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United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions >> Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Co. v. Highley [1917] UKHL 509 (23 March 1917)
URL: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1917/55SLR0509.html
Cite as: 55 ScotLR 509, [1917] UKHL 509
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SCOTTISH_SLR_House_of_Lords
Page: 509↓
House of Lords.
(On Appeal from The Court of Appeal in England.)
(Before the
v.
Subject_Master and Servant — Workmen's Compensation — Arising out of and in the Course of Employment — Added Peril — Workmen's Compensation Act 1906 (6 Edw. VII, cap. 58), sec. 1.
Facts:
An employee of a railway company in crossing the line to a messroom to which he had a right to go, chose to walk over the metals and under a goods train standing in a siding. The train started and he was killed. Held that the accident did not arise out of the man's employment, but occurred in consequence of his having run an additional and quite unnecessary risk.
Gane v. Norton Hill Colliery Company, 1909, 2 K.B. 539, distinguished.
Observed ( per Lord Dunedin) that though a decision of a Court of higher or equal authority binds another Court as to propositions of law, it cannot bind it as to the findings in fact.
At delivering judgment—
Page: 510↓
The claim was disallowed by the County Court Judge, but he added that if he had been able to make an award he would have given £175, and on appeal the Court of Appeal allowed the claim, directing an award for that amount.
From this decision the Railway Company now appeal to your Lordships' House, asking that the decision of the County Court Judge in their favour should be restored.
The case turns upon the question whether the accident arose out of and in the course of the employment of the deceased.
The deceased George Thomas Highley was employed by the appellants as a labourer on their railway. Early on the morning of the 12th August 1915 he “checked on” at Sowerby Bridge, near Halifax, and was told by his foreman that he was to go to Goole to work there. He went with his foreman and other workmen by passenger train as far as Wakefield, where they were to change trains for Goole, and had to wait there for an hour and a half. The men had food with them, but in order to get hot water to prepare their breakfast they crossed from the platform on the north side of the Wakefield Station over the lines of railway between them and a messroom on the south side, as shown in the plan. At the messroom the man in charge was in the habit of supplying hot water to any servant of the company who applied for it. On arriving at the branch Goole line, to the south of the main line, the men found a train there which they supposed to be “dead,” as owing to the convexity of the line, the engine was not visible to them. They proceeded to pass under the couplings of the carriages, and the deceased was in the act of doing so when the train moved on and he was killed on the spot. The men could have got round to the messroom from the down platform on which they were, without crossing any line of railway, if they had gone by a bridge over the line some little distance to the west, which would have taken them to the Calder Vale Road, but this would have taken some five or six minutes. They could also have avoided crossing the main line by making use of the subway shown in the plan, but this also would have been longer than the route which they took.
The foreman Baker stated in his evidence as follows, according to the Judge's notes—“8–8·30, usual breakfast time. Usually we took our breakfast so as to go by 7·25 to Goole. Customary for us to go to this messroom. We crossed metals—force of habit. Never warned not to take it. Have taken it since. Standing goods train there often, and we often pass through. No prohibition and no warning.” Cross-examined—“Could have got there without crossing metals at all; five or six minutes by the safe route. We had one and a half hours at Wakefield this morning. We went to east end of down platform and then crossed nine lines and turned to right to mess. There is a subway, and if we used that we would have only two lines to cross and the goods train would not have been in our way. We could have rounded the train, the end being only five or six trucks off, but we went under. We chose the way we did for our own convenience. We knew we could go what way we thought fit.”
