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You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions >> Earl of Kintore v. Lord Inverury and Others [1863] UKHL 2_Paterson_1179 (16 April 1863)
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Cite as: [1863] UKHL 2_Paterson_1179
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SCOTTISH_HoL
Page: 1179↓
(1863) 2 Paterson 1179
REPORTS OF SCOTCH APPEALS IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS.
No. 13
v.
Subject_Entail — Fetters — Defective Irritant Clause — Words of Reference —
A deed of entail in the irritant clause specified some specific acts, and ended with the words “or any acts contrary to this entail.”
Held (affirming judgment), That these words impliedly included the contracting of debts, and therefore the entail was not defective.
Another deed in the irritant clause ended with the words “or in any one of the several particulars above mentioned.”
Held (affirming judgment), That this impliedly included a particular left out in the irritant clause itself, and therefore the entail was not defective. 1
The irritant clause in the deed of entail under which the Earl of Kintore held the estate of Kintore was thus expressed:—“And if the said William Lord Inverury, and the other aires male or female named in the taillie, or their aires, shall contravein the premises, then, and in that case, all the saids venditiones, alienationes, dispositiones, infeftments, alterationes, infringements, bonds, tacks, obleidgements, and all other crymes, treasones, deeds, and acts done in the contrair of this present taillie and provision, shall be null and voide in themselves ipso facto without the necessity of any action or sentence of declarator thereupon.”
The irritant clause in the deed of entail under which the Earl of Kintore held the estate of
Haulkerton, was as follows:—“Declaring hereby, that if the said Anthony Adrian Earl of Kintore, or other heirs male of the body of the said deceased Anthony Earl of Kintore, or any of the other heirs or members of entail above mentioned, substituted to them, shall act and do in the contrary with respect to altering the order of succession, selling or contracting debts, granting leases, suffering adjudications to be deduced, or in any one of the several particulars above
_________________ Footnote _________________
1 See previous reports
23 D. 1105:
33 Sc. Jur. 554; 661.
S. C. 4 Macq. Ap. 520:
1 Macph. H. L. 32:
35 Sc. Jur. 455.
Page: 1180↓
The Court of Session held both clauses to be effectual, and the respective entails to be valid.
The pursuer appealed, maintaining in his case, in regard to the Kintore deed of entail, that the judgment of the Court of Session should be reversed for the following reasons:—1. The prohibition in the prohibitory clause of the deed of entail against the contraction of debt is not fenced by an irritant or resolutive clause. 2. The irritant clause is framed on the principle of enumeration, and contraction of debt is not embraced within the enumeration. 3. The general words in the irritant clause following the enumeration, do not apply to, and cannot be held to include, any of the cardinal prohibitions or acts expressly prohibited in the prohibitory clause. 4. The said general words refer and apply to the general words of prohibition contained in the prohibitory clause, which are additional to and exclusive of the cardinal prohibitions.
In regard to the Haulkerton deed of entail, the appellant argued that the judgment of the Court of Session should be reversed for these reasons:—1. The prohibition in the prohibitory clause against disponing is not fenced by an irritant clause. 2. The irritant clause is framed on the principle of enumeration, and “disponing” is not embraced within the enumeration. 3. The entailer must be held to have undertaken to enumerate the acts of contravention intended to be irritated, and to have trusted to the completeness of the enumeration for the efficiency of the irritant clause. 4. The defective enumeration cannot be supplemented by general words occurring at the close of it. These general words apply only to the particulars contained in the irritant clause itself, and cannot be extended to the whole prohibitions contained, in the prohibitory clause.
The respondents in their case supported the judgment, with regard to both entails, on the following grounds:—1. The entail of the estate of Kintore formed a valid and effectual entail, in terms of the Act 1685, c. 22; and, 2. The appellant's objections to the irritant and resolutive clauses contained in the entail, and in the relative contracts of excambion, were groundless and untenable.
Solicitor General (Palmer), and Anderson Q.C., for the appellant.—1. As to the Kintore entail, the irritant clause being framed on the principle of enumeration, and not including all the particulars, the entail was void. The rules of construction are all framed to favour liberty, and to lean against the validity of the entail— Bruce v. Bruce, 4 Paton, 231; Rennie v. Horne, 3 S. & M'L. 142; Murray v. Murray, 4 D. 803; Dick v. Drysdale, 14th January 1812, F.C. Cunyngham v. Cunyngham, 14 D. 636; Scott v. Scott, 18 D. 168. 2. As to the Haulkerton entail, the irritant clause was also framed on the principle of an enumerative clause; and, being defective, the entail was void— Russel v. Russel, 15 D. 192; Fairlie v. Cuninghame, 19 D. 596.
