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United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions >> Jane Higgins v. Laurence Earl of Rosse [1821] UKHL 3_Bligh_112 (00 January 1821)
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SCOTTISH_HoL_JURY_COURT
Page: 112↓
(1821) 3 Bligh 112
REPORTS OF CASES HEARD IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS UPON APPEALS AND WRITS OF ERROR, And decided during the Session 1821, 2 Geo. IV.
IRELAND.
COURT OF CHANCERY.
No. 7
v.
BY a deed executed in 1708 lands were vested in A. for life, remainder to B. for life, remainder to the issue of B. in tail, remainder to the heirs male of A. remainder to the right heirs of A. with power to A. and B. successively “to grant leases for lives of any part of the lands in settlement, renewable for ever, without fine to be taken for any such first lease; such lease not to be of more lands than six plantation acres, at the best rent, with covenants to be in such leases for building, &c.”
In 1726 A. grants to P. (under whom the Appellant claims) three leases, the two first being of houses and gardens, together with six plantation acres to each; the third lease being of a house, garden, and three acres; and all three leases being for three lives, with a covenant for renewal on application within six months after the failure of each life, on paying 4 l., and in case of neglect to forfeit the right of renewal.
In 1730 a new settlement is made, by which the lands are limited to A. for life, remainder to C. the son of B. (deceased) for life, remainder to the issue of C. remainder to several brothers of C. for life, in succession, and their issue in tail, in strict settlement; remainder to the right heirs of C. with power to A. to grant leases for three lives, renewable for ever, of any house and garden in the town of B. with ten acres of land, &c., and a similar power to C. and his brothers in succession, to lease any plot for a house and garden, with ten acres, &c.
In 1735 the third of the leases granted in 1726 was renewed by A, according to the covenant. After the date of this renewal, fines of the lands were levied by C. being in possession upon the death of A. In 1754 a recovery was suffered to such uses as C. and W. his son, should appoint, and in default of appointment to C. for life, remainder to W. and his heirs.
Page: 113↓
By articles in 1754, and an act of parliament in 1758, the lands were limited to C. for life, remainder to W. for life, remainder to the issue of W. in tail, remainder to the right heirs of C. The act of parliament in pursuance of the articles vested a power in C. and W. severally in succession, to grant leases for three lives renewable for ever, of any plot for a house and garden in, &c., and any quantity of land not exceeding ten acres.
In 1779, by deed and recovery, the lands were limited, in default of appointment, to W. for life, remainder to L. (the Respondent in the appeal) in fee.
In 1786, W. the tenant for life named in the preceding settlement, renewed all the leases by deeds purporting to be executed in pursuance of the covenant for renewal, reciting the original leases of 1726; and that the leases had been frequently renewed; and containing covenants for renewal as in the original leases.
Further renewals to the same effect, and in the same form, were executed by W. in 1790.
W. died in 1791, when the fee vested in the Respondent. It did not appear, by direct proof, or otherwise, than by the recitals in the deeds of 1786, that any renewal had been made between 1735 and 1786. The rents reserved upon the leases were from time to time, and up to 1807, paid to and received by the owners of the lands for the time being, including the Respondent. In 1807 two of the cestuy que vies being dead, application was made to the Respondent for renewal, and upon refusal a bill was filed in Chancery to compel a specific performance of the covenant to grant renewals. The The Bill was dismissed without costs, and on appeal the judgment was affirmed, on the ground ( semb.) that the leases were not warranted by the power.
Where a lease not warranted by a power is granted by a tenant for life, containing a covenant for perpetual renewal, the reversioner, by accepting for many years after he comes into possession the rent reserved upon the lease, does not confirm it so far as to make the covenant for renewal binding upon him.
By marriage settlement bearing date the 15th of Oct. 1708, and made between Sir W. Parsons and
Page: 114↓
The deed contained a general leasing power to Sir W., and to Will. Parsons to lease, &c., for any term not exceeding twenty-one years, or three lives.
There was also a power to Sir W. Parsons during his life, and after his death for Will. Parsons, during his life, to make leases for lives renewable for ever, without fine, present, or income, to be taken for any such first lease of any part of Parsonstown, and the other lands contiguous thereto, (the mansion-house, &c. excepted,) such lease not to contain or be of or for more lands than six plantation acres, at the best improved rent, with covenants to be in such lease or leases for building and improvements, and the fine to be taken for such lease or leases to be renewed not to exceed half a year's rent, reserved on the lands so to be leased.