Under these circumstances the County Court Judge held that the accident did not arise out of the employment. The most material part of his judgment is as follows—“Mr Lawn, for the applicant, argued that the taking of his meals in the course of his working hours was part of the duty he owed to his employers. I thought this argument quite untenable, having regard to Parker v. Owners of Steamship ‘ Black Rock,’ 1915 A.C. 725, and several other cases. There was no ‘contractual obligation here’ (to use Lord Sumner's words), ‘no duty owed to the employer’ (Lord Parker), that the deceased should be where he was in order to get food or for any other purpose. He chose to go that way for purposes of his own, and in doing so to run an additional and quite unnecessary risk in going between the waggons. Hence I found the accident did not arise out of his employment. Mr Perks, for the respondents, put in certain rules of the company prohibiting what the deceased did here. But in view of Baker's evidence that they had always crossed this way without warning or prohibition, ‘by force of habit,’ I could not hold the prohibition in the rules to be a ‘genuine prohibition’ as these words are employed by Lord Loreburn in Barnes v. Nunnery Colliery Company, 1912 AC 44.” There is a certain amount of obscurity about this passage, but I think upon the whole that the learned County Court Judge must be taken as basing his judgment on two separate grounds. First, that the deceased while going to make preparations for his breakfast was engaged on his own business and not his master's, and second, that by going between the waggons as he did he ran an additional and quite unnecessary risk, and that for this reason the accident did not arise out of his employment. I regard the later passage with regard to the company's rules as relating merely to the fact that the deceased had walked upon the rails in infraction of rule 26 of the rules and regulations of the Railway Company, and as having no relation to his conduct in passing under the waggons.
The Court of Appeal reversed this decision. They held that getting their breakfast was covered by the men's employment, and on this they were, I think, right. They further held that crossing the line under the trucks did not prevent the accident so occasioned from arising out of the employment, and in doing so appear to have been chiefly influenced by the decision of the Court of Appeal in Gane v. Norton Hill Colliery Company, 1909, 2 K.B. 539. In that case the workman was injured while crossing a line of railway which was covered with trucks, the train having been set in motion while the plaintiff was crossing by getting under the buffers of the trucks. The County Court Judge had found that the accident did not arise out of and in the course of the employment, but his decision was reversed by the
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And the latter (Kennedy, L.J.) says, at p, 547—“No doubt one does look, as Farwell, L.J., has said, with some closeness to the question when you have, as you have here, a way which at the time had trucks across it, but I read the finding of the learned Judge clearly to mean that the applicant in going by this way, with or without trucks on it, was taking a course which the employers knew their men would take, and which he himself by experience had found himself authorised by them to take during the eighteen months he had been there.”
The decision in Gane's case proceeded therefore entirely upon the finding that passage across a line of railway by going under the trucks which were upon it was recognised and authorised by the Railway Company. In the present case Lord Cozens-Hardy, M.R., after referring to Gane's case, said—“It seems to me that the principle in that case really covers this, and its facts are almost identical with it.” Pickford, L.J., says—“I agree that the appeal should be allowed on the authority of Gane v. Norton Hill Colliery Company.” Warrington, L. J., says—“So also with regard to the standing trucks upon the line; it seems to me that we cannot consistently with the case of Gane v. Norton Hill Colliery Company hold that that fact would make the crossing of that place outside the sphere of the man's employment.” And again—“If I am right in the way in which I have worked out the position that the man was within the sphere of his employment in going to the messroom, and in going to the messroom across some lines of railway, and even between some standing trucks, then, even if in doing so he incurred an unnecessary risk (that is to say if he might have gone some other way which would have been safer), that might be an improper way of doing that which was in the sphere of his employment, but it does not take it outside that sphere.”
A finding of fact in one case cannot be a safe guide as to a finding of fact in another case. Gane's case proceeded solely upon the ground that what the man did was authorised by the company. Whether that finding was right or wrong is for the present purpose immaterial. I feel myself unable to draw any such inference from the facts in the present case, and I read the judgment of the County Court Judge as containing a finding that the deceased was not acting in the course of his employment in crossing under the trucks, and therefore that the accident did not arise out of it. It is on that ground I think his judgment right.
