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Judgment Title: DPP -v- Jan Stuurman Neutral Citation: [2013] IECCA 19 Court of Criminal Appeal Record Number: 94/11 Date of Delivery: 06/06/2013 Court: Court of Criminal Appeal Composition of Court: Clarke J., Herbert J., de Valera J. Judgment by: Clarke J. Status of Judgment: Approved
Outcome: Appeal v Conviction Dismissed | ||||||||||||
THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEAL [Record No: CCA 94/2011] Clarke J. Herbert J. de Valera J.
The People at the Suit of the Director of Public Prosecutions Prosecutor/Respondent and
Jan Stuurman Defendant/Applicant Judgment of the Court delivered by Mr. Justice Clarke on the 6th June, 2013.
1. Introduction 1.2 Notwithstanding his plea of guilty, Mr. Stuurman has appealed his conviction to this Court. He has not, however, appealed against the severity of the sentence. The primary basis of Mr. Stuurman’s appeal is that it is said that two of the rulings made by His Honour Judge Hunt in the course of trial were incorrect and that it was, in substance, only as a result of those adverse rulings that a plea of guilty was entered. The rulings in question concerned issues relating to the circumstances leading up to the questioning of Mr. Stuurman by gárdaí, in the course of which questioning it is said that he made admissions of involvement in the importation of the drugs concerned. Those rulings had the potential to have an effect on the admissibility of the evidence of the alleged admissions. 1.3 It was accepted on behalf of the prosecutor/respondent (“the D.P.P.”) that there can be circumstances in which a person who has pleaded guilty can nonetheless appeal against conviction. However, there was a dispute between counsel as to the precise scope of the entitlement to appeal notwithstanding a plea of guilty and as to the application of whatever might be the proper test in that regard to the facts of this case. The first question with which the court was faced, therefore, was as to whether it is open to Mr. Stuurman, in all the circumstances of this case, to pursue an appeal against conviction notwithstanding his plea of guilty. The two other issues which arise, in the event that it is open to Mr. Stuurman to appeal, are the questions concerning the respective rulings given by His Honour Judge Hunt in the course of the trial. The Court will start by briefly outlining some of the procedural history of this appeal which has a bearing on understanding the way in which this Court has approached the issues which it has to decide. 2. Procedural History 2.2 However, on any view, it is clear from Geasley that one of the matters which the court has to take into account in deciding whether it is appropriate to allow an appeal to be advanced in any particular case, notwithstanding a plea of guilty, is the nature of the grounds of appeal advanced. It follows that there is an interaction between the question of whether an appeal can be pursued at all and the grounds of appeal which are sought to be advanced if an appeal is permitted. For that reason, this court decided to hear both sets of issues together so that it could, in assessing whether this was an appropriate case in which an appeal could be pursued notwithstanding a plea of guilty, have a full understanding of the specific grounds of appeal which were sought to be advanced on Mr. Stuurman’s behalf. 2.3 For like reasons the Court, therefore, proposes to next set out the two substantive grounds of appeal sought to be advanced on behalf of Mr. Stuurman before turning to the question of whether this case falls within the principles identified in Geasley. 3. The Substantive Grounds of Appeal 3.2 On the facts of Boylan, this Court was satisfied that, in substance, the accused had been arrested rather than simply required to comply with a statutory direction of the type just described, and that his arrest was and remained unlawful, so that admissions made during that unlawful period of custody should not be admitted in evidence. 3.3 At his trial, counsel for Mr. Stuurman argued that the facts of this case bore a striking resemblance to those of Boylan and urged that a like result should ensue. Counsel for the D.P.P. drew attention to the fact that there were some differences between the wording of the statute under which the direction was given to Mr. Stuurman (being the Customs and Excise (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1988 ("the 1988 Act") and in particular s. 2 thereof) which applies to Officers of Customs and Excise as opposed to the provisions of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1977 (as amended by s. 12 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1984) which apply to members of An Gárda Síochána, and which fell to be considered in Boylan. There was a debate between counsel both at the trial and at the appeal as to whether any differences in the wording of the respective statutes were material to any of the issues which the trial court and this Court had to decide. 3.4 In addition, at the trial, counsel for the D.P.P. suggested that there were significant differences on the facts between Boylan and this case, such that the same conclusion should not follow. Ultimately, His Honour Judge Hunt was persuaded by the arguments put forward on behalf of the D.P.P. and ruled accordingly. It is argued on this appeal on behalf of Mr. Stuurman that in so ruling the trial judge was incorrect. 