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First-tier Tribunal (Tax)
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> First-tier Tribunal (Tax) >> Righton v Revenue & Customs [2014] UKFTT 505 (TC) (21 May 2014)
URL: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKFTT/TC/2014/TC03632.html
Cite as: [2014] UKFTT 505 (TC)
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[2014] UKFTT 505 (TC)
TC03632
Appeal number: TC/2014/00246
VAT default surcharge - payment made two days late - insufficiency of funds - whether reasonable excuse - no - whether penalty disproportionate - no - appeal dismissed
FIRST-TIER TRIBUNAL
TAX CHAMBER
HENRY MARK RIGHTON Appellant
- and -
THE COMMISSIONERS FOR HER MAJESTY’S
REVENUE & CUSTOMS Respondents
TRIBUNAL: JUDGE MICHAEL S CONNELL MS ELIZABETH BRIDGE
Sitting in public at Ministry of Justice, Tribunals Service, Priory Courts, 33 Bull Street Birmingham on 27 March 2014
Henry Mark Righton, the Appellant in person
Darren Bradley, Officer of HM Revenue and Customs, for the Respondents
© CROWN COPYRIGHT 2014
DECISION
The Appeal
1. Henry Mark Righton (‘the Appellant’) appeals against a default surcharge of £1,858.86 imposed by HMRC on 13 September 2013, in respect of the VAT period ended 30 July 2013, for his failure to submit, by the due date, payment of VAT due. The surcharge was calculated at 10% of the VAT due of £18,588.69.
2. The Appellant also submits a late appeal against an earlier default surcharge of £2,026.69 imposed by HMRC on 15 March 2013, in respect of the VAT period ended 31 January 2013, for his failure to submit, by the due date, payment of VAT due. The surcharge was calculated at 5% of the VAT due of £40,533.80.
3. The point at issue is whether or not the Appellant has a reasonable excuse for making late payments..
Background
4. The Appellant has been in the VAT default surcharge regime from period 07/11.
5. The Appellant paid VAT on a quarterly basis. Section 59 of the VAT Act 1994 requires VAT returns and payment of VAT to be made on or before the end of the month following each calendar quarter. [Reg. 25(1) and Reg 40(1) VAT Regulations 1995.]
6. HMRC have discretion to allow extra time for both filing and payment when these are carried out by electronic means. [VAT Regulations 1995 SI 1995/2518 regs. 25A (20), 40(2)]. Under that discretion, HMRC allow a further seven days for electronic filing and payment.
7. In respect of the first default, as payment was made electronically the due date for the 01/13 period was 7 March 2013. The return was received on 1 March 2013 and the VAT payment in two instalments on 8 March 2013 and 4 April 2013.
8. In respect of the second default, as payment was made electronically the due date for the 07/13 period was 7 September 2013. The return was received on 2 September 2013 and the VAT payment on 9 September 2013, two days late.
9. A taxable person who is otherwise liable to a default surcharge may nevertheless escape that liability if he can establish that he has a reasonable excuse for the late payment which gave rise to the default surcharge. Section 59 (7) VATA 1994 sets out the relevant provisions : -
‘(7) If a person who apart from this sub-section would be liable to a surcharge under sub-section (4) above satisfies the Commissioners or, on appeal, a Tribunal that in the case of a default which is material to the surcharge –
(a) the return or as the case may be, the VAT shown on the return was despatched at such a time and in such a manner that it was reasonable to expect that it would be received by the commissioners within the appropriate time limit, or
(b) there is a reasonable excuse for the return or VAT not having been so despatched then he shall not be liable to the surcharge and for the purposes of the preceding provisions of this section he shall be treated as not having been in default in respect of the prescribed accounting period in question.’
10. Section 59(7) must be applied subject to the limitation contained in s 71(1) VATA 1994 which provides as follows : -
‘(1) For the purposes of any provision of section 59 which refers to a reasonable excuse for any conduct -
(a) any insufficiency of funds to pay any VAT due is not a reasonable excuse.’
Although an insufficiency of funds to pay any VAT due is not a reasonable excuse, case law has established the principle that the underlying cause of any insufficiency of funds may constitute a reasonable excuse.
11. The onus of proof rests with HMRC to show that the surcharge was correctly imposed. If so established, the onus then rests with the Appellant to demonstrate that there was reasonable excuse for late payment of the tax. The standard of proof is the ordinary civil standard of the balance of probabilities.
Appellant’s contentions
12. The Appellant does not dispute that his VAT payments for the periods 01/13 and 07/13 were late.
13. The Appellant’s grounds of appeal are that he had cash flow problems. With regard to the default in period 01/13, he says that he notified HMRC that he would be late making payment, but accepts that he did not agree a time to pay arrangement. He also accepts that his appeal for that default is outside the statutory time limit for making an appeal.
14. With regard to the default in period 07/13, the Appellant says that whilst he had sufficient funds in his account to pay the VAT due, the payment of other direct debits meant that his funds were not cleared for the purposes of an electronic payment on 6 September 2013. Had 7 September 2013 not fallen on a Saturday the payment would have been made on time.
15. The Appellant also says that the surcharges are unfair, and in particular with regard to the second default when payment was only two days late.
HMRC’s contentions
16. The period 01/13 had a due date of 7 March 2013 for electronic VAT Payments and Returns. The VAT return was received on time. The Appellant paid his VAT electronically. The tax due was £40,533.80. The first payment of £20,000.00 was only one day late, but payment of the balance outstanding of £20,553.80 was received by HMRC on 4 April 2013, twenty-eight days late. As the payment was received late the surharge was correctly imposed.