There was issue of the marriage, Laurence, the eldest son; Will. the father died in the lifetime of Sir W. the grandfather.
By lease bearing date the 11th of Feb. 1726, made between Sir W. Parsons, of the one part, and N. Pritchett, of the other part, Sir W. Parsons, in consideration of the rents and covenants, &c. demised to Nicholas the house wherein Philip Langton then dwelt,
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The lease contained a covenant by Sir William Parsons for perpetual renewal, by adding new lives on payment of a small fine, such life to be renewed within six months after the falling of each life.
By another lease, bearing the same date, and made between the same parties, Sir William Parsons granted and demised to Nicholas Pritchett the house and garden wherein R. Gillespie of Parsonstown, sadler, dwelt, together with six acres of land, plantation measure, in Lough Guir, then or late in possession of Philip Langton, To hold for the three lives mentioned in the first lease, at the yearly rent of 4 l. This lease contained a covenant of renewal, upon payment of 2 l. as renewal fine, and clauses similar to those in the first lease.
By a third lease, bearing the same date, and made between the same parties, Sir William Parsons granted and demised to Nicholas Pritchett the house and garden in the Race Lane, near the town of Parsonstown, together with three acres of land, plantation measure, adjoining to the said house and garden, in possession of Philip Langton, To hold
Page: 116↓
By a deed of settlement, bearing date the 4th of September 1730, made between Sir William Parsons and Laurence Parsons, his grandson and heir-apparent, of the first part; certain trustees of the second, third and fourth parts; and William Sprigge, and Mary Sprigge, his eldest daughter, of the fifth part, reciting certain articles of the 23d and 24th April 1683, and the settlement of 15th October 1708, and also reciting that a marriage was then shortly to be solemnized between Laurence Parsons and Mary Sprigge, Sir William and Laurence Parsons granted and conveyed the manor of Parsonstown, &c. to the trustees of the second part, and their heirs, upon trust, as to part of the lands to the use of Laurence for life, and as to the remainder (subject to a jointure) to the use of Sir William for life; remainder to Laurence Parsons for life; remainder to trustees to preserve, &c.; remainder to the first and every other son of the marriage in tail male; remainder in like manner to the first and every other son of Laurence by any after-taken wife in tail male; remainder to William Parsons, brother of Laurence, for life; remainder to trustees to preserve, &c.; remainder to the first and every other son of William in tail male; remainder in like manner to Pigott Parsons, George Parsons, and Thomas Parsons, brothers of Laurence; remainder to the right heirs of Laurence Parsons.
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This settlement also contained a general and a special leasing power in the words following:—
“That it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Sir William Parsons to make leases for three lives, with renewals for ever, of any house and garden in Parsonstown, with ten acres of land, plantation measure, and no more, to be held therewith, lying within one mile of the said town, at the best improved rent that can be had for the same at the time of setting, reserving half a year's rent on every renewal, and to make leases of any part of the said lands of which the said Sir William is tenant for life, for the term of three lives, at the best improved rent that can be had for the same at the time of setting; provided always, that such powers shall not extend to any part of the mansion house, gardens, orchards and demesne lands of Parsonstown: and it is further agreed, that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Laurence Parsons, and for all and every of the brothers of Laurence, to make leases of all or any part of the said granted and released premises, as he or they shall be or come into possession, for the term of three lives, or thirty-one years in possession, and not in reversion, at the best improved rent, without fine or income, with renewals for ever, reserving half a year's rent on each renewal, of any plot for a house and garden in Parsonstown, and ten acres of land to be held therewith, the said land lying within one mile of the town, (the mansion-house, and the gardens, orchards and demesne lands thereof excepted.)”
There was issue of this marriage only one son,
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In 1735 a renewal of the third of the leases granted by Sir W. Parsons appears to have been made by an instrument, in writing, annexed to that lease, as follows:—
“Whereas the annexed deed of lease, bearing date the 11th of February 1726, hath since the perfection thereof, through Nicholas Pritchett, the original lessee, deceased, and Walter Pritchett, his son and heir, also deceased, come by mesne assignment into the hands of John Luther, as by an indorsement on the said deed of lease may appear: And whereas the said Walter Pritchett, one of the lives in the said lease mentioned, died on or about the 23d of August last; and the said John Luther, pursuant to the clause for renewal in the annexed deed of lease set forth, having this day nominated the life of William Jessop, to be added and inserted in the place and room of the said William Pritchett, deceased: Now I, Sir William. Parsons, Bart. in consideration of 1 l. sterling, or half-yearly rent of the annexed premises, to me in hand paid by the said John Luther, and in order to supply and fill up the three lives according to the intent of the annexed lease, have added and inserted, and by these presents do add and insert, the life of the said William Jessop to the time and term of the said lease, in the place and stead of the said Walter Pritchett, deceased; and do by these presents demise, release and confirm unto the said John
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Sir William died in 1749, and between the date of this last renewal and the settlement next stated, it appears that some fines had been levied by Sir Laurence.