3.5 The second point that was urged at the trial derived from DPP v Tyndall [2005] 1 IR 593. On the D.P.P.'s case at trial, Mr. Stuurman was ultimately arrested after drugs were found in a second lorry which had been stopped at the same time as the lorry being driven by Mr. Stuurman and where there were, it was said, reasons for suspecting that both lorries were acting in unison. 3.6 In Tyndall, the Supreme Court allowed the appeal and quashed the conviction and sentence of the accused on the basis that there was no evidence that the arresting Gárda in that case actually had a suspicion sufficient to meet the statutory requirement that such a suspicion existed as a pre-condition to the exercise of the power of arrest which arose on the facts of that case. It is of some importance to emphasise that Tyndall was not in anyway concerned with the reasonableness or otherwise of any such suspicion, the basis for the suspicion in question or a challenge, on the facts, as to whether the arresting officer actually had the suspicion of which evidence was given. Rather Tyndall turned on the narrow question of whether there was any evidence at all of the arresting Gárda actually having a relevant suspicion. 3.7 At his trial, counsel for Mr. Stuurman urged that, as in Tyndall, there was no evidence of the relevant officer having a suspicion such as would have permitted the lawful arrest of Mr. Stuurman. Counsel for the D.P.P. argued that there was sufficient evidence. His Honour Judge Hunt held that the evidence was “just about sufficient”. It is said that the trial judge erred in coming to that conclusion. 3.8 Those two points, hereinafter described as the Boylan point and the Tyndall point, formed the basis of what were said to be erroneous rulings on the part of the trial judge. It was suggested that had either of those rulings gone in the other direction, the evidence of the alleged admission of involvement with the drugs in question would have been excluded and that there would, in those circumstances, have been little or no evidence remaining against Mr. Stuurman. On that basis, it was argued that Mr. Stuurman was left with little option but to plead guilty in the light of those rulings and that, therefore, the plea of guilty should not be taken to be a barrier to an appeal against the rulings which were said to have caused the plea of guilty in the first place. 3.9 Having outlined the grounds of appeal sought to be argued, the Court now proposes to return to Geasley. 4. Geasley 4.2 Fennelly J. went on to quote from the 2003 edition of Archbold (paragraph 7-46b), which is in the following terms:-
“In our judgment before an appellant who has pleaded guilty can rely upon an erroneous ruling of law or a material irregularity, he must show that his plea was “founded” upon the erroneous ruling of law or material irregularity.”
4.6 On that basis, this Court was prepared to entertain the ground of appeal although, as it happens, the appeal was rejected on the merits. It seems to follow that, in deciding whether the appeal can be entertained in the first place, the court does not necessarily have to consider whether the points sought to be raised are good ones although the nature of the grounds sought to be argued must be analysed to determine whether those grounds, if made out, would establish a "fundamental" error or irregularity. 4.7 There is, however, some question about what is meant by the term "fundamental error or irregularity" as used in paras. 19 and 20 of the judgment in Geasley. Does it mean that the error must be a significant one so that the argument sought to be put forward on behalf of the appellant is that the trial judge was fundamentally wrong such that it can properly be said that the appellant did not truly have a trial in accordance with law? On the other hand is it that the error was fundamental to the case so that the error, while not in itself fundamental, in all the circumstances fundamentally changed the case? Or, indeed is it both? 4.8 Before addressing that question, it is also important to note a more recent judgment of this Court in DPP v Hughes [2012] IECCA 69, where the judgment of the court was delivered by Hardiman J. Hughes was one of a series of cases which followed on from the decision of the Supreme Court in Damache v DPP and Others [2012] IESC 11. As is widely known, in Damache, s. 29(1) of the Offences Against the State Act 1939 (as inserted by s. 5 of the Criminal Law Act 1976) was found to be inconsistent with the Constitution, thus rendering a category of warrant issued on foot of that section invalid. Various persons at various stages of the criminal process sought to place reliance on Damache by arguing that evidence obtained on foot of warrants given under the impugned section should be excluded. Hughes was a case where the accused had pleaded guilty but subsequently sought, outside the time limit for appeal, an extension of time so as to raise, for the first time, a Damache point. This Court refused the application for an extension of time and in the course of so doing Hardiman J., speaking for the court, said the following:-
