APPEAL COURT, HIGH COURT OF JUSTICIARY
|
Lord Philip
Lord Mackay of Drumadoon
|
[2007] HCJAC16
Appeal No: XC348/06
OPINION OF THE COURT
delivered by LORD MACKAY
OF DRUMADOON
in
NOTE OF APPEAL AGAINST
SENTENCE
by
FABIAN BUEHRIG WRIGHT
Appellant;
against
HER MAJESTY'S ADVOCATE
Respondent:
_______
|
Appellant: Brown; Balfour & Manson
Respondent: McKenna, A.D.; Crown Agent
2 March 2007
[1] The appellant
was convicted at Aberdeen High Court on 21 February
2006,
following trial on a charge of contravening section 1 of the Road Traffic
Act 1988. That charge was in the
following terms:
"On 13
January 2005 on a road or other public place, namely Beach Boulevard, Aberdeen
at its junction with Links Road, Aberdeen you did cause the death of Lisa Marie
Wyllie formerly residing at 11 Inchbrae Drive, Aberdeen by driving a
mechanically propelled vehicle, namely motor vehicle registered number A8 FBW dangerously
and did drive at excessive speed and fail to comply with a red signal shown by
traffic lights and did collide with motor vehicle registered number Y756 MGR
driven by Laura Jane Mackie, c/o Grampian Police, Queen Street, Aberdeen
whereby said Laura Jane Mackie and Stuart Douglas Dempster, c/o Grampian
Police, Queen Street, Aberdeen a passenger in your motor vehicle were injured
and said Lisa-Marie Denise Wyllie, a passenger in motor vehicle registered
number Y756 MGR was so severely injured that she died on 18 January 2005 at
Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill Road, Aberdeen: CONTRARY to the Road Traffic Act 1988,
Section 1."
[2] Having deferred
sentence to allow for the preparation of reports, on 14 March
2006 the trial
judge imposed a sentence of five years imprisonment. He also disqualified the appellant from holding
a driving licence for a period of ten years and until he passed the extended
test of competence to drive.
[3] In his report
to this court the trial judge summarised the evidence upon which the Crown
relied in seeking the appellant's conviction. He did so in the following terms:-
" The appellant and a friend Stuart
Dempster went for a drink together on the evening of 13 January 2005 at Sunset Boulevard, an
establishment situated on Links
Road in Aberdeen. They arrived there at about 9.30pm and the appellant consumed a pint
of lager. There was no suggestion in the
evidence that his ability to drive was impaired through drink. They left the premises at about 10pm and got into the appellant's car,
which was an Audi S3 four wheel drive car, registered number A8 FBW. The appellant was driving, and
Mr Dempster was in the front passenger seat. They were returning to the appellant's
house. Their direct route to this
destination would have taken them northwards along Links
Road, to its junction with Beach
Boulevard, and then left along Beach
Boulevard towards Aberdeen city
centre. The appellant did not take this
route, but instead drove across Beach
Boulevard and continued northwards on the
continuation of Links Road. His route took him in a complete loop, past
the Patio Hotel and the Beach Ballroom and back to Beach
Boulevard at its junction with the
Esplanade. The vehicle was stopped at
the traffic lights at the eastern end of Beach
Boulevard at its junction with the
Esplanade; when these lights turned
green, the appellant accelerated away and drove at speed towards the traffic
lights governing the junction of Beach
Boulevard with Links
Road.
A
large number of witnesses gave evidence about the speed at which the appellant
was driving as he approached these traffic lights. Each of these witnesses formed the view that
he was driving far too fast. Although
that section of Beach Boulevard was dual
carriageway with a grass central reservation it was subject to a 30 mph speed
limit. Although witnesses' recollections
differed in matters of detail, there was general agreement as to the fact that
the car was travelling at high speed. A
pedestrian who witnessed the subsequent accident stated that his attention was
drawn to the appellant's car by the screaming of its engine and then the
screeching of brakes. Another witness,
Nathan Hopkins, was driving a Fiat car which stopped in the outside lane at the
traffic lights at the eastern end of Beach
Boulevard.
The appellant's car came to a halt at those traffic lights in the inside
lane. When those lights turned green, Mr
Hopkins stated that he accelerated to about 30 mph, but the appellant
pulled away from him and was driving much faster. At the time of the accident Mr Hopkins
estimated the appellant's speed as being at least 70 or 80 mph. Mr Hopkins could see that the appellant drove
through the traffic lights at the junction with Links
Road when they were at red. Dee McDonald was the front seat passenger in
the Fiat car, and her attention was drawn to the appellant's car by the speed
at which he accelerated from the traffic lights. She thought that the Fiat accelerated to
about 30 mph after the lights turned to green, but the Audi was travelling
at twice that speed or maybe more. She
saw the appellant drive the Audi through the traffic lights at the junction
with Links Road when they
were at red. Liam Smith was the rear
seat passenger in the Fiat car. He too
thought that the Fiat accelerated to about 30 mph, and that the Audi
accelerated to 60 mph or maybe more.