No doubt the distinction between acts done in the course of the employment but in an improper way and acts done outside the course of the employment altogether may be a fine one. This is illustrated by the difference of opinion in this House in the case of Herbert v. Samuel Fox & Company, Limited, 1916 A.C. 405. In the present case the facts seem to me to put it under the second of these two categories, and I am certainly not prepared to reverse the finding of the County Court Judge, which is, as I read it, to the effect that it was outside the course of employment.
It has been often pointed that it is highly undesirable that findings of fact by the County Court Judge in workmen's compensation cases should be overruled in Courts of Appeal. I would refer especially to what was said on this subject in the case of Baker v. Earl of Bradford, 114 L.T.R. 1144, in your Lordships' House.
For these reasons, in my opinion, the decision in the Court of Appeal should be reversed and the decision of the County Court Judge restored.
As to this it must be borne in mind that the County Court Judge has expressly found that it was not fulfilled, and that a Court of Appeal ought not to review his finding unless it is clear either that there was no evidence to support it, or that the finding was on the face of it erroneous in law.
I think that there were facts proved on which the County Court Judge could find that to pass between the trucks of the goods train was not an act which the directions given to the men employed in terms required them to do, and the only question open is whether it was an act which they were entitled in law to treat as one within their discretion in the execution of their duty. It was not found that the servants of the company had any general authority to walk over the line. There was indeed a rule—rule 26—which appears to have forbidden it excepting where some duty actually required it to be done. But it was also found that the company's servants had been in the habit of disregarding this rule, and that it was not enforced. Although, therefore, it might have been negligent to act as the workman did in the case before us, that would not in itself prevent the respondent from recovering. But none the less I think the existence of the rule was relevant evidence on the question whether what happened was due to the circumstances of the employment,
Page: 512↓
There are grounds for criticism of the language in which the County Court Judge applied the law as thus laid down. He seems to have thought that the taking of his meals was not within the scope of the employment of the workman. But when he goes on to say that there was no duty on him “to be where he was in order to get food or for any other purpose” he does not seem to find that the nature of the employment was not the cause of his going between the trucks; and I do not think that there was any evidence on which he could have found otherwise. The workman could have gone to get the hot water he wanted without taking the altogether unnecessary peril of passing between the trucks, and I can discern no evidence which would justify a finding that this peril was other than an independent one which he added quite superfluously and entirely of his own initiative. It was accordingly not a case in which, as the Court of Appeal seems to have thought, he was doing what was within the sphere of his employment merely in a wrong way. In Gane v. Norton Hill Colliery Company, 1909, 2 K.B. 539—an authority on which the Court of Appeal relied—the workman was indeed injured when trying to pass under a train of trucks. But there the way taken was the usual and most convenient one, and it was habitually taken by the workmen generally with the knowledge and consent of their employers. Here there is no evidence which establishes a real analogy to that case. Although I think that the County Court Judge might have given more precise reasons for his finding, I am of opinion that there was evidence to warrant it, and that it discloses on its face no error in law. The Court of Appeal ought therefore to have accepted it.
Now the first remark that must be made on this is that if “purposes of his own” meant purposes which under the conditions of his employment he was neither compelled to do nor was contemplated as doing, then there was no actual need to say more. I can best make my meaning clear by citing the case of Reed v. Great Western Railway Company, 1909 AC 31, where Lord Macnaghten expressed himself as follows—“Here the evidence shows” (the engine-driver had left his engine and gone across the lines to get a book from another engine—driver) “that it was for a purpose of his own, and not in the execution of his duty or in the interest of his employers, that the injured man exposed himself to the risk which caused his death.… At the time when the accident happened the man was about his own business, not about the business of his employers. For the moment he had put himself outside the area of protection which the Legislature has carefully marked out.” Nevertheless the learned Judge in saying more may quite justifiably have given an additional reason for his judgment. If so the second part of the sentence may legitimately mean that the man by his own unnecessary action incurred an added peril foreign to the ordinary perils of his employment, and that the accident accordingly did not arise out of the employment. In other words, suppose the judgment had run thus—The case fails in two particulars, either of which failures is fatal. I find as a fact that the man was engaged at the time on purposes of his own unconnected with his employment. I also find that the peril he encountered was not a peril which can be regarded as a possible incident of his employment, but was one of his own creat ion by his own ultroneous action. Such a judgment might have been attacked on the ground that there was no evidence which could reasonably support the findings, but it would, I apprehend, have been quite unimpeachable in point of law.
