Made | 6th March 2007 | ||
Laid before the Scottish Parliament | 7th March 2007 | ||
Coming into force | 6th April 2007 |
1. | Citation, commencement and extent |
2. | Interpretation |
3. | Competent authority and agency arrangements |
4. | Notification by keepers |
5. | Ear tags |
6. | Notification |
7. | Cattle passports etc |
8. | Records |
9. | Charging for information |
10. | Powers of inspectors |
11. | Power to restrict movements |
12. | Slaughter of animals without identification |
13. | Failure to comply with a licence |
14. | Obstruction etc |
15. | Offences by bodies corporate |
16. | Penalties |
17. | Enforcement |
18. | Revocations |
SCHEDULE 1 — | Ear tags |
SCHEDULE 2 — | Notification |
SCHEDULE 3 — | Cattle passports etc |
PART 1 — | General |
PART 2 — | Movement and cattle passports etc |
SCHEDULE 4 — | Records |
SCHEDULE 5 — | Revocations |
(2) Expressions in these Regulations that appear in the Community legislation have the same meaning in these Regulations as they have for the purposes of that legislation.
(3) Any approval, authorisation, licence, notice or registration issued under–
shall be in writing, may be made subject to conditions and may be amended or revoked by notice in writing at any time.
(4) Any reference in these Regulations to anything done in writing or produced in written form includes a reference to an electronic communication, as defined in the Electronic Communications Act 2000[17], that has been recorded and is consequently capable of being reproduced.
Competent authority and agency arrangements
3.
—(1) The Scottish Ministers shall be the competent authority in relation to Scotland to whom reports shall be made in accordance with the second indent of Article 7(1) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000.
(2) The Scottish Ministers may, with the agreement of another competent authority, arrange for any of their functions under Commission Regulation (EC) No. 494/98, Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000, Commission Regulation (EC) No. 911/2004 or these Regulations to be exercised on their behalf by that other competent authority as agent for the Scottish Ministers.
(3) Such an arrangement shall be in writing and be signed by or on behalf of the Scottish Ministers and the other competent authority concerned and may be subject to such conditions (including conditions as to financial arrangements) as may be agreed from time to time.
(2) Any change to the information provided in accordance paragraph (1) shall be notified to the Scottish Ministers by the keeper within one month of the change.
Power to restrict movements
11.
In accordance with the second paragraph of Article 22(1) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000, an officer of the Scottish Ministers may serve a notice in writing on any keeper of animals on a holding prohibiting or restricting the movement of any animal to or from the holding except under the authority of a licence.
Slaughter of animals without identification
12.
—(1) The Scottish Ministers are the veterinary authority for the purposes of Article 1(2) of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 494/98.
(2) In accordance with Article 1(2) of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 494/98, if the keeper of an animal cannot prove its identification within 2 working days an officer of the Scottish Ministers shall serve a notice on the keeper requiring that the animal be killed and disposed of as specified in the notice.
(3) If a person on whom a notice is served under sub-paragraph (2) fails to comply with the notice the Scottish Ministers may cause the animal to be killed and disposed of and the amount of any expenses reasonably incurred by them is recoverable from that person.
Failure to comply with a licence
13.
Any person who moves an animal in breach of a licence or any condition of a licence issued under these Regulations is guilty of an offence.
Obstruction etc.
14.
Any person who–
is guilty of an offence.
Offences by bodies corporate
15.
—(1) Where a body corporate is guilty of an offence under these Regulations, and that offence is shown to have been committed with the consent or connivance of, or to have been attributable to any neglect on the part of–
that person as well as the body corporate shall be guilty of an offence and be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
(2) If the affairs of a body corporate are managed by its members, the provisions of paragraph (1) shall apply in relation to the acts and defaults of a member in connection with the member's functions of management as if the member were a director of the body corporate.
(3) For the purposes of paragraph (1), "director" in relation to a body corporate whose affairs are managed by its members, means a member of the body corporate and "body corporate" includes a partnership in Scotland, and, in relation to such a partnership, a reference to a director or other officer of a body corporate is a reference to a partner.