He too saw the Audi drive through a red traffic light and the collision
then occurred.
Mr Dempster
was in the front passenger seat of the Audi, but was not paying much attention
to the appellant's driving because he was texting on his mobile phone. He estimated the speed of the Audi at closer
to 40 mph, but he was not looking at the speed. Michael Robertson was driving his estate car
in an easterly direction along Beach
Boulevard, i.e. in the opposite direction to
that in which the Audi was travelling.
His attention was drawn to the Audi by its speed. He stated that he could not believe the speed
of the car - his eyes were on it all the way down Beach
Boulevard, and he saw the collision. He was asked what his impression of the speed
of the Audi was and he guessed 80 or 90 mph. He described the speed of the car as 'horrendous'.
Natalie
Paterson was sitting with friends in a silver Renault Clio car which was parked
on the south side of Beach Boulevard facing in
a westerly direction and approximately 100 yards from its junction with Links
Road.
She was chatting to her friends when her attention was drawn by the
sound of a revving engine. She saw the
appellant's Audi car 'flying' past. She
thought 'Oh my God, what's he doing?', and one of her friends in the car said 'Oh
my God he's going too fast'. She noticed
that the lights were set at red for the Audi, and she saw the Audi drive
through the red lights and collide with another car. Claire Strachan was also in the same car as
Natalie Paterson, and noticed a vehicle approaching at high speed. It was the appellant's dark blue Audi. She stated that their car shook with the
speed of the Audi as it went past. She
estimated the speed of the Audi as it passed them at over 60 mph. She said that it wasn't going to stop, and it
kind of sped up to get through the traffic lights. She saw no signs of the Audi braking, and she
saw the subsequent collision.
Audrey
Mathers was driving her red Suzuki in a northerly direction along Links
Road.
She stopped at the traffic lights at the junction of Links
Road and Beach
Boulevard, and saw a small silver car on Beach
Boulevard facing away from Aberdeen City
Centre and waiting to turn right into Links
Road.
That car was stationary, and then began to turn into Links
Road.
Out of the corner of her eye Mrs Mathers saw a dark car 'flying' along
Beach Boulevard and she thought 'Oh my God'.
Mrs Mathers had been driving for 25 years, and her impression of the
speed of the Audi was in the region of about 70 mph.
Edith
McKimmie was stationary in another car on Links
Road, at its junction with Beach
Boulevard.
She was waiting for the traffic lights to turn green in her favour. She saw the small silver car with two young
girls in it approach the junction along Beach
Boulevard from the city centre and come to a
halt at the traffic lights, waiting to turn into Links
Road.
It was signalling to turn right.
Suddenly from nowhere a dark coloured car appeared and hit the silver
car at the junction. Her impression of
the speed of the dark coloured car was that it was being driven very fast -
maybe at 80 mph. Kim Clarke was in
yet another car waiting at the Links
Road traffic lights and she saw the collision
between the Audi and the silver car. Her
attention was focused on the Audi because of its speed, and she observed that
it must have been travelling at considerably more than 30 mph.
I
make reference to the evidence of the above witnesses with regard to speed not
to suggest that their evidence was accurate, but to give an indication as to
the impression which the appellant's driving made on other independent
witnesses. All of them considered that
he was driving at a grossly excessive speed, far in excess of the legal limit,
and he drove through a red traffic light immediately before colliding with the
small silver car in which the deceased was a front seat passenger. On the basis of the unchallenged evidence of
the police expert accident investigator PC Christopher Smith, it is clear that
the speed of the appellant's car at the point of impact was not as fast as the
estimates of the independent witnesses.
He calculated that the pre-impact speed of the Audi was
50 mph. The traffic lights at the
junction were operating normally and in accordance with the national standard.
They had turned red 1.44 seconds before the impact, and had been at amber for 3 seconds
before this; the appellant should
therefore have been prepared to stop some 4.44 seconds before the impact. Assuming that he had been driving at a
constant 50 mph over this period, he would have been 99.42 metres from the
point of impact when the traffic lights turned amber, and 32.24 metres from the
point of impact when they turned red.
The equivalent distances to the stop line at the traffic lights (as
opposed to the point of impact) were 79.02 metres and 11.85 metres. At the point when the traffic lights turned
amber, the appellant would have had sufficient time and distance to bring his
vehicle to a halt in compliance with the red light and thus avoid a collision,
even if he had been travelling at 50 mph."
[4] Before
this Court it was submitted on behalf of the appellant that the sentence
imposed by the trial judge was excessive and inappropriate having regard to a
number of factors. In the first place it
was argued that the appellant's driving had not possessed "other aggravating
factors" such as are discussed in paragraph 15 of the Judgment in R v Cooksley
[2003] 2 Cr. App. 18, which is an authority which has been referred to in a
number of cases before this court, including HMA v Macpherson 2004
S.C.C.R. 579. In Macpherson it was observed that whilst the guidelines set out in Cooksley do not apply in Scotland, they
provide useful examples of the significance of factors relevant to aggravation
and mitigation in a particular case. As
far as the circumstances of the present case were concerned, it was submitted that
the driving which had given rise to the conviction of the appellant had been
over a limited time and distance.