To this, applicant rejoins that he entered the plea of guilty in the belief that s.29 had been validly enacted and was good and operative law. He was entitled to that view, he says, because there is a presumption of constitutionality, and because the constitutionality of the measure had, at the time of his plea, been upheld by the High Court. In my view, these considerations in no way deprive the fact that he pleaded guilty of the force I have attributed to it above. Section 29 related only to the mode of search which revealed the evidence of his guilt. When that guilt was admitted, it relieved the prosecution of the necessity to produce that evidence." 4.10 In addition, it is important to have regard to the way in which the relevant jurisdiction was described by Fennelly J. in Geasley. In the passage from para. 19 of the judgment already cited, Fennelly J. made clear that the erroneous ruling or material irregularity sought to be relied on must be "of a fundamental kind" and that the error had to be such "that proceeding with the trial would have been pointless". It seems to me to follow from that analysis that a person wishing to pursue an appeal against conviction notwithstanding a plea of guilty must satisfy this Court both that the error or irregularity was "fundamental" AND that the effect of the error was fundamental to the trial. Thus, the Court must look at the error or irregularity asserted and assess whether it can properly be described as "fundamental", meaning that the asserted error or irregularity demonstrates a potential departure to a significant degree from what should have transpired at a properly conducted trial. An allegation of a less serious error or irregularity, even though it might be sufficient to justify a conviction being overturned in a case where the accused did not plead guilty and was convicted by a jury, will not be sufficient to justify permitting an accused who has pleaded guilty after the challenged ruling to nonetheless pursue an appeal against conviction to this Court. 4.11 In addition, the appellant must satisfy this Court that the error or irregularity alleged had the potential to have such a significant effect on the trial such that, in the words of Fennelly J. in Geasley, continuing with the trial would have been pointless. In other words, as well as the error or irregularity being, in itself, of a fundamental kind, it also must have had a fundamental effect on the trial. 4.12 Such an approach is consistent with the language used by Fennelly J. in Geasley and is also consistent with the high value to be placed on a public plea of guilty for the reasons identified by Hardiman J. in Hughes. 4.13 Before leaving this point, the Court should refer to one issue briefly raised by counsel at the hearing. It was pointed out that current criminal procedure does not permit for any form of preliminary rulings (in advance of the start of a trial) to be made on the admissibility of evidence. See Cruise v. Judge Frank O'Donnell and DPP [2008] 3 IR 230 and DPP v. Jagutis [2013] IECCA 4. In Cruise, Fennelly J., speaking for the majority of the Supreme Court, rejected the suggestion that a summary dismissal application, as provided by s.4E, of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1967, as inserted by s.9 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1999, could be used as a vehicle for giving pre-trial rulings on the admissibility of evidence and a range of other questions. However, it is clear that Fennelly J. (paras. 65 & 66) did not necessarily take the view that such a procedure might not be desirable. Rather, it was suggested that, in order for such a procedure to be introduced, careful legislative provision would be required. 4.14 Given that, in those circumstances, the only way in which an accused can have a determination on a question of admissibility of evidence is as a result of the conduct of a trial within a trial in the absence of the jury occurring at an appropriate stage in the main trial, counsel suggested that there were policy reasons for allowing an accused against whom significant adverse rulings were made to change his plea to one of guilty but nonetheless retain the right to appeal against conviction on the basis that the adverse rulings were incorrect. 4.15 There may well be merit in considering a statutory scheme specifically directed to allowing pre-main trial rulings on issues such as the admissibility of evidence. However, no such system is now in place and this Court does not consider that the argument derived from its absence warrants any more generous approach to the circumstances in which an appeal against conviction should be permitted to be entertained notwithstanding a plea of guilty than that already analysed. 4.16 Finally, it does not seem to this Court that the scope of appeal against conviction notwithstanding a plea of guilty permitted in accordance with Geasley is necessarily confined to cases where the plea of guilty concerned was on advice from lawyers or where it is contended that the trial judge consciously acted in breach of the stare decicis rule. Such a latter contention, as was made in Geasley, might well, if established, be said to give rise to a fundamental error or irregularity. However, it does not seem to this Court that the category of fundamental error or irregularity is confined to the precise type of circumstance identified in Geasley although it must, necessarily, for the reasons already analysed, arise only in a limited class of cases. 