1. This case concerns the application of certain provisions of the Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters signed at Brussels on the 17th day of September 1968 (hereinafter “the Convention”) as amended by the various later Accession Conventions. The Convention has the force of law in the State by virtue of the Jurisdiction of Courts and Enforcement of Judgments (European Communities) Act, 1988. The Jurisdiction of Courts and Enforcement of Judgments Act, 1998 was not in force at the date of the facts relevant to the present appeal.

2. The plaintiff, an Irish registered company, manufactures muscular electrostimulation products under the brand name, ‘Slendertone’. It acquired, in 1990, the assets of an earlier [*2] Irish company, the original bearer of its present name. That company was placed in receivership. Its assets (excluding all distribution contracts) were sold and the plaintiff acquired them from the purchaser. That earlier company had had a trading relationship with the defendant, a French registered company. The latter distributed its products in France.

3. From 1990, the plaintiff has sold its products to the defendant. It is common case and the plaintiff accepts that there was an agreement under which the defendant acted as its distributor in France. The defendant claims that this was an exclusive distribution agreement, which is denied by the plaintiff There is no written distribution agreement.

4. From about the year 1995 , the plaintiff commenced to include with its invoices a set of printed terms and conditions of sale containing a jurisdiction clause which is central to the appeal before this Court. Between 1995 and 1997 , there were discussions between the parties regarding terms of credit and payment and the level of sales. Ultimately, disputes occurred and the plaintiff wrote a letter to the defendant on 14th October 1997 as follows:

5. The principal bone of contention between the parties is the defendant’s claim to have been appointed exclusive distributor, in respect of which the defendant commenced proceedings in France, claiming damages from the plaintiff, before the Tribunal de Commerce (Commercial Court) of Creteil on 13th August 1998.

6. The plaintiff, however, had already issued proceedings in Ireland in respect of the same subject-matter on 7th April 1998. The plaintiff claims that the Irish courts have jurisdiction pursuant to the provisions of the Convention. This claim was rejected by Mr Justice McCracken in the High Court and the plaintiff has appealed.

7. The general Indorsement of claim on the Plenary Summons is as follows:

8. The Certificate required by the Rules to found jurisdiction read as follows:

9. It will be noted that Articles 5(3) and 5(1) of the Convention are there invoked.

10. The defendant entered a Conditional Appearance and issued a Notice of Motion contesting jurisdiction in respect of paragraphs 1,2 and 4 of the Indorsement of Claim on 3rd December 1998. As to the merits, the defendant claims to have promoted the sales of the plaintiff’s products in France, to have established a nationwide distribution network. It claims to have been exclusive distributor for the plaintiff’s products in France for more than ten years and complains of the wrongful termination of that relationship by the letter of 14^th October 1997. It claims specifically that performance of the exclusive distribution agreement had taken place exclusively in France and that only the French courts have jurisdiction.

11. The replying affidavit sworn by Mr Kevin McDonnell on behalf of the plaintiff takes issue with the defendant on the facts surrounding the alleged exclusive distribution agreement, pointing out that any such agreement as might have existed in the 1980’s would have to have been with a different company, even though one bearing the same name as the plaintiff Mr McDonnell says that the plaintiff and the defendant commenced business dealings with the defendant after May 1990 under terms that the plaintiff would sell its ‘Slendertone’ to the defendants who would sell them on to the French public but that there was no agreement that the defendant was to be sole or exclusive distributor.

12. Mr McDonnell went on to swear that on or about 17th January 1995 the defendant was informed by “FAX MESSAGE” as follows: “A copy of the BMR invoice no. 1661 (2 pages) is attached. Please note that the invoices are printed in a new style format.” From that time printed terms and conditions of sale were printed on each of the invoices. The defendant at no time raised any objection either to the introduction of these terms and conditions or to [*6] their contents. The plaintiff says that the defendant’s continued dealings with the plaintiff on these terms implicitly acknowledges them. The material term, for present purposes, is no 15. This is headed: “Governing Law” and reads: “The contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Ireland and the Buyer hereby irrevocably submits to the jurisdiction of the Irish Courts in relation to all matters in dispute hereunder.” In fact, the defendant has not contested the applicability of the printed terms to its dealings with the plaintiff. It contests only their interpretation: they do not, it says, extend to the question of the existence of a term making exclusive the distribution agreement that is agreed to have existed.

13. In the same affidavit of Mr McDonnell, the plaintiff claimed for the first time that, by reason of Condition no 15 , the provisions of Article 17 of the Convention come into play and the Irish Courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Consequently, the plaintiff applied to the High Court for leave to amend the certificate on the Plenary Summons to include a claim for Irish jurisdiction based on Article 17 of the Convention.