Rolt Q.C., and Neish, for the respondents.
The application of these rules has been so frequent in the decided cases, that they have given rise to technical denominations of clauses framed on a principle of reference, and clauses framed on a principle of enumeration. (1.) If to a prohibitory clause, stating distinctly various things that are prohibited, there be added an irritant or resolutive clause, which, beginning with general words of reference, proceeds to particularize or enumerate some only of the things prohibited, then the concluding words of the clause declaring the irritancy or forfeiture are in construction confined to the things specified or enumerated. Of the application of this rule the leading examples are the Tillicoultry case, Bruce v. Bruce, and the cases of Ballylusk Entail and Gala and Banchory Entails. (2.) If to a prohibitory clause having numerous prohibitions, there be added an irritant or resolutive clause which makes a repetition of some of the things prohibited, and concludes with general words not being words of reference, then, in conformity with the rule I have stated, the special words form the termini within which the adjected general words will be confined, and the clause fails equally upon the principle of defective enumeration. On the other hand, if an irritant or resolutive clause be framed simply on the principle of reference, there can be no objection to its validity, for verba relata inesse videntur, and the whole of the prohibitions are by the reference repeated.
The peculiarity of the present case of the Kintore entail is, that the operative part of the clause
Page: 1181↓
With respect to the Haulkerton entail, the same ratio decidendi applies, as I have already expressed, with reference to the Kintore entail. It is impossible, consistently with the rules of grammatical construction, to hold, that the cardinal words, which occur in the clause of irritancy in this entail, namely, “or in any one of the several particulars above mentioned,” can be confined to the things which immediately precede, and which are stated in the disjunctive, and governed by the words “with respect to,” namely, with respect to altering the order of succession, selling or contracting debts, granting leases, suffering adjudications to be deduced. And if this be so, it follows that the words I have called cardinal words must refer to the other particulars mentioned in the prohibitory clause, and that the case also is one of a clause of irritancy containing a partial enumeration followed by words of general reference, which, for the reasons given in the judgments in the Courts below, appears to me to be good. In my judgment, therefore, the interlocutor in this case also ought to be affirmed.
That in the entail of Haulkerton is, that the prohibition contained in the prohibitory clause against disponing is not fenced by a proper irritant clause.
The objection to each tailzie, if well founded, undoubtedly avoids it altogether. The question then is, whether both or either of the objections is well founded? It seems to me neither is. If, in deciding these questions, we had only to consider, first, what the meaning of the maker of the tailzie was to prohibit as expressed in the terms of the deeds according to the ordinary rules of construction of written instruments, and then, whether he had properly fenced that prohibition by irritant and resolutive clauses, without being bound in that construction by any technical rule peculiar to entails, I do not feel that there would be any difficulty in deciding these cases in favour of the respondents. What the language, according to its natural and ordinary construction, means, seems to me not to be matter of doubt. It is clear, that the maker of the entail meant to prohibit everything done in contravention of each tailzie, though he uses different language in each instrument. If the case, then, were governed by the ordinary rules of construction, there would not, I think, be any question as to what the decision ought to be. But there are authorities which lay down, that there is a different rule which is to govern the construction of deeds of entail, and by those authorities we are bound. One is, that entails are
strictissimi juris, and the prohibitory, irritant, and resolutive clauses must be clearly and distinctly expressed, and if a deed of entail is reasonably capable of two constructions, one of which prohibits the free disposition of the estate, and the other does not, the presumption is in favour of freedom. This is the law frequently laid down, and particularly by
Another rule which has been derived from cases, and which is by no means unreasonable, is, that if the maker of the tailzie undertakes to enumerate and specify with particularity in the irritant or resolutive clause, those acts which he intends to create forfeiture, and uses general words in connexion with them, those general words ought not to be extended in their meaning
Page: 1182↓
None of the cases cited in the Court of Session, and at your Lordships' bar, in which the application of that rule is exemplified, are in the form of words used precisely in point, though they give examples of the application of a principle of construction by which we are bound.