In Hilary term 1754, a recovery of the estates was suffered by Sir Laurence Parsons and William his son, and the uses thereof were, by deed dated 19th January 1754, declared to be to such uses as Sir Laurence and William should jointly appoint, and in default of appointment to Sir Laurence for life; remainder to the use of William and his heirs.
By articles dated 28th of June 1754, and made between Sir Laurence Parsons and William Parsons, of the first part; Margaret Cleare, mother and guardian of Mary Cleare, and the said Mary Cleare,
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By these articles it was agreed that a leasing power should be given to Sir Laurence Parsons and William Parsons, and Mary Cleare, and each and every of them respectively, when actually seised by virtue of the limitations, to lease the premises (except the mansion and demesne lands) for any term or terms not exceeding thirty-one years, or three lives, or any term for years determinable on one, two, or three lives in possession, and not in reversion,
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These articles were registered on the 2d July 1754, and carried into effect by a private act of Parliament, passed on the 29th of April 1758.
The Respondent is the eldest son of this marriage.
By deed, leading the uses of a recovery, which was suffered accordingly, dated 20th of October 1779, and made between Sir William Parsons and the Respondent, then Lawrence Parsons, his eldest sou, Thomas Dames, and Jonathan Darby, of the first part; Edward King of the second part; and Robert Close of the third part; the manor and lands were vested in Edward King, and his heirs and assigns, as tenant of the freehold, for the purpose of suffering a recovery, the uses of which are by the deed declared to be as follows:—To the use of such persons, and for such estates, as Sir William and Laurence Parsons, or the survivor, should in such form as therein specified declare, direct, limit or appoint; and for default of and until such declaration, direction, limitation and appointment, to the use of Sir William Parsons and his assigns, for and during the term of his natural life, without impeachment of waste, and with all such powers as he now has over the same, and from and immediately after
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By deed of renewal, bearing date the 30th day of August 1786, made between Sir William Parsons of the one part, and Philip Langton of the other part; reciting the original lease of the 11th day of February 1726, made between Sir William Parsons, deceased, the grandfather of Sir William, party thereto, and Nicholas Pritchett; and also reciting, that Philip Langton, by mesne assignments, or otherwise, was then become entitled to the benefit of the said lease and covenant for the renewal therein contained; and that the said lease had been frequently renewed; the deed witnessed, that Sir William Parsons, in pursuance and execution of the said covenant for renewal, did demise and grant unto Philip Langton, the house and garden wherein Robert Gillespie, formerly of Parsonstown, sadler, dwelt, together with the other houses thereunto belonging; as also six acres of land in Lough Guir, formerly in the possession of Philip Langton, deceased; To hold the same, with all the rights, members and appurtenances whatsoever, for the lives of the three persons therein named, and for and during the natural life and lives of all such other person and persons as should from time to time, successively and for ever, be added by virtue of the covenant for perpetual renewal, contained in the said thereinbefore recited lease, subject to the yearly rent and renewal fines reserved and mentioned in the said second-mentioned original lease. This deed of renewal contained a covenant for renewal, similar to the one contained
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By deed, dated 23d December in the year 1790, and made between Sir William Parsons of the one part, and Philip Langton of the other part, reciting the original lease of 11th of February 1726 to Nicholas Pritchett, and reciting that the same was taken in trust for Philip Langton; the said indenture witnessed, that Sir William Parsons, in pursuance and execution of the covenant of renewal in the said original lease, and in consideration of the rent and covenant in the same, demised and granted all the said lands and premises comprised in the said second-mentioned original lease unto Philip Langton, his heirs and assigns, for the lives of the three persons therein named, and the lives and life of all such other person and persons as should from time to time thereafter be added thereto by virtue of the covenant for perpetual renewal in the said indenture of lease contained, subject to the yearly rent, renewal fines, and covenants in the original lease.
This deed of renewal contained a covenant for perpetual renewal by Sir William Parsons to Philip Langton, in the ordinary form. Like renewals were executed of the two other leases. Sir W. Parsons died in 1791, no appointment having been made under the settlement, whereupon the remainder in fee, for default of appointment, vested in the Respondent.
