ROYAL COURT
(Samedi Division)
31st March, 1999
Before: Francis Charles Hamon, Esq, Deputy Bailiff;
and Jurats Rumfitt and Bullen.
Between:
(1) Armco Inc.
(2) Armco Financial Services Corporation
(3) Armco Financial Services International Limited
(4) Armco Pacific Limited
(5) Northwestern National Insurance CompanyPlaintiffs
And:
(1) Roger Thomas Donohue
(2) Patrick Henry Rossi
(3) Larry Loyd Stinson
(4) David Wilmot Atkins
(5) Wingfield Limited
(6) C.I. Services Holdings Limited
(7) NPV LimitedDefendants
And:
(1) Paul Anthony Brereton Evans and Colin Graham Bird
(2) Abacus Secretaries (Jersey) Limited
(3) Landau Limited
(4) Deutsche Morgan Grenfell (CI) Ltd.
(5) Abacus Nominees LtdParties Cited
Application by the Plaintiffs for an order that the Plaintiffs be given leave to use disclosed documents and information for the purpose of proceedings in the United States Bankruptcy Court and in the United States District Court:
Advocate J.C Martin for the Plaintiffs
Advocate M P G Lewis for the fifth and sixth Defendants
The first, second, third, fourth, and seventh Defendants, and the Parties Cited did not appear and were not represented
JUDGMENT
THE DEPUTY BAILIFF: This is an application for leave to use certain disclosure obtained pursuant to an Order of Justice, the amended version of which was given on 13th August, 1998. One of the parties cited is Abacus Nominees Limited and that company was required to provide information within three working days to the Court in these terms:
"(i)details, including copies of all relevant documentation, of all accounts maintained by them in the names of or for the benefit of the First and/or Second and/or Third and/or Fourth and/or Fifth and/or Sixth and/or Seventh Defendant(s) or in the names of or for the benefit of the First and/or Second and/or Third and/or Fourth and/or Fifth and/or Sixth and/or Seventh Defendant(s) and any third party/parties;
(ii)full details, including copies, of all relevant documentation, surrounding the opening of the accounts including details concerning the date(s) when any such accounts were opened and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, the identity of the person(s) who introduced the account, the references obtained, the signatories to the mandate, together with full details of their addresses;
(iii)full details including copies of all relevant documentation, of all payments received in the accounts in question, together with information to identify the provenance of such payments; and all payments made from the accounts in question, together with information to identify the addresses and recipients of any such payments; and
(iv)all current balances on all relevant accounts."
The points of Law that we have to decide today are clearly set out in Guinness -v- Market Acquisition Consultants Ltd & Ors (1987-88) JLR 104, where at 107 the Court said this. (Where the Court mentions an ‘Anton Piller Order’ we can transpose ‘Mareva injunction’ for these purposes):
"The Court believes the principles governing the instant application to be these:
(a)Where an Anton Piller order (Mareva injunction) is obtained there is an implied undertaking that the information so obtained will be used only in the proceedings for which the information was sought.
(b)That implied undertaking can be varied by order of the court.
(c)An Anton Piller order (Mareva injunction) may be used to obtain information that will enable a plaintiff to pursue his claim against third parties.
(d)A party may not use the information obtained as a result of an Anton Piller order (Mareva injunction) for a collateral or an improper purpose.
(e)Before the court will allow such information to be used in other litigation, whether within or without its jurisdiction, the court must be satisfied that there is at least a common link between the actions.
(f)An inference may be drawn that documents obtained for the purposes of tracing funds claimed by a plaintiff may be used for following and tracing the relevant documents and thus the funds, even in different jurisdictions, provided the plaintiff does not use the documents obtained in one jurisdiction as a means of finding out in the other jurisdiction the facts upon which he would seek to found the second action."
At p.108 of that judgment the Court said this:
"Applying the principles we have adumbrated to the facts of the present application, the court is unable to find that the application is an abuse of the process of the court, or that an order seeking the relief sought would offend the principle that, as far as possible, the court should assist in the discovery of truth so that justice might be done between the parties."