The respondent's counsel, however, argues—and I think in this he has to a great extent the support of the learned Judges of the Appeal Court—that the real meaning of the second sentence is that in going the way he did the workman did not go out of the sphere of his employment, but only made his employment more dangerous by his own carelessness.
Page: 513↓
If I had to decide I should prefer the former construction, but in the view I take it is not necessary to determine which of these views is correct in order to decide this case. For the most that can be made of the second sentence by the respondent is that it does not actually find that the workman had by adding a peril to his employment so gone beyond his employment that the accident did not arise out of his employment. It is true that counsel argued that the reading of the sentence as he read it amounted to a finding, or rather amounted to an inferred finding, that the workman was in the course of his employment, and that the accident arose out of it. That appears to me to be a hopeless contention, and if upheld would, I think, astonish no one so much as the learned County Court Judge. Leaving, therefore, as undetermined the true meaning of the second sentence, the case stands upon its own facts as proved and the inferences to be drawn therefrom. That, indeed, is the way that the Court of Appeal took it, and they then decided it upon the view that it was ruled by the case of Gane v. Norton Hill Colliery Company, 1909, 2 K.B. 539, which bound them. Gane's case is not binding upon your Lordships, though it has been cited with seeming approval in at least one case in this House. Gane's case, how ever, when properly understood, was in my view rightly decided; but with deference to the learned Judges of the Court of Appeal, I do not think they have fully appreciated on what the soundness of the decision in that case entirely depends. They have treated it as if it settled that where a man left work by going over a siding and crawling under a waggon, and it was shown that many men had done so before, the risk entailed by crawling under the waggon was a risk of the employment. Gane's case did not decide that. It depended entirely on the view as to the facts that the method of leaving the works by a particular route which entailed crossing the siding and crawling under trucks, if any were standing there, was not only the usual method, but was recognised as such by the employers. Farwell, L.J., says—“Notwithstanding that the line was covered by trucks, as it was habitually, the men always used that route”; and Kennedy, L.J., says—“I read the finding of the learned Judge clearly to mean that the applicant in going by this way, with or without trucks on the route, was taking a course which the employers knew that their men would take, and which he himself by experience had found himself authorised by them to take during the eighteen months he had been there.” This is right, for if an employer, well knowing the facts, acquiesces in the employment being conducted in a certain way, even though that way involves what may be called an added peril, then really he is content that that peril should be held as an ordinary peril of the employment. But if it was not for that finding the judgment in that case could not in my opinion be supported. Whether the finding was justified on the evidence is a matter with which we have nothing to do, but it is on that finding and on that finding alone that the law of the case depends. I should like to add, that though a decision of a Court of higher or equal authority binds another Court as to propositions of law, it cannot bind them as to the findings in fact. No doubt if the facts of two cases are so similar as to be practically identical the second Court will hesitate long before it comes to a different conclusion. Nevertheless the facts of two different cases cannot, ex natura rei, be actually identical, and it is never incumbent on a Court to import the finding of fact in one case into another.
As to the law on the subject of added perils, I cannot add to what was said in the case of Plumb v. Cobden Flour Mills, 1914, A.C. 62, 51 S.L.R. 861, as to which I would like to point out, that although it is contained in a judgment which bears my name, that was really the considered judgment of the House and does not therefore at all rest on my individual authority. It is with insistence laid down in that judgment that the question is always whether the case falls within the words of the Act, and that “added peril” is a test only, though a very convenient test in certain circumstances. I refer particularly to the closing words of the judgment.