We have then to apply these rules to the cases which we have to dispose of. To begin with the Kintore entail, to which the last mentioned rule is said to apply, and upon the supposed application of which the objection seems to rest, I must own, that I think it has really no application. The prohibition in that tailzie is not, as it seems to me, founded on the principle of enumeration. That principle applies to a case where the maker provides, that if any heir shall contravene the entail by doing certain specified acts particularly described, then superadded general words are limited by the context. But here he begins, in the first part of the clause, by expressly providing for the case of every contravention of the previous provisions, and he points out the consequences by the avoidance of acts done in particular, and also in general terms. In this case, it seems to be clear, that the maker meant to prohibit every contravention of the entail; and no established rule of construction, properly understood, seems to me to stand in the way of our giving what we think to be the true construction of the words used.
I must confess, that I agree with the Lord President and Lord Ivory, that this clause does not fall within the description or principle of an enumeration clause as properly understood, which is, that the enumerated defaults are to be considered as the only faults provided for, the added general words being only applicable to things of the like character. Here the general prohibition cannot, I think, be doubted. I am of opinion, therefore, that the irritant clause in the Kintore case is good and valid, and the tailzie good.
The objection to the Haulkerton entail does not seem to me to fall within the objection of the clause being enumerative. In the view I take of this case, no great difficulty appears to me to arise. The material clause is as follows:—“If the said Anthony Adrian, Earl of Kintore, or any of the other heirs or members of entail above mentioned substituted to them, shall act and do in the contrary with respect to altering the order of succession, selling or contracting debt, granting leases, suffering adjudications to be deduced, or in any one of the several particulars above mentioned, then and in that case, all and every one of such acts and deeds, with all that shall happen to follow, or might be otherwise competent to follow thereupon, shall be ipso facto void and null, and of no force, strength, or effect, in the same manner as if the said acts had not been done, acted, or committed.”
If after the acts enumerated, altering the order of succession, selling or contracting debts, etc., there had been added only the words “or the like,” or “or otherwise,” it might have been successfully contended, that the irritancy could not be further extended; that it must be confined to things ejusdem generis; and, consequently, that the irritant clause did not include a disponing. But according to the natural, ordinary, and grammatical construction, the clause applies to render void the violations of the entail not merely in the named particulars, but the several particulars before mentioned. The particulars before mentioned in the ordinary and usual mode of construction mean those before the enumeration from which it is distinguished; those in the earlier part of the entail, and the prohibitory clause immediately before, includes “disponing.” This word is clearly, as it seems to me, introduced by reference. You cannot, without doing violence to the ordinary rules of grammatical construction, insert, instead of these words, the words “or the like” with the last enumerated acts. It seems to me, that those words must be read as purposely extending the irritancy to all the prior prohibited violations of the tailzie, including the disponing.
I concur, therefore, with the great majority of the Lords of Session, and recommend that this judgment should be affirmed.
It seems to be agreed, that if the words of a deed are capable of a construction which will have the effect of freeing an estate from the fetters of an entail, this construction, strict in itself but liberal in its effect, ought to be adopted; and all the cases establish, that if the fettering clauses are framed upon the principle of enumeration, the clearest general words must be used to manifest the intention to extend the clauses beyond the particulars enumerated. It was contended, indeed, by Mr. Anderson, in his argument for the appellants, that if the entailer has once resorted to enumeration, no general words afterwards used, though obviously comprehending more than the enumerated particulars, can extend the force of the irritant and resolutive clauses beyond the acts particularized. But no authority was adduced for such a narrow principle of construction, which would have the effect of tying an entailer down to one particular mode
Page: 1183↓
In the Kintore entail the question arises upon the irritant clause. In the prohibitory clauses, amongst a minute and specific detail of prohibited acts, is expressly included “the contracting of debts, and giving bonds and obligations therefor.” It is contended on behalf of the appellants, that there is nothing in the irritant clause which is applicable to this prohibition.
The irritant clause is in these words: “and if the said William Lord Inverury” “shall contravein the premises, then and in that case all the said venditiones, alienationes, dispositiones,” and so on, and all other deeds “and acts done in the contrair of the present taillie and provision, shall be null and voide in themselves, ipso facto, without the necessity of any action or sentence of declarator thereupon.”