It did not appear by any direct proof, or otherwise, than by the recital in the deed of 1786, and presumptions from that recital, that the leases, or any of them, had been renewed between the years
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After the renewals of 1790, two of the cestui que vies, named in the deeds of that date, had died, but at what particular time did not appear.
In the Appellant filed a bill in the court of Chancery in Ireland, alleging that he had not until lately received intelligence of the death of the cestui que vies; and stating the facts before mentioned, prayed that the Respondent might be compelled to grant renewals of the leases, on payment of the fines due, with interest, which had been already tendered. The Respondent by his answer insisted that the grantors of the leases having exceeded the power, the leases were void; whereupon the Appellant filed an amended bill, stating the acceptance of rent under the leases, the possession of the counter-parts by all the successive owners of the reversion, no one of whom had objected to the leases as violations of the power, and that valuable improvements had been made in the premises; under which circumstances the Appellant insisted upon a right accruing by long acquiescence. The answer to the amended bill admitted the fines, and the possession of the counter-parts, but contended that the leases were void on various grounds. The cause was heard before Lord C. Manners in 1811, when the bill was dismissed without costs. In 1815 the Plaintiff in the original bill died intestate, as to the right in the leases. In
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For the Appellant:—
The case of the Appellant is entitled to particular favour, from an undisturbed and undisputed possession of eighty years under renewable leases; a title which has been termed, “the local law and the old equity of the kingdom of Ireland,” * Mayor of Hull v. Horner †; Eldridge v. Knott ‡; citing a case, where (it was said) an act of parliament was presumed ||.
Sir Laurence Parsons, the Respondent's grandfather, was tenant in tail male under the settlement of 24th of April 1683, on which, and the subsequent settlements, the Respondent rested his defence to the original and amended bill of Philip Langton, the complainant below: Sir Laurence Parsons levied a fine of all the property included in the leases; considering him to be tenant for life, his fine operated as a forfeiture of his life-estate, and gave him a base fee until ousted by entry or claim of a person having an adverse title, and there never was such person; all the subsequent owners received the rent upon the leases. If Sir Laurence executed any leases of the property, his fine necessarily had the effect of confirming or establishing them; if he did not execute any leases, but did any act which, in the contemplation of a court of equity, amounted to an agreement to confirm and establish the leases made by his ancestors or predecessors in title, his fine
_________________ Footnote _________________ * 2. Ridgw. Parl. Ca. 405, 406. † Cowper 102. ‡ Id. 215. || By Lord Mansfield.
Quære.
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Sir William, the Respondent's father, died in 1791, and the Respondent himself received the rents from that time till 1807, when the complainant filed his bill, and all that time had the counter-parts of the leases in his possession; this amounts to an acquiescence in the leases, and an agreement to confirm and establish them.
Suppose that it was competent to the Respondent, when his title accrued, to dispute the lease, having suffered five years to elapse the right is gone. Long acquiescence applies equally to he right of renewal and to the lease.
If such leases or agreements are not to be judicially presumed, there has been an uniform possession by disseisin by the complainant below, and those through whom he derived his title, since the death of Sir William, the Respondent's great great grandfather, the original lessor: And thus the Respondent is reduced to the dilemma of either admitting the validity of the leases, and the clauses for renewal contained in them, or of admitting that a disseisin of the person under whom he claims was made
_________________ Footnote _________________ * 2 Burr. 705.
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None of the Respondent's objections to the leases, on the ground of their not being warranted by the power of leasing contained in the settlements of 1708 and 1730, can be supported. The covenants for building, &c. apply only to a first lease, and after so great a lapse of time it must be presumed that this is not a first lease, but a confirmation of some prior lease, which probably conformed to the settlement. Besides, the houses having been in fact built as if the covenant had been inserted, the reversioner is not damnified, and equity will aid the defect. According to the argument of the Respondent, no leases could be made by any tenant for life where houses had been actually built, which is contrary to the principle of the decision in Shannon v. Bradstreet. * That the leases are, at all events, conformable to the power in the deed of 1730, which extends to a house and garden, with ten acres, and requires no covenant for building to be inserted. There have been grants under that power, and even where two powers exist, and one is recited in exercising the power; if the act is void under that power, it may be held good under the power not recited. This, in effect and principle, was decided in the case of Tomlinson v. Dightont †, where the question was, whether it was a conveyance of an interest by a tenant for life, or the execution of a power not recited.