Penalties
16.
A person guilty of an offence under these Regulations is liable–
Enforcement
17.
—(1) Subject to paragraph (2), these Regulations shall be enforced by the local authority.
(2) The Scottish Ministers may direct in relation to cases of a particular description or any particular case that an enforcement duty imposed on the local authority under this regulation shall be discharged by the Scottish Ministers and not by the local authority.
Revocations
18.
The enactments specified in Schedule 5 are revoked.
ROSS FINNIE
A member of the Scottish Executive
St Andrew's House, Edinburgh
6th March 2007
(b) in the case of bison, within 9 months of birth or when the animal is separated from its mother, whichever is sooner, in accordance with Articles 1 and 2 of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 509/199; and
(c) in the case of any other animal, within 20 days of birth.
(3) The identification code for the purposes of Article 1(2) of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 911/2004 shall be the following information in the following order–
Animals imported from third countries
2.
—(1) Any keeper of an animal from a third country shall apply ear tags to that animal in accordance with Article 4(3) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000.
(2) Sub paragraph (1) does not apply where the holding of destination of the animal is a slaughterhouse and the requirements of indent 2 of Article 4(3) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000 are met.
(3) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Animals kept for cultural or historical purposes
3.
—(1) Any keeper who keeps animals for cultural or historical purposes may apply to the Scottish Ministers to have the holding on which the animals are kept registered for those purposes in accordance with Article 1 of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 644/2005.
(2) If the Scottish Ministers approve a holding for those purposes the derogations in Article 2 of said Regulation apply provided that the animals are identified by means of an electronic identifier contained in a ruminal bolus.
Movement of animals
4.
—(1) Subject to sub paragraph (3), any person who fails to comply with the prohibition on movement in the third indent of Article 4(2) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000 is guilty of an offence.
(2) Subject to sub paragraph (3), any person who moves from a holding an animal not bearing a means of identification that should have been applied in accordance with previous cattle tagging legislation is guilty of an offence.
(3) An officer of the Scottish Ministers or an inspector may issue a licence allowing an animal not bearing a means of identification applied in accordance with these Regulations or previous cattle tagging legislation to be moved from a holding to a specified holding.
Replacement ear tags
5.
—(1) In accordance with Article 4(5) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000 no ear tag may be removed or replaced without the permission of the Scottish Ministers.
(2) The keeper of any animal born on or after 1st January 1998 whose ear tag has been removed or lost or become illegible shall within 28 days of ascertaining that fact apply to the animal a replacement ear tag bearing the same identification code as the ear tag that is to be replaced and–
(3) In the case of an animal born before 1st January 1998 whose ear tag has been removed or lost or become illegible–
(b) the identification code on any replacement ear tag shall be–
(c) if a different identification code is applied under sub paragraph (3)(b)(ii) the keeper shall within 14 days of the replacement ear tag being applied or before the animal is moved off the holding, whichever is the sooner–
(4) This paragraph applies to replacement of ear tags applied under these Regulations, previous cattle tagging legislation or any provision giving effect to Regulation (EC) No. 820/1997 or Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000 in England and Wales, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, Northern Ireland or another member State.
(5) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Approved ear tags
6.
—(1) Any person who applies an ear tag under Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000 or Commission Regulation (EC) No. 911/2004 other than an ear tag approved by the Scottish Ministers is guilty of an offence.
(2) Subject to sub-paragraph (3), the Scottish Ministers shall only approve ear tags that comply with Articles 1 to 3 of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 911/2004 and bear the logo specified in paragraph 12.
(3) In accordance with Article 4(1) of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 911/2004, the Scottish Ministers may approve ear tags of a different material or model than that specified in Articles 2 and 3 of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 911/2004 for the second of the 2 ear tags to be applied to an animal.
Supplementary information
7.
