British
and Irish Legal Information Institute
Freely Available British and Irish Public Legal Information
[Home] [Databases] [World Law] [Multidatabase Search] [Help] [Feedback]
Scottish Court of Session Decisions
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> Scottish Court of Session Decisions >> RECLAIMING MOTION OF MAREN RUDDIMAN AGAINST IAIN HAWTHORNE AND OTHERS [2020] ScotCS CSIH_46 (11 August 2020)
URL: http://www.bailii.org/scot/cases/ScotCS/2020/2020_CSIH_46.html
Cite as: [2020] CSIH 46, 2021 SLT 111, 2020 GWD 28-366, [2020] ScotCS CSIH_46
[New search] [Printable PDF version] [Help]
Page 1 ⇓
FIRST DIVISION, INNER HOUSE, COURT OF SESSION
Lord President
Lord Brodie
Lord Malcolm
[2020] CSIH 46
A88/10
OPINION OF THE COURT
delivered by LORD CARLOWAY, the LORD PRESIDENT
in the reclaiming motion
in the cause
MAREN ANN MURCHIE RUDDIMAN
against
Pursuer and Respondent
IAIN COLIN CRAIG HAWTHORNE AND OTHERS
______________
Defenders and Reclaimers
Pursuer and Respondent: Lindsay QC; Addleshaw Goddard LLP
Defenders and Reclaimers: Sandison QC; Brodies LLP
11 August 2020
Introduction
[1] The pursuer owns Bieldside House, North Deeside Road, Aberdeen. Her title covers
shaped access driveway leading from the road and both hatched and tinted blue on the plan.
1 It appears pink as reproduced.
Page 2 ⇓
2
The first and second defenders are the owners of Bieldside Lodge, which is tinted yellow on
the plan. For reasons which will become clear, the yellow area is known as Site 1. The first
and second defenders have a right of access over the driveway to reach Site 1. The third to
fifth defenders own an area of vacant ground, which is tinted brown2 on the plan. This area
is known as Site 2.
[2] The action concerns whether the pursuer is entitled to a declarator that the right of
access is restricted to one for the benefit of the first and second defenders and their
successors in title of Site 1 and is to be exercised by them only in so far as is necessary for
access to and egress from that Site. The pursuer also seeks interdict against all the defenders
from using the driveway as a means of access to Site 2 or for any purpose other than is
necessary for access to and egress from Site 1 and otherwise from trespassing on the red area
(Bieldside House) for the purpose of accessing Site 2. At a Procedure Roll debate, the
defenders attempted to have the action dismissed. The Lord Ordinary rejected that motion
in favour of allowing a proof before answer. The question is whether she was correct to do
so.
The Titles
[3] In 1990 the first defender purchased Bieldside House and took title to the property in
the name of himself and his wife, who is the second defender. At that time the House
consisted of all the areas of land now under consideration; that is to say those areas which
are now tinted red, blue, yellow (Site 1) and brown (Site 2) on the title plan. Access to the
House from North Deeside Road was taken along the horseshoe shaped driveway. There
2 It appears red as reproduced.
Page 3 ⇓
3
was a smaller access lane, known as Mill Drive, which is also hatched and tinted blue on the
plan and which leads from the Road to a garage. This access is used by the owners of two
other properties. A third access was by a garden gate on the south side leading from the
Deeside public walkway, which is a former railway line. This gate now spans the boundary
between Sites 1 and 2.
[4] Shortly after the purchase, the first and second defenders sold the red area, which
includes the House, to the pursuer’s predecessors in title. They retained ownership of the
remaining ground which was divided into Sites 1 and 2. They built Bieldside Lodge on
Site 1 and moved into it in 1993. The disposition to the purchasers of the House contained a
reservation:
“In favour of ourselves [ie the first and second defenders] and our successors in title
to the … subjects marked ‘Site 1’ on the … plan … a right of pedestrian and vehicular
access over the driveway leading to Bieldside House … shown coloured blue on the
… plan … in so far as necessary for access to and egress from Site 1 …”.
[5] There was no right over the driveway to access Site 2; there being the alternative
routes via Mill Road and, for pedestrians only, by the southern gate.