Then there is a further reference to this problem that we have to deal with today in Gee on Mareva Injunctions (4th Ed’n): Chapter 19: p.384:
"It is well established that documents obtained by a party by way of discovery under a court order are subject to an implied undertaking by that party to the court that the documents will be used only for the purpose of the litigation. This undertaking applies both to the documents themselves and the information derived from the documents. In the first edition of Bray on Discovery, the principle was stated:
‘A party who has obtained access to his adversary’s documents under an order for production has no right to make their contents public or communicate them to a stranger to the suit; or to use them or copies of them for any collateral object. If necessary an undertaking to that effect will be made a condition of granting an order.’
Such an undertaking is implied. A party who obtains discovery in proceedings does so on condition that he will make use of the documents for the purposes of that action. This is to encourage and ensure full and unreserved discovery of documents, and because the documents belong to the party disclosing them, and use of the documents for some purpose collateral to the action by the other party is an infringement of the disclosing party’s rights in them."
The reason behind the urgency of the application, according to the plaintiffs, is set out in the fourth and fifth affidavits of Steven Robert Fishbein. Mr. Fishbein states that he is a member of the Bar of the State of New York and a partner in the firm of Shearman & Sterling, US counsel for the plaintiffs. He says that he has been a partner at that firm since 1997 and he goes on to say this:
"A significant portion of my practice at Shearman & Sterling relates to civil litigation concerning allegations of fraud, criminal investigations of financial fraud and related matters. Prior to joining Shearman & Sterling, I was for five years an Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York where I prosecuted criminal cases on behalf of the United States Government."
In his fourth affidavit he says this at paragraph 9:
"The plaintiffs need to use the information to assist in discovery in the RICO action, first, in connection with the depositions of Messrs Rossi and Stinson as it will help establish the disposition of funds obtained from the North Atlantic Group, and secondly, in connection with discovery on the merits of the RICO action. Indeed, the information relates directly to the issues that will be litigated in the RICO action.
The information is also needed for the RICO action as it will assist the plaintiff to trace assets into the hands of the defendants hereto and in the RICO action and to locate the assets which the plaintiffs are claiming."
He amplifies that in his fifth affidavit made on 25th March and he states at paragraphs 23 to 26 of that latest affidavit:
"As stated in section 1 above, the US RICO action is proceeding. The US Court has ordered that the plaintiffs should amend the RICO complaint no later than 15th April, 1999. The plaintiffs require the information for the amendments. The information relates to the disposal of the proceeds of the fraud and reveals how it was passed to the individual defendants. The information is therefore highly relevant to particularising the fraud which is fundamental to the plaintiff’s RICO action.
The plaintiffs will be seriously prejudiced if leave is not granted in time to allow the RICO action to be amended. The plaintiffs have only one opportunity to amend the RICO complaint without leave of the US Court and, if leave in Jersey is granted after 15 April, the plaintiffs will have to apply for leave to amend the RICO complaint again in the US. Clearly there is uncertainty if the US Court would grant such leave or if any conditions would be imposed or if one or more of the US defendants would oppose the plaintiffs’ application.
The plaintiffs are also proposing to take depositions from the six US defendants in late April on their motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. The plaintiffs will have only one opportunity to take depositions on these motions and, to the extent that it is relevant, the plaintiffs will need to use the information for these depositions.
If leave is granted by this honourable Court, I am not aware of any prejudice that the US defendants might suffer other than more evidence being put before the US Court (before which Court the six US defendants have denied the fraud alleged in the RICO action ever took place). The plaintiffs simply seek to put all the relevant evidence into the RICO compliant to assist the US Court in ultimately coming to a decision on the plaintiffs’ allegations of fraud."
We wanted to test the question of the Court Order mentioned by Mr. Fishbein and a copy of the Order was found and given to us by Miss Martin when we reconvened at two o’clock this afternoon. The document is headed ‘Pre-trial Scheduling Order’ and is signed by a Judge of the US District Court. It says this:
"At a regularly conducted status conference, all counsel present or on notice of the conference, held before the undersigned on March 16, 1999, the following pre-trial schedule for this action was adopted by the Court:
(1)Defendant’s motion for protective order to be made no later than March 22, 1999.
