 671 30/09/2008 Garowe Online: Opposition feud over Ethiopia pullout of central Somalia 672 Oct 2008 UKBA policy documents: Operational Guidance Note on Somalia – v. 17.0 673 01/10/2008 Oromia Online: Ethiopian Agression of the Border Town of Moyale, Kenya 674 01/10/2008 Africa Programme - Piracy in Somalia, threatening global trade, feeding local wars 675 01/10/2008 VOA News: Red Cross: Life in Mogadishu remains precarious 676 01/10/2008 Garowe Online: 9 killed in Somalia market bombardment 677 02/10/2008 MSF: Somalia: MSF sees surge in wounded and displaces as violence increases in Mogadishu 678 03/10/2008 (COIS) – Country of Origin Information Report on Somalia report 679 03/10/2008 UN OCHA: Somalia: Situation report No 39 680 03/10/2008 Reuters: Somalia is the missed war - Western Aid Agency 681 03/10/2008 UN Radio: 80 dead, more than 100 wounded in Somalia fighting 682 03/10/2008 SSACID weapon and currency tracking charts for Mogadishu 683 06/10/2008 BBC News: Somalia : Ghost city wracked by war 684 06/10/2008 BBC News: Somalia is most ignored tragedy 685 06/10/2008 Statement by 52 NGO's on a rapidly deteriorating crisis in Somalia Save the Children Alliance 686 06/10/2008 MISNA: More violence in Mogadishu, growing concern for civilians 687 06/10/2008 Reuters: Violence sends 37,000 Somalis fleeing Mogadishu 688 06/10/2008 MISNA: More violence in Mogadishu, growing concern for civilians 689 06/10/2008 Xinhua News Agency - Nine civilians die in new shelling in Mogadishu 690 07/10/2008 MISNA: After Bomb UN withdraws personnel from Merca 691 07/10/2008 Transcript of Press Conference by Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon at UN Headquarters 692 07/10/2008 IRIN: Somalia: Poor rains intensify human suffering and deprivation – report 693 07/10/2008 UKBA policy document: Operational Guidance Note on Somalia – v17.0 694 07/10/2008 UN: SC/9467: Security Council asks Nations...to...fight piracy... 695 09/10/2008 UN OCHA: Somalia: Floods add to IDP misery in lower Shabelle 696 13/10/2008 Reuters: Insurgents attack African Union troops in Mogadishu 697 14/10/2008 Witness statement of Catherine-Lune Grayson and Maja Munk, Danish Refugee Council 698 16/10/2008 MISNA: More fighting in Mogadishu 699 16/10/2008 Xinhua Newsagency: Heavy fighting near Mogadishu airport 700 17/10/2008 MISNA: High death toll from Mogadishu to Baidoa 701 17/10/2008 MISNA: Heavy toll: Thousands flee as corpse collected 702 20/10/2008 UNWFP: The Living Nightmare of Afgoye 703 20/10/2008 Reuters Foundation: Fact Box – Violence against Aid workers in Somalia 704 20/10/2008 MISNA: Mogadishu – Insecurity leaves thousands out of school 705 26/10/2008 Garowe Online: Somali foes sign ceasefie deal in Djibouti 706 25/11/2008 BBC News: Q & A Somali conflict