Dispute background
[6] From 1995 onwards, the first and second defenders lodged a number of applications
for planning permission for a residential development on Site 2. These were initially
unsuccessful. Meantime, the pursuer had bought the House in 2004. In 2005, Site 2 was
conveyed by the first and second defenders to their children, namely the third to fifth
defenders. The first defender raised an action against his solicitors for negligence based on
Page 4 ⇓
4
too was unsuccessful.
[7] The present action was raised as long ago as February 2010. It was sisted the
following month “for negotiations”. In the same month, the defenders made a further
application for planning permission; this time proposing access along the driveway into
Site 1 and from there to Site 2. This application was again unsuccessful. A further
application in 2012 proposed the same access and a semi-subterranean house on Site 2. In
July 2012 outline planning permission for this was granted.
[8] On 13 November 2015 the pursuer secured interim interdict. In January 2016 the
action was again sisted, this time to explore settlement. On 13 January 2017 the first
defender applied for detailed planning permission for the house, but this was refused. An
appeal to the Scottish Ministers followed. This was not successful, partly because the
proposed method of construction might have affected the historic boundary wall and
gazebo of Bieldside House. In March 2019 the first defender excavated inspection trenches
with a view to exposing the foundations of the wall to see whether it might be safeguarded
in any future development proposal. A further application for planning permission was
refused on 18 November 2019. The appeal against that refusal is extant.
[9] The pursuer avers that she is reasonably apprehensive that the defenders are
planning to develop Site 2 and to use the driveway as an access to it through Site 1. She
maintains that any such development could only take place if there were access and egress
using the driveway. The planning proposals included car parking, apparently for the use of
Site 2, on Site 1. The pursuer’s apprehension stemmed from the continued efforts by the
Page 5 ⇓
5
defenders to develop Site 2, having already applied for planning permission on five separate
occasions and relatively recently excavated the inspection trenches.
[10] The defenders accept that they intend to develop Site 2 for residential purposes.
They accept also that the purpose of the excavation was as averred by the pursuer. In
resisting the conclusions, the defenders point to the absence of any existing planning
permission. The pursuer therefore had no basis for any apprehension that development
would occur in the foreseeable future. The defenders’ answers continue:
“If the proposed dwelling house were to be constructed, no vehicular access would
be taken over the Access Drive, through the ‘Yellow Area’ and into the ‘Brown Area’.
All vehicular access taken over the Access Drive would, as at present, be for the
purpose of parking on the ‘Yellow Area’. The servitude right … does not prevent
any person, having driven over the Access Drive in order to arrive at and park on the
‘Yellow Area’, from thereafter proceeding on foot to the ‘Brown Area’. The
respective owners of the ‘yellow area’ and the ‘brown area’ are free, as an incident of
their respective rights of ownership, to permit free passage to and from those areas
to whomsoever they choose. For the avoidance of doubt, the defenders accept …
that the Access Drive could not lawfully be used for the purpose of facilitating the
construction of any development on the ‘Brown Area’, even if permission for any
such development existed, and thereby judicially undertake not to make any such
use of it.”
The Lord Ordinary’s opinion
[11] The Lord Ordinary observed that there was no real divergence of view on the
applicable law; that depending upon the principle set out in Irvine Knitters v North Ayrshire
Co-operative Society 1978 SC 109. This was that a dominant tenement cannot increase the
burden upon a servient tenement and, in particular, communicate the benefit of a servitude
to a non-dominant tenement. The pursuer was entitled to rely on certain inferences which
could be drawn if the facts pled by her were proved. First, the defenders’ desire to build on
Site 2 remained undiminished. The site had no obvious access route for the purposes of
Page 6 ⇓
6
construction other than by using the driveway. In these circumstances, it could be inferred
that the defenders propose to use the driveway for construction purposes; that is to form a
bridge from the driveway to Site 2, contrary to the principle in Irvine Knitters. The
defenders’ averments suggested that their view of a lawful use of the driveway included
construction vehicles being brought onto Site 1 by means of the driveway and materials and
personnel being transferred to Site 2 as and when required.
