Whether the ETB was justified in refusing access to records showing the number of teaching staff allocated to individual schools, under Schedule 1 Part 1(h) to the FOI Act or section 30(1)(b) of the FOI Act
30 October 2019
Background
On 25 March 2019, the applicant made an FOI request to the ETB for “a list of all the secondary schools and their roll numbers in your ETB remit, along with the whole time equivalent teaching staff allocated by the ETB for the academic year 2017/18 e.g. [roll number] [school name] [number of whole time equivalent teaching staff allocated] Please note that I am seeking the individual allocation for each school, not the Department’s allocation for your ETB”. By letter dated 30 April 2019, the ETB granted access to some information and refused access to the remaining records under Schedule 1 Part 1(h) to, and section 30(1)(b) of, the FOI Act. On 7 May 2019, the applicant applied for an internal review. The ETB issued an internal review decision by letter dated 4 June 2019, in which it affirmed its original decision. On 4 June 2019 the applicant applied to this Office for a review of the ETB's decision.
In conducting my review, I have had regard to the correspondence between the applicant and the ETB as outlined above and to the correspondence between this Office and both parties, as well as the content of the records that were provided to this Office by the ETB for the purposes of this review.
Finally, I should note that the applicant made similar FOI requests to two other Educational and Training Boards, which have also come to me on application for review. My decisions in those cases are numbered OIC-53550-P8Y9G5 and OIC-53553-Z1V5D8.
Scope of this Review
The ETB granted access to the roll numbers and names of individual schools and the overall teacher allocation to the ETB. The information which remains withheld and which falls within the scope of the applicant’s FOI request comprises the number of whole time equivalent teachers allocated to each individual school. The question for me is whether the ETB was justified in refusing access to this information under Schedule 1 Part 1(h) to the FOI Act or section 30(1)(b) of the FOI Act.
Preliminary Matters
Before considering the exemptions claimed, I wish to note that the ETB advised that certain information and reasoning in its correspondence with this Office was extremely sensitive. I am required to give reasons for my decision under section 22(10) of the FOI Act and I am also required to take reasonable precautions to prevent disclosure of information in an exempt record under section 25.
Analysis and Findings
Schedule 1, Part 1 – Partially Included Agencies
This part of the FOI Act determines the extent to which the ETB is an FOI body under the FOI Act. I will therefore consider it first. Section 2 of the FOI Act defines an “FOI body” as a public body or a prescribed body. Section 6(2)(a) provides that an entity specified in Part 1 of Schedule 1 shall, subject to the provisions of that Part, be a public body for the purposes of the FOI Act.
Schedule 1, Part 1(h) to the FOI Act provides that section 6 of the FOI Act does not include a reference to:
“education and training boards, insofar as it relates to any records that would enable the compilation of information (that is not otherwise available to the general public) concerning the comparative performance of schools in respect of the academic achievement of students enrolled therein, including, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing—
(i) the overall results in any year of students in a particular school in an examination or assessment, or
(ii) the comparative overall results in any year of students in different schools in an examination or assessment”.
Accordingly, the ETB is a public body for the purposes of the FOI Act, except in respect of the records provided for in this part. It is therefore an FOI body for the purposes of the right of access under section 11 of the FOI Act, except in respect of the records provided for in this part.
Submissions
The ETB cites the Supreme Court’s finding in Sheedy v the Information Commissioner [2005] IESC 35. It says that this decision afforded the words “academic achievement” a much wider definition than exam results. It points to the fact that one of the columns in the Sunday Times school league-table is student/staff ratio and says this is exactly the information being sought. It submits that the information in the Sunday Times league-table comes within the exclusion afforded to ETBs by the FOI Act. It submits that releasing the information could have the adverse effect of schools drawing comparisons with one another regarding resourcing and subsequently the academic achievement of students. It submits that it is not required to demonstrate that the comparative analysis of the information sought relates to either paragraph (i) or (ii) of Schedule 1 Part 1(h).
The applicant says that the number of teachers per school can in no way be used to compile exam league tables and the public has a right to the data. He also says that the data is easily compiled and known by unions and schools and no one would ever argue that basic information about taxpayer funded schools should not be disclosed.
Analysis and Finding
I must consider whether the records fall within Part 1(h) of Schedule 1. I should say at the outset that I agree with the ETB that it is not necessary for the information to fall within paragraphs (i) or (ii) of Part 1(h) in order for Part 1(h) to apply.
In support of its submission, the ETB points to a Sunday Times league-table. I accept that a school league-table may include information about student/staff ratios. However, I would draw a distinction between the question of whether information is included in a school league-table and whether that same information would enable the compilation of information concerning the comparative performance of schools in respect of the academic achievement of students enrolled therein. One does not necessarily follow from the other.
In analysing whether Part 1(h) applies, I agree with the ETB that it is instructive to note the Supreme Court’s finding in Sheedy. In that case, the Court was considering a provision of the Education Act 1998 which allows the Minister to refuse access to certain information. As the relevant wording of that provision is identical to the relevant wording in Part 1(h) of Schedule 1, I consider this Court finding to be pertinent.
There, the Court said: “I think it is obvious that the reference to ‘comparative performance of schools in respect of academic achievement of students’ may include a whole range of other considerations in respect of which comparisons between different schools could still nevertheless be drawn up. Academic achievements include examinations. Academic achievement can however be taken as meaning something more…[a] range of other considerations must be included, some of which will show one school to differ from another and perhaps be performing better than another across a range of subjects or activities. These might include considerations of how pupils appear to be doing in particular subjects, such as Irish or English, or in activities such as sport or drama. Even without the criteria of examination results being brought to bear, significant performance related differences may be evident from a description of the activities carried out in any school or group of schools. These are precisely the kind of matters addressed by the school report”. The school report was the record under review in that case.