(2)Plaintiff’s response to be submitted no later than March 29, 1999.
(3)Plaintiff to amend complaint no later than April 15, 1999.
The parties are instructed pursuant to Rule 16, F.R.Civ.P., to meet and pursue settlement discussions, and plaintiff’s counsel is directed to advise Chambers.
The aforesaid schedule is final and binding upon the parties except, if for good cause shown in strict compliance with Rule II of the Judge’s individual Rules, an extension with respect to one or all dates is granted. Counsel have acknowledged receipt of the Judge’s individual Rules.
All requests for modifications of this and subsequent orders shall recite with specificity all prior leave granted to extend scheduling dates in this matter.
SO ORDERED.
DATED:New York, New York
March 17, 1999.
ALLEN G. SCHWARTZ, U.S.D.J."
Much of that is difficult for this Court to understand but obviously is very clear to US lawyers and it merely gives support to the statement deposed by Mr. Fishbein that in fact he has to amend the complaint for the plaintiffs no later than April 15, 1999. It is ocular proof of what he said in his affidavit.
Mr. Fishbein goes on to say this in his affidavit:
"The plaintiffs have stated from the outset of the Jersey proceedings that they are ancillary to and in support of the US proceedings which is where the plaintiffs intend to proceed substantively. I confirm that the contents of my first affidavit sworn herein regarding the RICO action are still true and correct to the best of my information and belief."
The fifth party cited, Abacus Nominees Limited, are acted for by a well-known and respected firm of Jersey advocates. They were asked by letter dated 15th March, 1999, by Advocate Martin, whether they would agree to this application and they replied in very specific terms on 15th March. Their letter says this:
"Thank you for your letter of 9 March 1999. In fact, we would refer you to our earlier letter, confirming that our clients are content to rest on the wisdom of the Court in connection with the American proceedings referred to in the summons."
Whilst not entirely relevant to the decision we have to make, we have been asked to note that on 26th March of this year, the Hong Kong High Court in Hong Kong allowed the discovery and we cite from the judgment of the Deputy Judge of the High Court in that jurisdiction, Armco Inc & Ors -v- NPV Ltd & Donohue. (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Court of First Instance, action no. 13168 of 1998). What he said was this:
"Of course, there is a risk that courts in the United States may decline jurisdiction in the proceedings already commenced by the plaintiffs. But I do not know how great is the risk. Until such time as indeed courts in the United States have struck out the proceedings, I think one should act on the basis that there are pending actions for the purposes of which the documents and information in question may be relevant. Moreover, even on the question of want of jurisdiction, I am convinced that evidence tending to show the whereabouts of the assets and how they have been moved might well assist courts in the United States to decide whether they should be seized with the main actions.
The second defendant may be labouring under an illusion that his application in London for an anti-suit injunction would assist him on the narrow issue before me in this summons. An anti-suit injunction, if granted, would enjoin all antagonists from resolving their disputes in any forum non conveniens. However, this court does not even pretend that it is the natural forum to try the plaintiffs’ substantive causes. I have already approved an order by consent that prevents the parties from proceeding further in Hong Kong on the main causes of action. All the steps taken by this court in this case so far are designed to aid the processes of the natural forum, wherever it may be. In my view, it is highly unlikely that an anti-suit injunction would restrict the plaintiffs’ right to seek interlocutory, ancillary or consequential relief in Hong Kong
Accordingly, I gave leave to the plaintiffs to use the relevant documents and information for the purposes of specified proceedings in the United States Bankruptcy Court and the United States District Court."
Of course we have no idea what details were provided to the Judge in Hong Kong on those submissions and it may be that he had different or better information than we have today. But the plaintiffs here require a relaxation of the implied undertaking not to use the documents for a collateral purpose nor to use the discovery of the American action in part for its amendment.