In accordance with Article 1(3) of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 911/2004, at the request of a keeper a manufacturer of approved ear tags may add a bar code to an ear tag.
Intra-Community trade
8.
—(1) No person shall consign an animal for intra-Community trade unless it bears 2 ear tags applied as if in accordance with paragraph 1 and Article 4(1) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000.
(2) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Storage of ear tags
9.
—(1) Any person who has possession of unused ear tags issued for the purposes of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000 and these Regulations shall keep them in a secure place.
(2) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Application of ear tags to other animals
10.
It is an offence to apply to an animal an ear tag with an identification code that has previously been used to identify a different animal.
Alteration of ear tags
11.
It is an offence to alter, obliterate or deface the information on any ear tag applied to an animal under these Regulations, previous cattle tagging legislation or any provision giving effect to Regulation (EC) No. 820/97 or Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000 in England and Wales, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, Northern Ireland or another member State.
Logo for ear tags
12.
The logo for ear tags is
(2) Notification in accordance with sub-paragraph (1) shall be made by means of an application for a cattle passport in accordance with paragraphs 1 to 4 of Schedule 3.
(3) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Notification of movement
2.
—(1) In accordance with Article 7(1) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000, the keeper of an animal moved on to or off a holding shall notify the Scottish Ministers of that movement.
(2) The period determined for the purposes of said Article 7(1) is 3 days from the date the animal is moved off the holding.
(3) For the purpose of this paragraph, notification of movement shall be made in such form and manner as is from time to time approved by the Scottish Ministers.
(4) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Notification of death
3.
—(1) When an animal is killed in a slaughterhouse, the occupier of the slaughterhouse shall notify the Scottish Ministers of its death in accordance with Article 7(1) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000 and notification shall be made in such form and manner as is from time to time approved by the Scottish Ministers.
(2) If an animal is killed elsewhere than a slaughterhouse and its body is sent to a slaughterhouse for dressing–
(3) In any other case when an animal dies the keeper shall notify the Scottish Ministers of its death in accordance with Article 7(1) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000 by entering the details in the identification document and sending it to the Scottish Ministers within 7 days of the death.
(4) If no identification document is available for an animal that dies, the keeper shall within 7 days of its death notify the Scottish Ministers of the death in accordance with Article 7(1) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000 by sending to them, in writing, details of the identification code on any ear tag attached to the animal, the date of death and the holding of death.
(5) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
(2) An application for a cattle passport for a bison shall be accompanied by notification of the identification code of the ear tag that will be attached to the animal.
Applications for cattle passports for animals from other member States etc.
2.
—(1) The keeper at the holding of destination of an animal from the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, Northern Ireland or another member State, shall, within 15 days of its arrival at that holding send to the Scottish Ministers–
(2) Where an animal to which sub-paragraph (1) applies enters a market or showground on arrival in Scotland, the holding of destination is the holding to which the animal is moved from the market or showground.
(3) Sub-paragraph (1) does not apply in relation to an animal whose holding of destination is a slaughterhouse.
Applications for cattle passports for animals from third countries
3.
—(1) The keeper at the holding of destination of an animal from a third country shall apply for a cattle passport for the animal within 15 days of the date it is tagged in accordance with the first paragraph of Article 4(3) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000.
(2) Sub-paragraph (1) does not apply in relation to an animal whose holding of destination is a slaughterhouse.
Method of application
4.
An application for a cattle passport shall be made in such form and manner as is from time to time approved by the Scottish Ministers.
Issue of cattle passports etc.
5.
—(1) On receipt of a properly completed application for a cattle passport submitted under paragraphs 1, 2 or 3 and made in accordance with paragraph 4 the Scottish Ministers shall issue a cattle passport.
(2) The Scottish Ministers may issue a cattle passport when an application is submitted outwith the time limits specified in paragraphs 1 to 3 if they are satisfied that it would be reasonable to do so in all the circumstances of the case.
(3) If the Scottish Ministers are not satisfied that a cattle passport should be issued they shall issue a notice of registration for the animal for which the application was submitted.