Now here there is not a shred of evidence bringing home to the appellants an acquiescence in the man choosing as a regular practice to crawl under trucks instead of going round them. That there was acquiescence in the practice of going to the messhouse, and of doing so by crossing the lines, I do not doubt. Neither do I doubt that the getting of hot water to prepare his breakfast was a legitimate incident of the man's employment, so that the facts here would not warrant a finding of the same sort which formed the basis of judgment in Reed's case above cited. I hold that the man was entitled to go to the messhouse and entitled to cross lines to get there. But then it must be remembered that this is not the case of a defined road or track. The lines might be crossed at any point. They were free to be crossed on this occasion if the man had deviated five truck lengths to the right. Instead of that he ducked under the couplings of a set of trucks, not in a proper siding or lye, but on the regular goods running line, without taking the trouble to see if there was an engine attached. In doing so in my judgment he clearly added a peril to his employment to which the employer had given no sanction, with the result that the ensuing accident was not an accident arising out of his employment. I think the appeal should be allowed and the judgment of the County Court Judge restored.
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Page: 515↓
Now if one contrasts the findings of the County Court Judge in this last case with the findings in the present case one will be struck at once with their dissimilarity. In the former the learned County Court Judge found that the way the applicant went on the day of the accident was the usual one for him to go, the usual one for the men who lived in the other direction to go, and the only way which he and they went except on Saturdays. He then adds—“I am driven to the conclusion, that being so, that it was with the knowledge of the respondents that the men went that way, and that the respondents never suggested that they should not go that way.” In the latter the only findings at which the learned Judge arrived are—(1) That the prohibition in the rules was not a genuine prohibition within the meaning of Lord Loreburn's judgment in Barnes v. Nunnery Colliery Company, 1912 AC 44, 49 S.L.R. 688. (2) That the accident did not arise out of the workman's employment. There is no finding by him such as there was by the County Court Judge in the former case, to the effect that it was the usual practice for men in the position of the deceased and the other employees of the respondents who desire to reach the messhouse to cross these rails where the deceased attempted to cross them; no finding to the effect that it was the usual practice of such persons, when in the act of crossing they happened to find before them a train of trucks they could readily have worked round, to pass under the train instead of going round it. Nor yet a finding to the effect that these practices, if they existed, were ever known to or consented to by the respondents or their agents. No doubt it is well established, where the relevant and material facts in such a case as this are either found or not disputed, that the question of whether the accident arose out of the workman's employment is a question of law, not of fact— Herbert v. Samuel Fox, Limited, 1916 A.C. 405; Gane v. Norton Hill Colliery Company. In the absence of all findings such as above mentioned, it is necessary to examine the evidence somewhat in detail to discover what material or relevant facts were taken as undisputed. I do not know whether I am correct in thinking that in the Court of Appeal it was rather assumed that if once it was shown that the deceased had the right to cross to the messhouse there was an end of the case, and that in doing what he did he was acting within the sphere of his employment, negligently no doubt, but still within the sphere of his employment. If it was so assumed, then with all respect I think the assumption was erroneous. It might well be that the deceased had permission to go across the line to the messhouse, and yet on the sound principle laid down by Farwell, L.J., in Gane v. Norton Hill Colliery Company, at p. 545, that the act done by the deceased amounted to an unreasonable use of the facilities and rights given to him, and was therefore an act outside the sphere of his employment and not merely an act within that sphere done negligently. Of course if the deceased was entitled in crossing the line to choose a route which brought him up against a train of trucks which he could readily have avoided, and then to pass under them, as he attempted to do, his omission to ascertain whether the train was a live or dead train before he attempted to pass would amount to negligence.