In this clause connecting itself closely with the preceding prohibitory clause by the words “and if,” the word “premises” must mean all those things just before mentioned and intended to be prohibited; and then follows not an enumeration of the particular things contained in the prohibitory clause, but general words descriptive of the deeds or other instruments by which the prohibited things may be accomplished, or of the acts which would be contrary to the prohibition, concluding with the words “all other deeds and acts done in the contrair of this present taillie and provision.” This clause is not framed upon the principle of enumeration, as in Bruce v. Bruce, where the words of the resolutive clause were,—“It is provided and declared, that the said James Bruce, and the other heirs of tailzie, who shall contravene and incur the said clauses irritant, or any of them, either by,” etc., (then enumerating not all the prohibited acts,) “that then, and in any of the said cases, the right of succession should be forfeited.” Or as in Rennie v. Home, where the words were,—“In case the said Archibald Hill, or any of the heirs of tailzie before mentioned, shall contravene or fail in performing any part of the premises particularly by,” etc.; then followed an enumeration of particulars ending with the words “or shall contravene or fail in any part of the premises.” As the same general words in the beginning of the clause had been qualified by the word “particularly” which introduced the enumeration, the repetition of them in the latter part of the clause was hardly susceptible of a more extensive meaning.
The case which at first sight appears to be the most difficult to distinguish from the present is that of Scott v. Scott. But there also the irritant clause was framed upon the principle of enumeration of the prohibited acts, and one of the prohibitions as to altering the order of succession was not irritated. If the irritant clause in the present case had been enumerated, the case of Scott v. Scott would have been a decisive authority.
Although the distinction between the clause in question, and that in each of the other cases to which I have referred, may seem to be narrow, yet it is capable of being accurately defined. The introductory words of the irritant clause in this case can be interpreted in no other manner than as applying to all previously expressed prohibitions in the clause immediately preceding. The subsequent words are not intended to draw out in detail and particularize what had been generally expressed, but in the most general and comprehensive terms to describe every deed or instrument which might be executed, and every act and thing which might be done in contravention of the prohibitions, or to effect the acts prohibited. And the general words “all other acts and deeds” at the end of the clause embrace everything in violation of the prohibitions which had not been specifically included in the previous description.
I agree that the interlocutor as to this entail should be affirmed.
The Haulkerton entail appears to me to run even closer to the previous decisions than that of Kintore. The majority of the Judges of the Court of Session proceed upon the ground, that the words of the irritant clause in this entail, “or in any of the several particulars above mentioned,” cannot be applied to the irritant clause itself, on account of their grammatical construction, and also because they would then have no practical effect. For when it says,—“If the Earl of Kintore shall do in the contrary” with respect to certain enumerated things, and then adds, “or in any one of the several particulars above mentioned,” if the words above mentioned refer to the particulars just before enumerated, they are wholly superfluous and unnecessary.
Lord Deas, who differed from the other Judges, said,—“If there be two ways of fairly and reasonably reading the clause, the one of which limits these words ‘or in any one of the several particulars above mentioned' to the particulars in the irritant clause itself, and another which would extend them to all the particulars in the previous parts of the deed, the rule of strict construction would oblige us to take that reading which is not favourable to the entail.” It may be doubted, however, whether there can properly be said to be two ways of construing words in a deed, if in one way they would have a practical effect, and in the other way would be wholly inefficacious. But then, again, if the right construction in favour of unfettering entails is the rule to be followed, it may be asked why the words in question may not be regarded as an instance of repetition not uncommon in deeds by way of enforcing the previous enumeration of prohibited acts. We have seen, that, in the case of Rennie v. Horne, the words “or shall contravene or fail in any part of the premises,” following an enumeration, were not allowed to extend the clause beyond the particulars previously enumerated, and were thus disabled of all effect.
Page: 1184↓
It seems to me hard to reconcile the present case with the previous decisions; but I do not feel any doubts sufficiently strong to induce me to differ with the opinions of my noble and learned friends, who think, that the interlocutor as to this entail ought to be affirmed.
Interlocutors in both appeals affirmed with costs.
Solicitors: For Appellant, Loch and Maclaurin, Solicitors, Westminster.— For Respondents, Dodds and Greig, Solicitors, Westminster.