Submissions
Defenders
[12] The defenders’ fundamental proposition was that, in terms of the Irvine Knitters
principle, there was no excessive use of the servitude if the defenders used the driveway to
access Site 1 for a lawful purpose and then moved from Site 1 to Site 2. They were entitled
to use Site 1 as a car park for Site 2, because the use of the site as a car park would not be a
breach of the principle. The terms of the interdict sought were therefore inept. The
formulation which was used by the pursuer wrongly suggested that it was impermissible
under any circumstances for someone who has used the driveway to go to Site 1 to progress
to Site 2. In relation to trespassing upon the red area of Bieldside House, there were no
averments upon which a reasonable apprehension could be founded (Inverurie Magistrates v
Sorrie 1956 SC 175 at 179, 181, 183 and 184-5).
[13] A proof would serve no purpose. The inference that the defenders wished to build
on Site 2 was a matter of admission. The suggestion that the defenders’ desire to build,
coupled with an inability to do so other than by using the driveway for construction traffic,
was insupportable in that it did not establish the defenders’ intention. There was no extant
Page 7 ⇓
7
planning permission and the defenders had undertaken not to use the servitude right “for
the purpose of facilitating the construction of any development on Site 2”. The conclusion
for declarator simply stated the scope of the servitude right and served to resolve no live
practical issue. It was thus incompetent (Macnaughton v Macnaughton’s Trustees 1953 SC 387
at 392). It was not for the court to rewrite the pursuer’s conclusions. A proof could achieve
nothing other than delay and expense.
Pursuer
[14] The pursuer countered that the terms of the interdict were no wider than could
properly be granted according to Irvine Knitters v North Ayrshire Co-operative Society (supra).
It was clear from Irvine Knitters (at 117, 120-122) that the defenders were not entitled to use
the access to the dominant tenement (Site 1) to obtain access to other subjects (eg Site 2).
They could not increase the scope of the right of access and use it to secure access for
persons or goods going to subjects contiguous to the dominant tenement “by using the
dominant tenement merely as a bridge between the end of the lane and the non-dominant
subjects”. The interdict, which was sought by the pursuer, did not prevent the defenders
from using the driveway for the bona fide purpose of access to and egress from Site 1, which
was necessary for the reasonable and legitimate enjoyment of that area. However, all
artificial expedients that used Site 1 as a means of accessing Site 2 were prohibited, because
their purpose would be to gain access to Site 2, when that was not necessary for access to
and egress from Site 1. The interdicts would prevent the defenders from using Site 1 as a
mere “bridge” for the purposes of securing access to Site 2. This would include prohibiting
the use of the driveway for the transportation of construction materials and personnel.
Page 8 ⇓
8
[15] If there was a difficulty about the precise terms of the interdict, that could be
adjusted after proof (Retail Parks Investments v Royal Bank of Scotland 1995 SLT 1156 at 1160;
874 at 886).
[16] In order to establish reasonable apprehension, it was sufficient that there was a threat
of excessive use in the future (Burn-Murdoch: Interdict at 86; Allseas UK v Greenpeace 2001 SC
844 at 846). The undertaking offered by the defenders was of limited scope and did not
adequately address the pursuer’s apprehension. The undertaking was that the defenders
would not make any unlawful use of the driveway, but there was a dispute as to what was a
lawful use.
[17] There was a relevant case not only in relation to interdict but also in support of the
conclusion for declarator. The question was whether the declarator was designed to achieve
para [22]). The court was not being asked to determine a hypothetical or academic question.
There was a dispute between the parties and the declarator was designed to achieve the
same practical result as the interdict. Once again, if a problem arose, the terms of the
declarator could be adjusted after proof.
Decision
[18] The use of the driveway to access a car park, which was built on Site 1, with a view
to onward travel to Site 2 is an excessive, and thus unlawful, use of the servitude right of
access.
Page 9 ⇓
9
from those presently under consideration. Nevertheless, the opinions of the Lord President
(Emslie) and Lord Cameron, with both of whom Lord Johnston agreed, set out the law with
customary clarity. The Lord President said (at 117):
“… the defenders as proprietors of the dominant tenement are entitled to use the
lane for traffic of all kinds which is intended to serve, and which in fact serves, any
lawful purpose to which they may choose to devote the dominant subjects. …[T]he
defenders are entitled to obtain access to the dominant tenement in connection with
the purposes for which they elect to use it and to facilitate the carrying on of those
purposes. What they may not do, however, is to use the way, or permit its use by
others, to obtain access to subjects other than the dominant tenement, whether or not
they happen to be heritable proprietors of those other subjects. They may not, in
short, increase the scope of the right of access, and in particular they may not use the
way for the purpose of securing access for persons or goods to subjects contiguous to
the dominant tenement by using the dominant tenement merely as a bridge between
the end of the lane and the non-dominant subjects. …[A] right of access in favour of
one heritable subject may not be used to secure access, via that dominant tenement,
to a contiguous subject in the same or different ownership in order to serve the
purposes of that contiguous subject.”