4.17 The Court has already set out the substantive grounds of appeal which are sought to be advanced on Mr. Stuurman's behalf. They amount to a contention that the trial judge made two errors in rulings which had the potential to affect the admissibility of evidence of alleged admissions. The question which this Court must ask is, therefore, whether it can be said that either individually or collectively those errors, if made out, could meet the "fundamental" test of being both fundamental errors in themselves, so that Mr. Stuurman did not truly have a trial in accordance with law, and of having a fundamental effect on the case. 5. Do the Contended Errors Meet the Fundamental Test? 5.2 This raises, of course, a hypothetical question because the trial judge did not, in fact, make rulings which would have the effect of excluding the relevant evidence and the prosecution, therefore, never had to make any decision as to whether it would have been worth continuing with the trial if the admission evidence had been ruled inadmissible. Furthermore, the prosecution did not, of course, ultimately have to lead all of its evidence precisely because Mr. Stuurman changed his plea to one of guilty. However, it seems reasonable to infer from the frank concession made by counsel for the D.P.P. that such other evidence as the prosecution might have been able to lead, in the event that the admission evidence was excluded, would have been unlikely to have been sufficient to sustain a conviction. On that basis, the Court is satisfied that the second leg of the test is met. What are said to have been errors by the trial judge would have had a fundamental effect on the case such that, had the rulings been otherwise, it is unlikely that a conviction could have been sustained. 5.3 On that basis, it is necessary to return to the first question. Assuming, for the purposes of the argument, that the Boylan and Tyndall points urged on behalf of Mr. Stuurman are correct, can they, in the circumstances of this case, be said to amount to fundamental errors sufficient to meet the Geasley test. 5.4 We propose to start with the Tyndall point. The prosecution case was that Mr. Stuurman had been arrested by Det. Gárda Kieran O'Reilly at 9.30 p.m. in the evening. It will be necessary to set out the events leading up to that occasion in some more detail when addressing the Boylan point. However, for present purposes it is sufficient to say that, at the time in question, a search of a second lorry driven by a person other than Mr. Stuurman had been completed and there was evidence that the large quantity of drugs, which were the subject of the charges in this case, were found in that lorry. In that context, on day 2 of the trial, in evidence in chief, Det. Gárda O'Reilly said the following [Transcript, page 1 line 24 to page 2 line 31]
A. I was. Q. When you were on mobile patrol in Dublin; isn't that right? A. That's correct. Q. That was in the company of Detective Gárda Griffin, and in the course of your duty, you were contacted by Detective Sergeant Quinn, and you went, arising from that contact, to the Customs and Excise building at Dublin port; isn't that right? A. That's correct. Q. I think you met other members of the GNDU there and you went into the truck, the container of the truck that we're calling the 87 truck, BSRG 87; isn't that right? A. That's correct. Q. I think you saw a large cardboard box containing several packages, all of which had been insulated with a brown tape. You suspected that they were controlled drugs and you were satisfied, from experience, that the position of the box in the trailer and the manner of packaging, in addition to the information that you had at the time, that you had -- that your suspicion that they were drugs, controlled drugs, was justifiable; is that right? A. That's correct. Q. I think you then went into the Revenue Customs and Excise building and you met the accused, Jan Stuurman; is that right? A. That's correct. Q. You knew at that stage that he had been stopped by customs driving another vehicle, the 89 vehicle as we call it -- as we're calling it, and introduced yourself to him and identified yourself as a member of An Gárda Síocháná; is that right? A. That's correct, yes. Q. You asked him to accompany you to the holding yard, where both vehicles were, and then to the front of the trailer of the 87 lorry; isn't that right? A. That's right. Q. I think you showed him, with a torch, the box that you'd been looking at earlier and its visible contents, and you told him that you had a belief, which was that the box contained a significant quantity of controlled drugs; isn’t that right? A. That's correct, yes. Q. Did you tell him of any belief you had in respect of him in connection with these controlled drugs? A. I did. I explained to Jan Stuurman that it was my belief that he had assisted in this importation of controlled drugs. Q. And what did you do then at half past 9 in the evening A. At 9.30 on that night I arrested Jan Stuurman under section 25 of the Misuse of Drugs Act for an alleged offence under section 15. I cautioned Jan Stuurman. I handcuffed him and I transported him, with the assistance of other gárdaí, to Store Street Gárda Station".