14. The relevant provisions of the Convention for the issues now before the court are to be found in Title II on “Jurisdiction.” The most important provision under Section 1 “General Provisions” is in Article 2:

15. Article 3 provides: “Persons domiciled in a Contracting State may be sued in the

16. Section 2 is headed: “Special Jurisdiction”. It includes Article 5, which has seven sub-heads. Article 5 reads:

17. The other six sub-heads of article 5 are not directly relevant.

18. The plaintiff’s claim for Irish jurisdiction, in respect of paragraph 1 of the Indorsement of Claim, based on Article 5(1) can be shortly disposed of. That claim concerns whether an exclusivity term exists, not whether it has been breached. The learned High Court judge correctly identified the “ obligation in question” for the purposes of the Article as being the obligation (assuming it to exist) of the defendant to distribute the plaintiff’s goods in France and insofar as the plaintiff was concerned and assuming, for this purpose, the existence of the disputed exclusivity term, to have those products distributed exclusively by the defendant in France.

19. The Court of Justice has held that “for the purpose of determining the place of performance within the meaning of Article 5.....The obligation to be taken into account is that which corresponds to the contractual right on which the plaintiff’s action is based” (Case 14/76 De Bloos v Bouyer [1976] ECR 1497 at paragraph 13). It was quite correctly concluded at the hearing of the appeal that the obligation relevant to the first heading of the Indorsement of Claim is one to be performed in France whose courts accordingly have jurisdiction, although the defendant in those proceedings, the plaintiff in the present appeal has its seat in and is domiciled in Ireland. The plaintiff, having been incorporated under Irish law, has its domicile in Ireland, by virtue of Article 52 and Part III of the Fifth Schedule to the Convention, as applied by section 13(2) of the Act of 1988. That is, however, not a matter that needs to be decided by this court.[*9]

20. Mr Paul Gallagher, S.C., for the plaintiff, nonetheless, contended for Irish jurisdiction in respect of the second heading of the Indorsement of Claim. The claim that the agreement was effectively terminated by the letter of 14th October 1997 should be considered, he said, by reference to the obligation underlying the justification for termination. He relied on the dictum, quoted above from De Bloos v Bouyer, and said that the plaintiff’s action is based on the breach by the defendant of an obligation to make payments for goods under the actual trading arrangements or distribution agreement, whatever their nature.

21. Before reaching a conclusion on this point, I should refer briefly to the relationship, as it has been described by the Court of Justice and by this Court, between the general principle of jurisdiction based on domicile of the defendant and the cases of Special Jurisdiction laid down in Article 5. Section 4 of the Act of 1988 requires the Court to take judicial notice of “any ruling or decision of, or expression of opinion by, the European Court” in the matter.

22. The Court of Justice has ruled consistently that “the place of performance of the obligation in question is to be determined by the law governing that obligation according to the conflict rules of the court seised.” (see most recently Case C-420/97 Leathertex Divisione Sintetici SpA v Bodetex BVBA [1999] ECR I-6747 judgment 5th October 1999 paragraph 33). In the present case, as I have said, there is no dispute that the obligation to pay for goods purchased falls to be performed in Ireland at the plaintiffs place of business. For the plaintiff to succeed regarding paragraph 2 of the Indorsement of Claim, the claim made in that paragraph has to relate to that obligation i.e. the obligation to pay. As I read the dictum from Leathertex, the place of performance of the obligation is a matter for this Court to decide. As I will now explain, I do not think that is the relevant obligation for the purposes of jurisdiction in respect of paragraph 2 of the Indorsement of Claim.

23. What the letter purports to do is by notice to terminate the exclusivity of the distribution agreement. Miss Finlay cited an English authority, Medway Packaging v. Meurer [1990] 2 Lloyd’s Law Reports 112, for the proposition that the notice of termination should be given at the place of business of the distributor. The Court of Appeal in that case was interpreting the terms of a particular contract in accordance with English law. On one [*11] view the question in this case might have to be determined according to French Law. However, it is the plaintiffs case that condition 15 requires the distribution agreement to be interpreted in accordance with Irish law and the issue of jurisdiction has to be decided on the basis of that contention. Medway is strongly persuasive authority, with which I agree, to the effect that if the matter were to be decided according to Irish law, the place of performance of the obligation to give notice is France. The claim made at paragraph 2 of the Indorsement of Claim depends on the performance of that obligation.