[20] Lord Cameron echoed this (at 121) by agreeing with the pursuers that:
“…the proprietor of a dominant tenement cannot at his own hand increase the
burden laid upon the servient tenement and in particular "communicate the benefit"
of the servitude to a non-dominant tenement so as to extend the right to the non-
dominant tenement.”
He adopted the dictum in Williams v James (1867) LR 2 CP 577 (Bovill CJ at 580) that:
“… where a person has a right of way over one piece of land to another piece of land,
he can only use such right in order to reach the latter place. He cannot use it for the
purpose of going elsewhere. In most cases of this sort the question has been whether
there was a bona fide or a mere colourable use of the right of way.”
Lord Cameron cited Harris v Flower (1904) 74 LJ Ch 127 in which it was said (Vaughan
Williams LJ at 132) that:
“... a right of way of this sort restricts the owner of the dominant tenement to the
legitimate use of his right; and the Court will not allow that which is in its nature a
Page 10 ⇓
10
burthen on the owner of the servient tenement to be increased without his consent
and beyond the terms of his Grant. The burthen imposed on the servient tenement
must not be increased by allowing the owner of the dominant tenement to make a
use of the way in excess of the Grant.”
The dominant tenement cannot, in Lord Cameron’s view, be used as a bridge over which
persons could pass, as of right, across the servient tenement with the intention of going to
somewhere other than the dominant tenement.
[21] The defenders’ use of the dominant tenement (Site 1) as a means of allowing persons
or goods, which are destined for Site 2, to pass over the driveway on the servient tenement
(the red area) is not permitted under the principle set out in Irvine Knitters. The use of a
device, whereby a car park is created on the dominant tenement and to which the persons or
goods would initially be going, does not alter matters. The dominant tenement would still
be being used as a bridge to a non-dominant tenement. The question is: at the point when
the persons or goods enter the driveway, are they destined in bona fide for the dominant
tenement (Site 1) or a non-dominant tenement (eg Site 2)? If it is the latter, the use of the
servitude is unlawful because it increases the burden on the servient tenement, whereby its
owners are not merely allowing access across their land to the dominant tenement but to a
third tenement beyond it and which has no equivalent right.
[22] The pursuer’s conclusions appear apt to cover the situation envisaged by her
averments. She is seeking a declarator that the use of the driveway is restricted to
pedestrian and vehicular access for the benefit only of the dominant tenement and is
exercisable only by it or those who, with the dominant tenement’s consent, seek access to, or
egress from, the dominant tenement. The interdict seeks to protect the pursuer’s property in
so far as the defenders may attempt to use the driveway for access to Site 2. The meaning of
Page 11 ⇓
11
the interdict is clear. It would prohibit the defenders’ apparent planned use. If, after the
proof before answer, the Lord Ordinary considered that a more limited declarator or
interdict were appropriate, the precise terms of the decree could be adjusted by the court
& Co 1988 SLT 874, Lord Jauncey at 886).
[23] The pursuer’s reasonable apprehension is amply vouched by the defenders’ repeated
planning applications which propose access to Site 2 by using, inter alia, access over the
driveway (including for construction purposes) and taking steps to remedy the problem
which was identified in the previous planning process (ie the threat to the boundary wall).
The defenders’ undertaking does not assist. It is carefully drafted in such a manner as does
not resolve the real issue between the parties; viz, the scope of lawful use of the servitude
right. It merely states that the defenders will not make any unlawful use of the driveway,
but it does not accept that the use, which they appear to be envisaging is unlawful.
[24] The court agrees that a proof may serve little purpose. That is not because the issue is
academic or hypothetical. It is because, on the admitted facts, it is difficult to see what valid
defence there is to decree in terms of the conclusions. However, the pursuer did not at the
Procedure Roll move the court to sustain her first plea-in-law and to grant decree de plano.
Now, in the absence of a motion for summary decree, the case must proceed to the
appointed diet of proof.