(4) Any identification document issued by the Scottish Ministers remains the property of the Scottish Ministers at all times.
Retention of identification documents
6.
—(1) The keeper of any animal for which an identification document has been issued shall retain said document and produce it to an inspector on demand.
(2) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Replacement cattle passports
7.
—(1) The keeper of any animal whose identification document (except a notice of registration) has been lost, stolen, destroyed or become illegible shall submit an application for a cattle passport to the Scottish Ministers within 14 days of becoming aware of that fact.
(2) On receipt of an application submitted under sub-paragraph (1) and made in accordance with paragraph 4 the Scottish Ministers shall issue a cattle passport if they are satisfied that all movements of the animal since its birth or entry to Great Britain can be traced accurately.
(3) If the Scottish Ministers are not satisfied that a cattle passport should be issued for an animal for which an application is submitted under sub-paragraph (1)–
(4) A keeper or person who has kept an animal for which a cattle passport has been issued under sub-paragraph (2) who subsequently recovers the original identification document shall within 7 days of recovering it send written notification of that fact to the Scottish Ministers and return the original identification document to them.
(5) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Replacement notices of registration
8.
—(1) The keeper of an animal whose notice of registration has been lost, stolen, destroyed or become illegible shall submit an application for a notice of registration to the Scottish Ministers within 14 days of the date of becoming aware of that fact.
(2) An application for a notice of registration shall be made in such form and manner as is from time to time approved by the Scottish Ministers.
(3) On receipt of a properly completed application the Scottish Ministers shall issue a notice of registration.
Fees
9.
The Scottish Ministers may impose a reasonable fee for processing an application for a replacement cattle passport.
Missing animals
10.
—(1) If an animal for which an identification document has been issued is lost or stolen, the keeper shall within 7 days of becoming aware of that fact notify the Scottish Ministers of it and return the identification document to them.
(2) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Surrender of identification documents
11.
—(1) An officer of the Scottish Ministers or a local authority inspector may serve a notice on a keeper requiring the surrender of an identification document or a movement card if that officer or inspector reasonably believes that the provisions of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000 or these Regulations have not been complied with.
(2) Any person on whom a notice is served under sub-paragraph (1) who fails to comply with the notice is guilty of an offence.
Alterations
12.
It is an offence to alter any information in an identification document with intent to deceive or to deface an identification document.
Misusing an identification document
13.
It is an offence to use an identification document in relation to an animal other than the animal for which it was issued.
(2) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Transporting animals
15.
—(1) No person shall knowingly transport an animal that is not accompanied by its identification document.
(2) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Movement on to a holding
16.
—(1) Any person transporting an animal shall pass its identification document (except a notice of registration) to the keeper at the holding to which the animal is delivered.
(2) The keeper taking possession of any animal that is accompanied by a cattle passport shall within 36 hours of the arrival of the animal on the holding–
(b) sign the cattle passport.
(3) Any animal to which sub-paragraph (2) applies shall not be moved off the holding until the requirements of that sub-paragraph have been complied with.
(4) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Animals from outside Great Britain
17.
—(1) If any animal arrives in Scotland from outside Great Britain it may be moved from its point of entry into Scotland to the holding at which its arrival must be notified to the Scottish Ministers in accordance with paragraph 1 of Schedule 2 if it is accompanied by–
(2) The keeper at the holding referred to in sub-paragraph (1) shall within 36 hours of the arrival of the animal on the holding–
(b) sign the cattle passport.
(3) Any animal to which this paragraph applies shall not be moved off the holding until the requirements of sub-paragraph (2) have been complied with.
(4) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Export to third countries
18.
—(1) In accordance with Article 6(5) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000, the keeper of any animal that is exported to a third country shall send the cattle passport for that animal to the Scottish Ministers within 7 days of the departure of the animal from Scotland.
(2) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Markets
19.