5.7 In this case, there was, therefore, evidence of the gárda's reasonable suspicion and, of the circumstances which led him to form that suspicion. 5.8 It is next necessary to turn to the Boylan point. The statutory regime with which this Court was concerned in Boylan was s.23(1B) of the Misuse of Drugs Act of 1977, as amended by s. 12 of the Misuse of Drugs Act, 1984 which provides as follows:-
(b) in case the decision relates to a vehicle and the place in which he finds the vehicle is in his reasonable opinion unsuitable for such search, require such person forthwith to take the vehicle or cause it to be taken to a place which he considers suitable for such search and which is specified by him, (c) require the person to be in or on or to accompany the vehicle, vessel or aircraft, as may be appropriate, for so long as the requirement under this paragraph remains in force." 5.10 In addition, it is necessary to note s. 4(2) of the Criminal Justice Act, 1984, ("the 1984 Act") which provides that, where a member of An Gárda Síochána arrests without warrant a person, such person may, in the circumstances specified in that section, be brought to a gárda station and detained for a period of six hours. 5.11 The judgment of this Court in Boylan was given by McCarthy J. The facts, as recorded in the judgment, were that drugs were found in a vehicle at about 9.30 in the evening. Mr. Boylan, who was in charge of the vehicle in question, was found by the trial judge to have been detained for a period of approximately two hours after which he was brought to a gárda station. During that period Mr. Boylan was not required, in the words of the section, to be in or on or accompany the vehicle, but rather was brought to a shed at the ferry port in question where he was questioned by a number of members of An Gárda Síochána. In those circumstances, this Court held that Mr. Boylan was, in fact, arrested shortly after the drugs were found around 9.30. The Court noted that there is an obligation, under s. 4 of the 1984 Act, that a person who is arrested without warrant be brought to a gárda station as soon as reasonably possible. In those circumstances, and in the light of the Court's finding that Mr. Boylan had been arrested around 9.30 and had not been brought to the gárda station for two hours thereafter, it was held that his entire detention was tainted. 5.12 The equivalent section applicable to an officer of Customs and Excise is s. 2(2)(b) of the 1988 Act which provides as follows:-
(ii) where the decision to search relates to a vehicle and the place where he finds the vehicle is in his opinion unsuitable for the search, require the person forthwith to take the vehicle (or cause it to be taken) to a place which the officer considers suitable for the search and which he specifies, (iii) require the person to be in or on or to accompany the vehicle, vessel or aircraft for so long as the requirement under this paragraph remains in force." 5.13 The facts of the present case were that, based on information from a confidential source, Customs and Excise officers acting in conjunction with gárdaí in a joint operation stopped two trucks as they disembarked from a ferry in the Dublin Port area. The first truck was stopped at 5.18 p.m. with Mr. Stuurman's truck being stopped at 5.22 p.m. Customs officer Martin Rogers immediately informed Mr. Stuurman that he was detaining his truck in accordance with s. 2 of the 1988 Act for a drugs search. Mr. Stuurman was directed to drive his truck into an area a short distance from the ship. A sniffer dog was used to search the cab of his truck but nothing was found. Shortly after that both trucks were driven to an area called New Custom House which is approximately one mile from the place where the vehicles were originally detained. The trucks were driven by Customs officials while Mr. Stuurman was transported in an official car accompanied by Customs officers. It would appear that the other truck was searched first and packages containing the drugs in question were found concealed in boxes. The events at 9.30 p.m. when Mr. Stuurman was arrested by Det. Gárda O'Reilly have already been described. The evidence suggested that the trucks had arrived at New Custom House at approximately 7.20 p.m. Evidence was given by Customs officers that a decision was made to search the other truck first and that "all our time and resources went into that operation". The evidence was that Mr. Stuurman remained in the general location of the vehicle while the earlier search on the accompanying vehicle was carried out but was not in any way questioned at that time. There was also evidence that Mr. Stuurman was informed, prior to his vehicle being moved, that "he was still subject to the search provision". There was also evidence that "the search provision was enforced … until such time as the search provision had been concluded". 5.14 In that context, the trial judge made the following findings:-