As the ETB notes, in that case, the Supreme Court made clear that “comparative performance of schools in respect of academic achievements of students” extends beyond information about school examinations. Yet it still concerns the pupils’ performance; whether in examinations, written class-work or extracurricular activities. The record under consideration in that case was a report by a school inspector charged with evaluating the quality and effectiveness of the education provided. It was said to contain a considerable amount of information about the school, including on educational programmes, activities and comments on pupils’ written work. In contrast, I do not see the basis upon which the numbers of teachers allocated to individual schools would facilitate comparisons of the performance of those schools. A person might well speculate about performance on the basis of such information. However, any such speculation would not amount to information about the comparative performance of schools in respect of their students’ academic achievements.
Accordingly, I find that Part 1(h) of Schedule 1 to the FOI Act does not apply to the records and the ETB was not justified in refusing access to the records on this basis.
Section 30 - Functions and negotiations
Section 30(1)(b) of the FOI Act allows an FOI body to refuse to grant an FOI request if access to the record could reasonably be expected to have a significant adverse effect on the performance of its functions relating to management (including industrial relations and management of its staff). When a public body relies on section 30(1), it should first identify the potential harm and having identified the harm, consider the reasonableness of any expectation that the harm will occur. Establishing a “significant adverse effect” requires stronger evidence of damage than the “prejudice” standard of section 30(1)(a). Section 30(1) is subject to a public interest balancing test in section 30(2).
The ETB says that the teacher allocation for individual schools is only known to the Chief Executive, delegated administrative staff and the principal of that school. It submits that releasing the information may have an adverse effect on the management of allocation, which could lead to industrial relations issues and have adverse effects on the operational management of the ETB, which may include strategic and workforce planning. It submits that the public interest is best served by releasing the overall allocation alone.
The Commissioner must be satisfied that there is a link between granting access to the record concerned and the harm envisaged in section 30. The Investigator referred the ETB to the Commissioner’s requirements in relation to the conditions of exemptions being relied upon and invited it to address a non-exhaustive list of questions and issues. I have carefully considered the submissions received in response. A mere assertion of an expectation of harm is not sufficient. The ETB has asserted that harms are expected to occur. However, I am not satisfied that it has shown the link between granting access to this information and the harms identified, let alone demonstrated that disclosure could reasonably be expected to have a “significant adverse” effect on management. Even if disclosing this information could be used in school league-tables, or to draw comparisons between school allocations, as feared by the ETB, it is not apparent to me how the release of the number of teachers allocated by the ETB to each school could reasonably be expected to have a significant adverse effect on the ETB’s capacity to manage or allocate teachers.
A key concern expressed by the ETB centres around who knows which schools are allocated certain teaching resources, how this allocation is done and the effect this may have on the perception of the school. However, it is important to bear in mind that the scope of the request extends only to the number of teachers allocated to individual schools. I note that the Department of Education Circular on ETB Approved Allocation of Teaching Posts under section 24(2) of the Education Act 1998 is a publicly available document which makes clear to schools and the public the basis on which allocations over and above ordinary enrolment and pupil teacher ratios can be made. I accept that ETBs have to make judgements on planning and management of individual schools when making allocations. However, it seems to me that it is known from the Department’s published circulars that the number of teachers allocated is dependent on various factors and rules prescribed by the Department relating not only to e.g. special educational needs, but also English as an additional language, Irish language schools and the provision of certain programmes such as Transition Year or certain advanced education. Furthermore, I take it that the number of teachers actually working in each school (which total, of course, might not always be the same as the whole time equivalent allocated) can be readily observed by the school and the wider community, including students, parents, teachers and their representatives.
Having regard to the content of the records and the ETB’s submission, I am not satisfied that it is reasonable to expect that disclosing the information could have a significant adverse effect on the performance of the ETB’s functions relating to management. I find that section 30(1)(b) does not apply to the records.
Even if I am wrong in that conclusion, the exemption does not apply where, on balance, the public interest would be better served by granting the request than by refusing it. Having gone on to consider the public interest test under section 30(2), I consider that there is a public interest in enhancing the transparency and accountability of FOI bodies such as the ETB in its allocation of resources approved by the Department of Education and paid for by the taxpayer. Indeed, section 11(3) of the FOI Act requires public bodies performing functions under the FOI Act to have regard to, among other things, the need to achieve greater openness in their activities and the need to strengthen their accountability and to improve their decision-making.
On the other hand, there is a countervailing public interest in ensuring that the effectiveness of the allocation and management of staff by the ETB is not prejudiced. While the ETB has argued that release of the overall allocation that it received from the Department of Education satisfies the public interest in providing the information at issue, it is important to note that the information already released goes more to the Department’s management of the resources rather than the ETB’s. Given the nature of the information and the harms envisaged by the ETB in this case, I find that on balance, the public interest would be better served by granting than by refusing to grant the request.
In conclusion, I find that the ETB was not justified in refusing access to the records under section 30(1)(b) of the FOI Act.
Finally, in submissions to this Office, the ETB also sought to rely on section 41 of the FOI Act, on the basis that section 53 of the Education Act 1998 applied. As noted above, the relevant wording of section 53 is identical to that in Schedule 1, Part 1(h). I have already found that this wording does not capture the records at issue. I therefore do not consider it necessary to consider this point further.
Decision
Having carried out a review under section 22(2) of the FOI Act, I annul the ETB’s decision and direct the release of the records.
Right of Appeal
Section 24 of the FOI Act sets out detailed provisions for an appeal to the High Court by a party to a review, or any other person affected by the decision. In summary, such an appeal, normally on a point of law, must be initiated not later than four weeks after notice of the decision was given.
Elizabeth Dolan
Senior Investigator