The Respondent, according to his own argument, being a purchaser, is bound by a covenant, the
_________________ Footnote _________________ * 1 S. & L. 60. † 1 P. W. 149. 10 Mod. 31 & 71.
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It was a fraud on Mr. Langton, the complainant below, to permit him to expend the considerable sums of money, proved in the cause to have been expended by him, from the year 1791 (when the Respondent's supposed title to the possession accrued) till 1807, when Mr. Langton filed his bill, in valuable and permanent improvements of the premises, without the Respondent's giving him notice of its being his intention to dispute the right of renewal.
If the Court of Exchequer were of opinion that the leases were void for informality, and that Mr. Langton was not entitled to the renewal prayed for in his bill, the Court ought to have decreed a renewal of the leases on such terms as the power warranted, and the equity of the case required.
For the Respondent:—
The leases in question appear to have been intended as an evasion of the limit of the leasing power, in point of extent of land to be demised, and were designed as a fraud upon it, these three leases being all made and dated on the same day, for the
_________________ Footnote _________________ * 2 Ves. j. 437.
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The leases contain no covenant for building on the land not already built upon, nor for keeping in repair houses already built, for want of which the whole object and policy of the leasing power was liable to be defeated, the estate loaded with a perpetual lease, and the tenant at liberty either not to build or to let the houses fall, and convert the ground to other purposes quite foreign from the improvement of the town *.
The attempt in the court below to sustain the renewals of 1786 and 1790, as substantive demises, to take effect under the then existing powers, was not warranted by the terms of those powers.
The articles of 1754, and act of Parliament, omit the power of leasing a house and garden for
_________________ Footnote _________________ *
Jones v. Verney, Willes, 169.
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This omission must be considered as having been purposely made, and with the obvious intent in future of restraining the tenant for life from making a perpetual lease of a house, &c.; and it would appear that the reason of the family having thus by the subsequent settlement of 1754, left out the power of leasing a house, and confined and restricted the power of leasing to a plot for a house, arose from the experience they had, that the power of leasing a house already built did not promote sufficiently the object they had in view, namely, the improvement of the town of Parsonstown, and therefore they wisely confined the leasing power to a plot for a house.
The omission was evidently with a view that no lease with covenant for perpetual renewal should be from thenceforward, except of plots for houses, &c. and this intention could not have been effected without obliging the tenant to build; that is, all such leases should contain building covenants, for otherwise, without a covenant being imposed on the tenant to build, the plot might for ever remain unbuilt upon, and the intention of the parties be entirely defeated; and as those renewals, as well as the original leases, omit any covenants for building, they are on that score as objectionable as the original leases.
Neither a court of law nor equity would give so different an effect to the act of a tenant for life, intending merely to renew a lease which he
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As to the points of acquiescence and improvements when investigated, there is nothing resulting from these considerations that could alter or affect the rights of the Respondent, or that ought in any manner to influence a court of equity on the subject, especially as the point was not raised by the pleadings, or made matter of argument in the court below.
As to the attempt made to support those leases, as a charge upon the ultimate reversion which was vested in the lessor in 1708, that question was not raised in the pleadings or arguments below; if it had been raised, it might easily have been answered. It will be found that that reversion has been long since barred and extinguished by the recoveries suffered in Hilary 1754 and Michaelmas 1779, of the intervening estates-tail, under which recoveries the Respondent claims.
These leases, having been executed by the tenant for life, can only take effect out of the powers annexed to his estate; but to do so they should have been made conformable to all the substantial conditions of those powers; and although they might charge
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Counsel: For the Appellants,
The Attorney-General,
Mr. Butler; (and Mr. Sugden, who replied in the absence of the Attorney-General.)
For the Respondents,
Mr. Hart and Mr. Wetherell.
19 Feb. 1821.
In the course of the argument upon the question, as to the effect of the fines levied by Sir Laurence, Lord Redesdale observed, that the deed of 1730 altered the state of the reversion, which, according to the limitations of that deed, was not in the person who levied the fines, so as to cause a merger. Upon the question as to the effect of the leases of 1786 and 1790, he observed that they purported to be renewals merely, and not original leases under a power.
Upon the conformity of the lease to the power the Lord Chancellor observed, that the power was to lease six acres, with covenants for building: That the leases were of houses and gardens, together with six acres of land, and containing no covenant for building.
Upon the question as to the effect of the lease of 1786, and the possibility of its operation under
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On the 9th of March 1821 the judgment was affirmed without further observation.