5.16 Against that background, it is necessary to compare and contrast the situation which applied in Boylan and that which applied in this case. The Court is not satisfied that anything much turns on any difference between the two statutory regimes. It is true that there are some differences between the respective sections such that the length of time in respect of which a direction to remain with a vehicle is to last is not described in the same way. Likewise, s. 4(2) of the 1984 Act does not seem to have application to the facts of this case. However, so far as is truly material to the issues which arise in this case, the Court is satisfied that the respective statutory regimes are extremely similar. It is clear that in both cases appropriate officers can give a mandatory direction to a person who appears to be in charge of a vehicle which requires the person in question to remain in or on or accompany such a vehicle for the purposes of its being searched. The search is required to be carried out as soon as is practicable. 5.17 It seems to me that those measures, provided that they are properly applied, do not constitute an arrest. A person is obliged to comply with such a direction and if failing so to do can be arrested. However, the imposition of a direction, while restricting a person's freedom of movement, is not, in itself, an arrest. If it were an arrest then there would hardly be any necessity for a provision entitling appropriate officers to arrest for failure to comply. 5.18 There are, however, significant differences between the facts of Boylan and the facts of this case. In Boylan, the accused, instead of being required to remain with the relevant vehicle, was taken to a room and questioned by officers of An Gárda Síochána. When his presence in that room was sought to be justified under the direction provisions applicable in his case (those which empower An Gárda Síochána), the court held that, on the facts, taking an individual to a room and questioning him could not be brought within the terms of the direction provisions which simply oblige a person to accompany the vehicle for as long as the direction remains in force. The evidence in this case established that a search was ongoing at all material times save for the period when the vehicles were being transported from the immediate disembarkation area to a more convenient search location. It is true that Mr. Stuurman's vehicle was not significantly searched but the evidence suggests that the reason for that was, as the trial judge found, that a decision was taken to search the other vehicle first and, when drugs were found in the other vehicle, Mr. Stuurman was arrested. 5.19 There are a range of points that might be made concerning the question of whether Mr. Stuurman can be said to have been under arrest at any time up to 9.30 p.m. when he was, undoubtedly, arrested by An Gárda Síochána. 5.20 The fact that he was not exactly beside the vehicle but rather was in a nearby room in the company of an officer of Customs and Excise might raise a debate about whether he could be said to be "accompanying" the vehicle within the terms of the statutory direction or whether he was truly detained. In that regard, the trial judge took the view that Mr. Stuurman did not have to be literally beside the vehicle but rather could be in any convenient location in the vicinity while the search was being carried out. Next, it might be said that the vehicle was not searched as soon as practicable because the other vehicle was searched first. In that regard, the trial judge took the view that it was reasonable for the officers of Customs and Excise to allocate their resources to searching one vehicle first and that, in that context, those officers remained of the intention to search Mr. Stuurman's vehicle as soon as they were finished with the first vehicle save that such a course of action was overtaken by the event of the finding of drugs in the first vehicle. Then, it might be said that it could be concluded that Mr. Stuurman was not free to go and thus was under arrest. However, the relevant Customs officials gave evidence that, while it might well, hypothetically, have been the case that they would have arrested Mr. Stuurman if he tried to leave, it was said that such a situation did not arise because Mr. Stuurman always complied, as was his legal obligation, with the direction to accompany the vehicle. In addition, it might be argued that there