[5] Counsel
for the appellant also founded on the fact that the deceased had not been
wearing a seatbelt at the time of the accident. He submitted that had she done so it was
likely that the consequences of the accident would have been very much less
serious than they had been. Reliance was
also placed on the fact that the appellant did not have any previous convictions
of a similar nature; the appellant's conduct immediately following the accident,
in remaining at the scene and providing assistance; the appellant's otherwise
positive character, as illustrated by his service as a police officer and his
voluntary work for charity; the appellant's remorse and insight into the
consequences of the accident for the deceased's family; and the depressive
illness from which the appellant had been suffering, which is discussed in a report
prepared by Professor Alexander, which was before the trial judge and this court. This court was also informed that because the
appellant has been a police officer he requires to be segregated from other
prisoners and confined to his cell for 20 hours a day.
[6] In
considering the authorities which were referred to by counsel for the
appellant, it is also appropriate to take into account the case of R v Richardson
& Others [2006] EWCA Crim 3186, which was decided by the Court of
Appeal (Criminal Division) in England on 18 December 2006. That case revises the guidance laid down in R v Cooksley
for courts in England and Wales, in light
of the provisions of section 285 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003, which
increased the maximum sentence for a contravention of section 1 of the
Road Traffic Act 1988 from ten years to fourteen years.
[7] We
deal separately with the term of imprisonment and the period of
disqualification imposed.
[8] Having
carefully considered the submissions placed before us by counsel for the
appellant we have reached the conclusion that the appeal against the sentence
of imprisonment of five years should be refused. It is clear from the evidence upon which the
jury was entitled to rely that the appellant deliberately drove his car in a
highly dangerous manner from the point he set off from a stationary position at
the traffic lights controlling the junction of Beach
Boulevard with the Esplanade until the
accident occurred. The appellant's car
set off from that junction in the inside lane, by undertaking the car driven by
Mr Hopkins. As he drove along the stretch
of the Beach Boulevard, between
that junction and the junction between Beach
Boulevard and Links
Road, which was also controlled by
traffic lights, the appellant's car was observed by a number of Crown witnesses.
The manner in which the appellant was
driving caught the attention of those witnesses, who were concerned about what
they saw. Their impression was that the
appellant was driving at a grossly excessive speed. The appellant then drove
through traffic lights, which were showing red, and into collision with the
vehicle in which the deceased was a passenger.
There is no suggestion that any fault on the part of the driver of the
vehicle in which the deceased was a passenger contributed to the occurrence of
the accident.
[9] In
our opinion, whilst there are no aggravating factors in this case such as the
appellant driving whilst under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or having a
bad record of previous road traffic convictions or running away after the
accident, the manner in which the appellant drove off from the first junction could
be considered to amount to aggressive driving. Moreover as he drove along Beach
Boulevard and into the junction where the
accident occurred, the appellant was driving at a speed which was greatly in
excess of the speed limit of 30 mph. He deliberately
drove at speed along the whole stretch of road between the two junctions and
through the red lights at the second junction. In our opinion, such considerations clearly
increased the culpability of the appellant's driving as he approached the scene
of the fatal accident and into collision with the car in which the deceased was
a passenger.
[10] The manner in which the appellant drove can not be considered
to have been a momentary dangerous error of judgment or a short period of bad
driving. It was much more serious than
that. He deliberately drove at a speed
which was so dangerous, having regard both to the nature and condition of the
road at the time, that he disabled himself from reacting appropriately to occurrences
on the road which should have caused him to modify his driving, namely the
changing of the lights to red and the right turn being executed by the driver
of the Renault Clio car. Having regard
to the maximum penalty for a contravention of section 1 of the 1998 Act, the
trial judge was correct in taking the view that this was not a case which fell
towards the upper end of the range of available sentences. He was, however, entitled to view the
appellant's culpability as warranting a sentence of the nature he imposed and
to the extent that it is appropriate for a judge in Scotland to have
regard to the sentencing guidelines laid down in Cooksley and Richardson,
we are not persuaded that such reference indicates that the sentence of
imprisonment imposed was excessive.
[11] We consider that the trial judge was correct to disregard the
factors that the deceased was not wearing a seatbelt at the time of the
accident and that the appellant may well experience difficulties in prison, on
account of his having been a police officer. In our opinion, the approach the trial judge
took when addressing both of those factors cannot be criticised. Furthermore, we are not persuaded that the
trial judge failed to take into account the various mitigating factors that
were placed before him.
[12] In these circumstances, having considered the sentence imposed
by the trial judge, under reference to the authorities to which we were
directed, we have reached the conclusion that the appeal insofar as it is
directed against the sentence of imprisonment should be refused.
[13] We are however persuaded that a period of ten years disqualification
imposed by the trial judge was excessive.
We quash that part of the sentence and re-impose a period of
disqualification of five years linked with an order that the appellant will be
disqualified from driving until he has passed the extended test of competence
to drive once the five year period has run its course.