—(1) The operator of a market shall not allow an animal to enter the market unless it is accompanied by–
(2) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Animals with notices of registration
20.
—(1) No person shall move an animal for which a notice of registration has been issued from a holding except under the authority of a licence.
(2) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Licences
21.
An officer of the Scottish Ministers or an inspector may issue a licence allowing an animal to be moved without an identification document if the officer or inspector is satisfied that it is necessary to move the animal.
(3) In the case of an animal born before 1st April 1995 that is not identified by means of an ear tag with an identification code, the register shall also contain a description of any means of identification applied under previous cattle tagging legislation.
(4) The keeper shall complete the register at the following times–
(5) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
Provision of information
2.
Any person who fails to comply with a request for information in accordance with Article 7(3) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000 is guilty of an offence.
Retention of records
3.
—(1) For the purposes of Article 7(4) of Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000 the period determined by the Scottish Ministers for which a register must be available is–
(2) That period shall be calculated from the end of the calendar year in which the last entry was made in the register.
(3) Any record made under the Bovine Animals (Records, Identification and Movement) Order 1995[18] shall be available for the times set out in sub paragraphs (1) and (2).
(4) Failure to comply with this paragraph is an offence.
The Bovine Animals (Records, Identification and Movement) Order 1995 | S.I. 1995/12 |
The Cattle Identification Regulations 1998 | S.I. 1998/871 |
The Cattle Database Regulations 1998 | S.I. 1998/1796 |
The Cattle Identification (Amendment) Regulations 1998 | S.I. 1998/2969 |
The Cattle Identification (Amendment) Regulations 1999 | S.I. 1999/1939 |
The Cattle (Identification of Older Animals) (Scotland) Regulations 2001 | S.S.I. 2001/1 |
The BSE Monitoring (Scotland) Regulations 2001 | S.S.I. 2001/231 |
The BSE Monitoring (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2002 | S.S.I. 2002/1 |
The Cattle Identification (Notification of Movement) (Scotland) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 | S.S.I. 2002/22 |
The Cattle Identification (Amendment) Regulations 2006 | S.I. 2006/1538 |
The Cattle Database (Amendment) Regulations 2006 | S.I. 2006/1539 |
They consolidate and revoke the following instruments, and their amending instruments–
In addition to consolidating existing legislation they introduce changes, the principal of which are–
The regulations
Regulation 3 provides that the Scottish Ministers may enter agency agreements with other competent authorities.
Regulation 4 provides for notification by keepers.
Regulation 9 provides for the imposition of a charge for providing information from the Cattle Tracing System data base.
Regulations 10 and 11 identify the powers available to inspectors for the purposes of administration and enforcement. Regulation 12 provides for the slaughter of animals without identification.
Regulations 13 to 17 relate to obstruction, offences and enforcement by the local authority.
Schedule 1: ear tags
Paragraph 1 provides for the application of identification in the form of ear tags on the birth of an animal. Paragraph 2 provides for the application of ear tags to animals imported from outside the European Community. Paragraph 3 contains an exception for animals kept for cultural or historical purposes.
Paragraph 4 makes it an offence to move animals not bearing identification from a holding.
Paragraph 5 makes it an offence to remove or replace an eartag without permission and sets out rules for the application of replacement identification where the original has been removed or lost or become illegible.
Paragraph 6 relates to the approval of ear tags by the Scottish Ministers and paragraph 7 allows bar codes to be added.
Paragraphs 8 to 11 are offence provisions relating to the consignment of animals to another member State, the application of an animal's individual identification code to a different animal, alteration of information on ear tags and storage of ear tags.
Paragraph 12 identifies the logo for approved ear tags.
Schedule 2: notification
Paragraphs 1 to 3 provide for notification of the birth of an animal or its arrival in Scotland, notification of movement to or from a holding and notification of the death of an animal.
Schedule 3: cattle passports etc
Paragraphs 1 to 13 are general provisions relating to identification documents.