24. The letter of 14th October goes on, it is true, to express dissatisfaction with the level of sales and this also relates to an obligation to be performed by the defendant in France. It then continues: “and Delatex´s refusal to operate within the agreed financial/credit terms of the account which may require us to take further action.” This letter does not support the plaintiffs contention that paragraph 2 of the Indorsement of Claim relates to an obligation (timely payment of debts) which corresponds to a contractual right upon which, to that extent, the action is based for the purposes of the dictum from De Bloos v Bouyer. The letter, at most, claims an implicit right to give notice so as to terminate the exclusivity clause by reason of dissatisfaction with the business relationship. Nowhere does it suggest that the notice is justified by any contractual term. In any event, I believe that such a notice had to be given in France. Thus the claim that the exclusivity clause has been validly terminated, which is the essence of paragraph 2, is not based on and does not correspond to an obligation to be performed in Ireland.

25. The plaintiff also seeks leave from this Court to amend the certificate on the Indorsement of Claim so as to be able to rely on Article 17 of the Convention. The defendant objects, inter alia, on technical grounds such as that it is not in accordance with the Rules of [*12] the Superior Courts to allow amendment of the Certificate after the issue of the Summons. I propose, however, to look, in the first instance at the objective justification for reliance on Article 17 in this case. If that does not exist, there is no need to permit the amendment.

26. Article 17, where it applies, confers exclusive jurisdiction on the courts of the Contracting State upon which the parties have agreed. The parties are agreed in this case that the printed terms and conditions were effectively introduced into their trading relationship, which is one occurring “ in international trade or commerce” and, furthermore, “in a form which accords with practices in that trade or commerce of which the parties are or ought to have been aware.” To that extent the requirements of Article 17 may be assumed to have been met. In view of the conclusion I reach on the scope of the printed terms it is not necessary to consider this issue further.

27. The plaintiff argues that Condition 15 should be interpreted as applying to the entire trading relationship between the parties and, therefore, the distribution agreement (exclusive or otherwise). The defendant says that it covers only the individual sales effected from time to time which were the subject of the invoices on which these terms and conditions were printed. This issue, it is agreed, is one of interpretation of the agreement. It is, thus, a matter of national law for this court to decide in accordance with the decision in Leathertex cited above. This is made easier by the fact that the clause itself is, in its own terms, to be governed by Irish law.

28. The plaintiff relies on the MSG case cited above. However, that case establishes only what is not disputed, namely, that printed terms included, as here, with the invoices, may, depending on the proof of a practice to that effect to the satisfaction of the national court, become binding. More relevant to the nub of the present issue is the plaintiff’s reliance on [*13] the judgment of McGuinness J in the High Court in an unreported case, Clare Taverns trading as Durty Nelly’s v Charles Gill trading as Universal Business Systems, TEC (UK) Limited and others Third Parties) (Judgment 16 November 1999) and an English decision, Continental Bank NA v Aeokos Cia Naviera SA & others [1994] 2 All ER 540.

29. Mr Gallagher pointed to the view of the Court of Appeal that the answer was to be found, not “in the niceties of language” but “in a common sense view of the purpose of the clause.” It decided that this approach meant that disputes in connection with the loans were submitted to the jurisdiction of the English courts.

30. The attempt in the Continental case to avail of a special provision of the Greek Civil Code would, more or less directly, have negated the effect of the jurisdiction clause. In Clare Taverns, the High Court judge was, in fact, construing a term governed by English law and the two claims were so closely connected that they could not realistically be tried separately. The negligence alleged was merely a restatement of the contract claim.

31. In deciding whether these cases govern the present case, it must be borne in mind that the Court of Justice has consistently required that national courts carefully scrutinise the effects of contract terms of this type. In Case 24/76 Estasis Salotti di Colzanl Aimo and another v RUWA Polstereimaschinen GmbH [1976] ECR 1831 the Court made a statement, repeated in later cases, at paragraph 7:

32. It is accepted in the present case that the requirement of consensus (more recently explained in Case C 159/97 Castelletti v. Trumpy [1999] ECR I-1597, paragraph 17 to 21) is satisfied, but the requirement that the application of Article 17 be “strictly construed” also applies to the interpretation of the jurisdiction clause. It is unnecessary to set out in full the terms of the printed conditions. None of them contains any reference to distribution, exclusive or otherwise, or even to the fact that the goods are being sold for resale in France. They have all the appearance of standard conditions regarding the sale of goods and nothing more. It would require a very strained interpretation to apply them to the question of the exclusivity of an agreement for distribution of goods sold in another Member State of the European Community. This is, as agreed, a matter of Irish law. The two cases cited in the [*16] course of argument are helpful but readily distinguishable. I do not think that the common-sense approach recommended in those cases at all requires that the Condition be interpreted as requested by the plaintiff. There is no purpose, therefore, in granting the amendment sought. The issue of jurisdiction must be determined at this stage.

33. I would dismiss the appeal.