The notes of the learned Judge on the user of his privilege are rather condensed. Baker, who like the deceased, was not a member of the Wakefield staff, was the chief witness for the applicant. Both of these men were rather in the position of travellers who had missed their train and had one and a-half hours to wait for the succeeding train to their destination. In his examination-in-chief Baker said—“It was customary for us to go to this messhouse. We crossed metals—force of habit. Never warned not take it (namely route) across. There were goods trains there often, and we passed through—no prohibition and no warning.” Hirst, a goods train guard, stated trains often stand on the granary siding and men pass through often. He does not say whether these men were members of the Wakefield staff or not. It is clear from this evidence, and was not disputed, that, as I have already pointed out, there was no marked or defined route across the line which men took on their way to the messhouse—no particular point from which they should start or particular point at which they should arrive. They might, consistently with this evidence, have crossed the line where they chose, no limits being indicated. This therefore is the kind of
Page: 516↓
The appeal should, I think, be allowed with costs here and below.
On the facts of this case, uncontradicted, accepted on all hands and found by the learned County Court Judge, the deceased was killed because he was passing between two of the trucks of a train at the moment when the engine shunted it. I accept that it was in the course of his employment that he should have been preparing to get his breakfast at the time in question, that he should have been going to the messroom for hot water for that purpose, and that in order to get the hot water he should have been traversing a number of pairs of rails one of which was and others of which might have been in use by moving or moveable trains. All the same, the question is how came he between the trucks when the train was put in motion, not how came he upon the part of the station-yard occupied by rails.
The plan which was put in evidence before the County Court Judge shows that there was no fixed track across the railway lines leading from the platform at which the deceased alighted to the messroom, nor was there any evidence that the workmen were left free to shape their own course across the rails. There was no evidence of any practice known to the employers for workmen to pass between the trucks of a train whenever and wherever they encountered them in order to save the trouble of going round the end of it. I think that the present case is within the principles applied in the cases of Hendry v. United Collieries Limited (No. 2), 1910 S.C. 710, 47 S.L.R. 635, and M'Laren v. Caledonian Railway Company, 1911 S.C. 1075, 48 S.L.R. 885, and is distinguishable from that of Gane v. Norton Hill Colliery Company, 1909, 2 K.B. 539, the basis of which I take to be that in that case there was found to have been a track or route between given points by which the workmen, to the knowledge of their employers, were accustomed to leave work when so
Page: 517↓
The reasons which the learned County Court Judge gives for his award in the present case show sufficiently that he found the deceased and his companions to have been making a route for themselves in circumstances not only of additional but of obvious and unnecessary peril, rather than following a recognised route, which, by being tolerated in spite of the printed regulations, had come within the ambit of the employment. I do not therefore think it necessary to consider whether his reasoning was in all respects right, though as it seems to me he pressed the observations quoted from the case of the steamship “ Blackrock” to purposes for which they were not intended.
With great respect to the judgments of the Court of Appeal in a matter where opposite opinions may well be entertained, I think that on the uncontradicted evidence, accepted as I take it to have been by the Judge, of fact, the present is a case of an accident arising not out of but outside of the employment, since at the time of his death the workman was in no sense doing that which was part of or fell within his employment (whether he was or was not acting with care therein), but was for his own purpose, namely, the convenience of the moment, thoughtlessly pursuing a course which fell outside of his employment. In that act unhappily he met his death. The proposition before the Court of Appeal was that the learned County Court Judge had arrived at his award on the facts either in a manner which showed that his conclusion had been controlled by some error of law or on a supposition of the existence of evidence of which in fact there was none that a judicial tribunal could reasonably give effect to. I do not think this proposition was made out, and therefore the appeal should succeed.
Their Lordships sustained the appeal.
Counsel for the Appellants— H. Gregory, K.C.— T. P. Perks. Agents— Woodcock, Ryland, & Parker, for A. de C. Parmiter (Solicitor to the Company), Solicitors, Manchester.
Counsel for the Respondent— Shakespeare— E. Dale— Lawn. Agents— Burton, Yeates, & Hart, for Hart, Jackson, & Sons, Solicitors, Barrow-in-Furness.