Paragraph 1 provides that keepers must apply for cattle passports on the birth of an animal and sets out time limits. Paragraphs 2 and 3 relate to applications for cattle passports for animals from other member States and animals from outside the European Community.
Paragraphs 4 to 6 relate to method of application, issue and retention of cattle passports.
Paragraphs 7 to 9 provide for the application for and issue of replacement identification documents.
Paragraph 10 relates to the surrender of identification documents for animals who are lost or stolen.
Paragraph 11 provides for surrender of identification documents in the event of failure to comply with the Community legislation or these Regulations.
Paragraphs 12 and 13 are offence provisions relating to alteration of information on identification documents and using an animal's identification document for a different animal.
Paragraphs 14 to 20 relate to the information to be entered on cattle passports when an animal is moved and to possession of identification documents.
Paragraphs 14 and 16 provide for what must be done when animals are moved off a holding and on to a holding. Paragraph 15 provides that no person shall transport an animal without a cattle passport.
Paragraphs 17 relates to imported animals, paragraph 18 relates to animals that are exported and paragraph 19 deals with animals in markets.
Paragraph 20 prohibits the movement of animals with notices of registration except under the authority of a licence.
Paragraph 21 provides for the issue of licences to allow animals without identification documents to be moved.
Schedule 4: records
Paragraph 1 provides that keepers of animals must keep registers and enter information for each animal relating to identification codes, birth, arrival from another holding, departure, death and identity of dam and that failure to comply is an offence.
Paragraphs 2 and 3 are offence provisions relating to provision of information at the request of the Scottish Ministers and retention of records.
A Regulatory Impact Assessment has not been produced for this instrument because it has no impact on the costs of business.
[2] 1973 c.51. The reference to a Government department in section 56(1) is to be read as a reference to the Scottish Administration by virtue of article 2(2) of the Scotland Act (Consequential Modifications) (No. 2) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999/1820) and the functions of the Minister transferred to the Scottish Ministers by virtue of section 53 of the Scotland Act 1998. The requirement to obtain the consent of the Treasury was removed by section 55 of the Scotland Act 1998.back
[4] O.J. No. L 060, 28.2.98, p.78.back
[5] O.J. No. L 060, 9.3.99, p.53.back
[6] O.J. No. L 163, 30.4.2004, p.65; to which there are amendments not relevant to these Regulations.back
[7] O.J. No. L 107, 28.4.05, p.18.back
[8] O.J. No. 117, 7.5.1997, p.1; relevantly amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2628/97 (O.J. L 354, 30.12.97, p.17), Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2629/97 (O.J. L 354, 30.12.97, p.19), Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2630 (O.J. L 354, 30.12.97, p.23) and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 494/98 (O.J. L 060, 28.2.98, p.78); repealed by Regulation (EC) No. 1760/2000.back
[11] S.I. 1998/871, amended by S.I. 1998/1796 and 2969, S.I. 1999/1339 and S.I. 2006/1538 and S.S.I. 2001/231 and S.S.I. 2002/1.back
[12] S.I. 1995/12, relevant amending instruments are S.I. 1996/1686, S.I. 1997/1901 and S.I. 1998/871.back
[13] S.I. 1990/1867, amended by S.I. 1993/503. Revoked by S.I. 1995/12 and 1997/1901.back
[14] S.I. 1984/1943, amended by S.I. 1990/1869 and S.I. 1995/2922. Revoked by S.I. 1990/1869, S.I. 2005/346 and S.I. 2006/394 and 1053.back
[15] S.I. 1984/2063, relevant amending instrument is S.I. 1990/1908. Revoked by S.S.I. 2005/434.back
[16] O.J. No. L 204, 11.8.2000, p.1; to which there are amendments not relevant to these Regulations.back
[17] 2000 c.7; amended by paragraph 158 of Schedule 17 to the Communications Act 2003 (c.21).back
[18] S.I. 1995/12, relevant amending instruments are S.I. 1996/1686, S.I. 1997/1901 and S.I. 1998/871.back