What is the meaning of "collateral"? Gee says that the "decided cases on whether or not leave should granted are simply illustrations of the application of the same general principle that the court will not release or modify the implied undertaking given on discovery save in special circumstances and where the release or modification will not occasion injustice to the person giving discovery."
The fifth and sixth defendants rely on the affidavit of Patrick C. Dunican, Jnr. In his affidavit Mr. Dunican states the following:
"An order staying the US action was entered by the Hon. Tina L. Brozman, Chief United States Bankruptcy Judge for the Southern District of New York, on January 22, 1999, for the reasons set forth in the Court’s opinion filed on December 15, 1998. The Court granted the motion for a stay of the US action on the basis of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which stay was to expire on April 15, 1999. A copy of the Court’s Order is annexed hereto as Exhibit A."
We are not at all certain but it is possible that that date (April 15, 1999) which was provided by the District Judge in the judgment to which we have referred may have something to do with that particular date and it may well be that discovery has not been granted in the United States because the pleading of the Fifth Amendment stays the question of discovery.
Mr. Dunican goes on to say this:
"As a result of the Court’s Order to date, there has been no substantive discovery conducted in the US action.
By way of letter dated March 4, 1999, from Assistant United States Attorney, Richard F. Albert, to the Hon. Allen G. Schwartz, the United States Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York advised the Court that the investigation into certain facts underlying the US action "had now been terminated without the filing of any criminal charges". A copy of the letter is attached as Exhibit B.
Based upon this representation to the Court and relying on the representation made by the US Attorney’s Office, the above-named defendants have consented to the lifting of the stay imposed by the Order of the Bankruptcy Court dated January 22, 1999. An Order lifting the stay is to be filed with the Court.
On Tuesday, March 16, 1999, I appeared on behalf of the above-named defendants before the Hon. Allen G. Schwartz to request permission to file a motion for a Protective Order staying all discovery in the US proceedings pending a determination of the motion filed by the above-named defendants to dismiss the US action on the grounds of improper forum and forum non conveniens. At that time, the Court permitted the above-named defendants to file their motion by Monday, March 22, 1999. The plaintiffs have until Monday, March 29, 1999, to oppose the motion. After the above-named defendants’ reply, the Court will consider the application.
In the application, the above-named defendants will seek a stay of all discovery in the US action based upon United States Supreme Court precedent in Piper Aircraft -v- Reyno 454 US 235, 267, 102 S.Ct. 252 (1981). In that case, the Court explained that "requiring extensive investigation prior to a hearing on the forum non conveniens motion would defeat the purpose of the motion."
At the conference before Judge Schwartz on March 16, 1999, plaintiffs requested to serve limited discovery with respect to the issue of whether the New York Court has personal jurisdiction over the above-named defendants (none of which are residents of New York). The Court permitted the plaintiffs to serve the limited discovery on this issue only but stated that the Court would decide the motion for a Protective Order before a response to the discovery would be required. A copy of the limited discovery with respect to personal jurisdiction served by plaintiffs is attached hereto as Exhibit C."
We set that out because we are not at all certain even now that we fully understand the procedures of the New York Court. We can see that if the defendants have pleaded the Fifth Amendment that might lead to refusal to allow discovery. Advocate Lewis goes on to say that if discovery is stayed in the United States then no discovery should be made from this jurisdiction. Mr. Lewis drew our attention to the tests provided in Crest Homes Plc. -v- Marks [1987] 1 AC 829 where at 859 Lord Oliver of Aylmerton said this:
"My Lords, although I have, for my part, found the appellants’ arguments less than convincing, they can and do fairly say that it is not for them to advance reasons why the implied undertaking should not be released but rather for the respondents to demonstrate cogent and persuasive reasons why it should be released. To that I now turn. Mr. Henderson, on behalf of the respondents, whilst accepting the importance, as a matter of general policy, of preserving the integrity of undertakings given to the court as the price of discovery, submits that there is an equally important countervailing consideration of public policy that orders of the court should be obeyed. I accept that, but if what was in issue here was the revelation of a civil contempt in some wholly unrelated proceeding I would not for my part consider that the importance of ensuring obedience to the court’s orders outweighed that of ensuring the continued observance of an undertaking given to the court by the party obtaining discovery. Your Lordships have been referred to a number of reported cases in which application has been made for the use of documents obtained under Anton Piller orders or on general discovery for the purpose of proceedings other than those in which the order was made. I do not, for my part, think that it would be helpful to review these authorities for they are no more than examples and they illustrate no general principle beyond this, that the court will not release or modify the implied undertaking given on discovery save in special circumstances and where the release or modification will not occasion injustice to the person giving discovery."