was no need to make a continued direction to Mr. Stuurman to remain with the vehicle in question when it was decided to search the other truck first and it was argued that the use of a direction by Customs officials was a device to detain Mr. Stuurman until the other truck had been searched. However, the trial judge did not accept that submission and was not prepared to hold that Customs officials had acted improperly in that way. 5.21 Finally, attention was drawn to the fact that this was, undoubtedly, a joint operation by An Gárda Síochána and Customs and Excise. However, this Court finds that the trial judge held, correctly, that as the statutory direction had been given by an officer of Customs and Excise, its validity fell to be considered in accordance with the 1988 Act and that the presence of gárdaí as part of a joint operation did not alter that fact. 5.22 For Mr. Stuurman to have been the subject of an unlawful arrest or detention the court would need to have taken the view that his freedom of movement was restrained not by virtue of his obligation to comply with a lawful direction given under the 1988 Act but rather, as in Boylan, in circumstances which went outside the parameters of such a direction. Any such decision in any case will, necessarily, be dependent on the facts of the case as they are found by the trial judge. 5.23 Even if the trial judge's overall assessment of the facts of this case could be shown to be in error in some sufficient way so as to render his decision on the lawfulness of Mr. Stuurman's ultimate custody and, thus, the admissibility of evidence of his admission, incorrect, the Court is not satisfied that, even taken at its height, any such error could be described as being a fundamental error of law. There was more than sufficient difference between the factual backdrop in Boylan, on the one hand, and Mr. Stuurman's case, on the other, to enable the trial judge to come to a view, consistent with Boylan, which led to a different conclusion in this case. It must be emphasised that the Court is by no means determining that the trial judge made any error. What it does determine is that even if, in any or all of the ways asserted, the trial judge was incorrect in ultimately coming to the view that Mr. Stuurman's case was sufficiently different to Boylan (on the basis of the argument that it was a case where Mr. Stuurman was only constrained by the proper application of the relevant statutory direction), same would not be a major error of principle but rather an error which would flow from an inaccurate overall assessment of the facts. Such an error could not, in the view of the Court, be described, in all the circumstances of this case, as fundamental such that Mr. Stuurman could be said not to have had a trial in accordance with law. 5.24 In that context, the Court refers to the point made on behalf of Mr. Stuurman to the effect that, at least from some passages in his ruling, it might be inferred that the trial judge had come to the conclusion that Mr. Stuurman was in fact arrested albeit lawfully or that any irregularity was cured by his subsequent arrest by An Gárda Síochána at 9.30 p.m. It is said that those passages from the trial judge's ruling make it unclear as to what the true findings of the trial judge on these issues were. The Court is satisfied that, even if the points raised on behalf of Mr. Stuurman under that heading are correct, same could not amount to the sort of fundamental error which would justify permitting him to pursue an appeal against conviction notwithstanding his plea of guilty. The high point of the argument made on behalf of Mr. Stuurman can not, in the view of this Court, go beyond an assertion that the trial judge's ruling was not sufficiently clear to allow this Court to conclude safely that Mr. Stuurman was in lawful custody at the time when he made admissions of involvement in drug importation. None of the arguments raised, even if they were to be made out, are such as could allow any errors established if those arguments proved correct as being properly described as being of so fundamental a kind that Mr. Stuurman could not be said to have had a trial in accordance with law up to the point in time when he changed his plea to one of guilty. 5.25 It follows, therefore, that the Court is not satisfied that Mr. Stuurman has established, even assuming the grounds which he wishes to assert are correct, that there was anything close to a fundamental error in this case. It follows that this is not one of those cases where it is appropriate, in the light of his plea of guilty, to permit Mr. Stuurman to pursue an appeal in the face of such a plea of guilty. 6 Conclusion | ||||||||||||