17. The period 7/13 had a due date of 7 September 2013 for electronic VAT Payments and Returns. The VAT return was received on time. The tax due was £18,588.69. The payment was only two days after the due date, having been paid on 9 September 2013. However, as the payment was received late the surcharge was correctly imposed.
18. The Appellant entered the Default Surcharge Regime following a default in period 07/11. He then defaulted in period 04/12, and again in periods 01/13 and 07/13, which are under appeal.
19. The potential financial consequences attached to the risk of default should have been known to the Appellant from the information printed on the 07/11 Surcharge Liability Notice.
20. Included within the notes on the reverse of the Surcharge Liability Notice, is the following, standard, paragraph:
"Please remember: Your VAT returns and any tax due must reach HMRC by the due date. If you expect to have any difficulties contact either your local VAT office, listed under HM Revenue & Customs in the phone book as soon as possible, or the National Advice Service on 0845 010 9000.”
21. The reverse of each notice details how surcharges are calculated and the percentages used in determining any financial surcharge in accordance with the VAT Act 1994 s 59(5).
22. The requirements for submitting timely electronic payments can in any event be found-
· In notice 700 "the VAT guide" paragraph 21.3.1 which is issued to every trader upon registration.
· On the actual website www.hmrc,gov.uk
· On the E-VAT return acknowledgement.
23. The surcharge has therefore been correctly issued in accordance with the VAT Act 1994 s 59(4), payment having been received by HMRC after the due date.
24. With regard to the Appellant’s grounds of appeal, it is specifically stated in s71(1) VATA 1994 that any insufficiency of funds to pay any VAT is not reasonable excuse.
25. HMRC may allow additional time for payment if requested. Any request must be made prior to the date on which the VAT falls due. The Appellant made no contact with HMRC prior to the due dates for payment and did not make any request for a time to pay arrangement.
26. The Appellant says that the surcharge is entirely disproportionate to the delay which has occurred. The case of Total Technology (Engineering) Limited v HMRC was heard in the Upper Tribunal when it was held that:
1) There is nothing in the architecture of the Default Surcharge system which makes it fatally flawed.
2) The Tribunal found that the DS penalty does not breach EU law on the principle of proportionality.
3) In order to determine whether or not a penalty is disproportionate, the Upper Tier Tribunal addressed the following factors:
(a) The number of days of the default
(b) The absolute amount of the penalty
(c) The ‘inexact correlation of turnover and penalty’
(d) The ‘absence of any power to mitigate’
4) The Upper Tribunal Chamber President, Mr. Justice Warren and Judge Colin Bishopp decided that none of these leads to the conclusion that the Default Surcharge regime infringes the principle of proportionality
Conclusion
27. The Appellant was clearly aware of the due date for payments of its VAT and the potential consequences of late payment.
28. The Appellant’s first ground of appeal is that he was suffering cash flow shortages at the time of the default.
29. In Customs & Excise Commissioners v Steptoe [1992] STC 757 the taxpayer argued that although the proximate cause of his default was insufficiency of funds, the underlying cause of that insufficiency, namely the unexpected failure by a major customer to pay him on time, amounted to a reasonable excuse. The Court determined on a majority that the statutory exclusion of insufficiency of funds as an excuse did not preclude consideration of the underlying cause of insufficiency and that a trader might have a reasonable excuse if it were caused by an unforeseeable or inescapable event or when, despite the exercise of reasonable forethought and due diligence, it could not have been avoided. The Court nevertheless made it clear that the test had to be applied strictly.
30. To decide whether a reasonable excuse exists where insufficiency of funds causes the failure the Tribunal must take for comparison a person in a similar situation to that of the actual taxpayer who is relying on the reasonable excuse defence. The Tribunal should then ask itself, with that comparable person in mind, whether notwithstanding that person’s exercise of reasonable foresight, due diligence and a proper regard for the fact that the tax would become payable on the particular dates, those factors would not have avoided the insufficiency of funds which led to the failures.
31. The Tribunal accepts that the underlying cause of the defaults may have been cash flow shortage However the Appellant has not been able to provide any information to show that the cash flow shortage was entirely unforeseeable, outside the normal hazards of trading or due to events beyond his control
32. The Appellant could have requested time to pay but did not do so.
33. Legislation lays down the surcharges to be applied in the event of VAT being paid late and surcharges are applied at a rate which is fixed by statute and is determined by the number of defaults in any surcharge liability period.
34. The burden of proof is on the Appellant to show that he has a reasonable excuse for the late payment of VAT for the periods 01/13 and 07/13. In the Tribunal’s view, for the reasons given above, that burden has not been discharged.
35. The Appellant says that the surcharges, and in particular that for period 07/13 are unfair. For the reasons submitted by HMRC and set out in paragraph 26 above, this is not a ground of appeal which can be considered by the Tribunal.
36. The appeal is accordingly dismissed and the surcharges upheld.
37. This document contains full findings of fact and reasons for the decision. Any party dissatisfied with this decision has a right to apply for permission to appeal against it pursuant to Rule 39 of the Tribunal Procedure (First-tier Tribunal) (Tax Chamber) Rules 2009. The application must be received by this Tribunal not later than 56 days after this decision is sent to that party. The parties are referred to “Guidance to accompany a Decision from the First-tier Tribunal (Tax Chamber)” which accompanies and forms part of this decision notice.
MICHAEL S CONNELL
TRIBUNAL JUDGE
RELEASE DATE: 21 May 2014