Mr. Lewis argues that the plaintiffs want to use the information obtained here to find out further information in the United States which they have been prevented from doing by reason of the stay on discovery there. He also at one point questioned whether Abacus had any particular locus standi in this action because, he said, they are merely ancillary to the orders obtained against the fifth and sixth defendants and have no real interest in the matter. If the fifth and sixth defendants could order Abacus to release documentation then the Court should base itself on the same principle.
We cannot see that this is a matter involving prejudice. If the United States Court finds in due time that the High Court of England and Wales has jurisdiction over this matter and not the United States Court, on the basis of some documentation which implies that the proper law is there, then on the basis that the United States is forum non conveniens what possible prejudice can be suffered by the defendants? The material obtained could not be used in a further jurisdiction such as England and Wales without the leave of this Court. The proceedings in Jersey, in our view, are to police the Mareva injunction and in effect to trace assets and we are satisfied that this is a proper case to give leave to allow the documentation to be sent to America for the purposes expressed in the summons, that is:
"(b)for the purpose of proceedings in the United States Bankruptcy Court and the United States District Court entitled Armco Inc., et al -v- North Atlantic Insurance Co Ltd., et al,
98-8931-A (TLB) (U.S.B.C; S.D.N.Y.)
98 Civ. 6804 (AGS) (U.S.D.C; S.D.N.Y.)".
With the learned Judge in Hong Kong we need perhaps to refer to the relevant passage in Bankers Trust -v- Shapira [1980] 1 WLR 1274 where at 1275 the headnote reads as follows:
"Held, allowing the appeal and granting the order sought against the D bank, that though the court would not lightly use its powers to order disclosure of full information touching the confidential relationship of banker and customer, such an order was justified even at the early interlocutory stages of an action where plaintiffs sought to trace funds which in equity belonged to them and of which there was strong evidence that they had been fraudulently deprived and delay might result in the dissipation of the funds before the action came to trial; and that in the new and developing jurisdiction where neutral and innocent persons were under a duty to assist plaintiffs who were the victims of wrongdoing, the court would not hesitate to make strong orders to ascertain the whereabouts and prevent the disposal of such property; but that the plaintiffs should be correspondingly bound to undertake that such information be used only for the purposes of the action to trace the funds and not for any other purpose."
We believe it is in the interests of justice that we should allow the implied undertakings to be relaxed for the purposes stated because it seems to us important in the terms of the action, as it has been explained to us, not only in this hearing but in earlier hearings, that the location of the funds should be made available as soon as is convenient to the Courts in America because the Courts in America will not only have to deal with the main action if they decide to do so, but that information will surely be useful to the Court if it does in fact come to decide, in a judgment on forum non conveniens, as to whether or not the New York Court has jurisdiction to hear the action. Therefore we allow the summons as set out by the plaintiffs.
You shall have your costs of and incidental to the summons.
Authorities.
Guinness -v- Market Acquisition Consultants Ltd & Ors (1987-88) JLR 104.
Dory -v- Wolf [1990] 1 FSR 266.
Omar -v- Omar [1995] 1 WLR 1428.
Crest Homes Plc -v- Marks [1987] 1 AC 829.
Gee on Mareva Injunctions (4th Ed’n): Chapter 19: p.384.
Bankers Trust -v- Shapira [1987] 1 WLR 1274.
Armco Inc & Ors -v- NPV Ltd & Donohue (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Court of First Instance, action no. 13168 of 1998).