England and Wales High Court (Commercial Court) Decisions

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE
QUEEN'S BENCH DIVISION
COMMERCIAL COURT

		Royal Courts of Justice Strand, London, WC2A 2LL
		24/09/2020

Covid-19 Protocol: This judgment will be handed down by the judge remotely by circulation to the parties' representatives by email and release to BAILII. The date and time for hand-down will be deemed to be 10:15AM on 24 September 2020.

Peter MacDonald Eggers QC:

Introduction

1. On 10th January 2017, the Claimant had opened an investment/trading account with the Defendant. The Defendant terminated that account on 10th August 2017.
2. This action is concerned with a dispute between the Claimant and the Defendant as to whether the Defendant validly terminated the account.
3. The Claimant's case is that the account was purportedly terminated by the Defendant without warning, her open investment positions (being Bitcoin futures contracts) were closed, and her invested funds, accrued trading gains and the value of her open investment positions were unlawfully retained by the Defendant. The Claimant claims damages for breach of contract and other relief from the Defendant.
4. The Defendant's case is that the Claimant's account was operated pursuant to a deceitful misrepresentation as to the identity of the true holder and operator of the account and pursuant to various breaches of contract. The Defendant alleges that the Claimant's account was opened and operated by the Claimant's husband, Dr Craig Wright (as a means of subverting the Defendant's prior blocking of Dr Wright's own account), and that the information the Claimant provided as to the source of the funds invested by her on 4th and 14th August 2017 was untrue.
5. The Defendant has applied for an order for third party disclosure against Dr Wright pursuant to CPR rule 31.17. CPR rule 31.17(3) provides that:

"The court may make an order under this rule only where–

(a) the documents of which disclosure is sought are likely to support the case of the applicant or adversely affect the case of one of the other parties to the proceedings; and

(b) disclosure is necessary in order to dispose fairly of the claim or to save costs."

6. It is evident therefore that the Court has a discretion whether to make such an order, but that discretion becomes available only if the jurisdictional requirements are satisfied. Those jurisdictional requirements are that:

(1) The documents sought are "likely" to support the applicant's case or adversely affect any of the other parties' case. The word "likely" has been interpreted to mean that the documents sought "may well" support or adversely affect a party's case; the applicant does not have to establish that the documents have a better than 50% chance of supporting or adversely affecting a party's case; in order to satisfy this requirement, the documents must be relevant (Three Rivers District Council v Governor and Company of the Bank of England (No. 4) [2002] EWCA Civ 1182; [2003] 1 WLR 210, para. 30-32, 39).

(2) Disclosure is necessary to dispose fairly of the claim or to save costs. This is not an inherently a high hurdle to be met in that it has been said that all relevant documents should be before the Court so that the trial is a fair one (Hollander on Documentary Evidence, (13th ed.), para. 3-14). However, it is the disclosure which must be necessary, because if the disclosure is available from another party to the action, such disclosure may not be considered necessary (Frankson v Home Office [2003] EWCA Civ 655; [2003] 1 WLR 1952, para. 12).

7. Once these jurisdictional requirements are satisfied, the Court has a discretion whether or not to order disclosure. In Frankson v Home Office [2003] EWCA Civ 655; [2003] 1 WLR 1952, para. 10, the Court of Appeal said that "The word "only" in rule 31.17(3) emphasises that disclosure from third parties is the exception rather than the rule. Disclosure will not be routinely ordered but only where the conditions there specified are met". Nevertheless, the Court of Appeal recognised that "wider considerations" come into play in the exercise of the Court's discretion (para. 13).
8. The documentation which is the subject of the application relates to particular allegations advanced by the Claimant in these proceedings and supported by the evidence of Dr Wright.
9. The trial of this action is fixed to commence on 12th October 2020. Both the Claimant and Dr Wright are intending to give evidence at the trial.
10. The Defendant's application for an order for disclosure against Dr Wright was issued on 22nd July 2020 and originally sought the following orders for compliance by Dr Wright as the Respondent:

"1. The Respondent shall instruct a suitably qualified digital forensics specialist (the "Disclosure Consultant"), under the supervision of his solicitors, to collect the emails stored in all email accounts of which he has possession, custody or control.

2. The Respondent shall instruct the Disclosure Consultant, under the supervision of his solicitors, to run the following keyword searches (with Boolean operators) on an industry standard disclosure platform over those emails which have been collected under paragraph 1 of this Order:

2.1. "DeMorgan" AND "Loan"

2.2. "DeMorgan" AND "Wright Family Trust"

2.3. "DeMorgan" AND "Ramona"

2.4. "Wright Family Trust" AND "deed"

2.5. "Wright Family Trust" AND "declaration"

2.6. "Wright Family Trust" AND "benefici!"

2.7. "Wright Family Trust" AND "Ramona"

3. The Respondent shall disclose to the parties those documents responsive to the searches under paragraph 2 of this Order which fall within Issues 5 and/or 7 of the Disclosure Review Document approved by Mr Justice Bryan on 25 October 2020, by no later than [XXXX] 2020.

4. The Respondent shall, in consultation with and under the oversight of his solicitors, conduct a reasonable search for the following categories of documents within his control, and, by [XXXX] 2020, disclose such documents which are located unless they are privileged:

4.1. Documents relating to the configuration of the Respondent's home virtual private network system between 1 January and 31 August 2017.

4.2. Documents relating to the IP addresses which the Respondent held or rented from other IP address providers and access logs documenting user log-ins."

11. Mr Matthew Bradley, on behalf of the Defendant, submitted that the application sought disclosure of two broad categories of documents:

(1) Documents relating to monies said to have been received by the Claimant from DeMorgan Ltd, an Australian company, pursuant to the Claimant's alleged interest in that company as the beneficiary of the Wright Family Trust, which owned 60% of the shares in the company.

(2) Documents relevant to an alleged virtual private network ("VPN") system which the Claimant and Dr Wright alleged was installed in their home at 7 Oak Road.

12. At first glance, the disclosure order sought by the Defendant encompasses wide or potentially wide classes of documents. This of itself is a factor which the Court should take into account in the exercise of its discretion. I will return to this below.
13. At the hearing of this application, Mr Bradley on behalf of the Defendant indicated that the classes of documents sought by the Defendant in its application for third party disclosure were limited to:

(1) Documents disclosed by a search of Dr Wright's email account with the search terms "DeMorgan", "Loan" and "Ramona" (being the Claimant's first name), plus the trust deed for the Wright Family Trust, along with any relevant deeds of variation to the same, together with preservation of the relevant metadata.

(2) As to the VPN system which the Claimant and Dr Wright allege was installed at their home at 7 Oak Road,

(a) Configuration scripts and/or a network "map" or other document setting out the network architecture and/or the layout and settings by which the VPN network installed at 7 Oak Road operated over the period from January to August 2017.

(b) Invoices from BT in relation to the leasing of the IP addresses used by the VPN, as explained by Dr Wright at para. 52 of his first witness statement dated 3rd July 2020 and at para. 45 of his second witness statement dated 18th August 2020.

14. In considering whether an order for disclosure by Dr Wright of these classes of documents should be made, the Defendant's overriding case should be borne in mind, namely that the Claimant misrepresented the fact that she opened and was the sole user and operator of the account with the Defendant, because it was Dr Wright who opened and operated the Claimant's account with the Defendant.

Documents relating to DeMorgan Ltd

15. The documents relating to DeMorgan Ltd are said to be relevant in the current proceedings, because the Claimant has changed her case as to the source of funds invested by her in her account with the Defendant. In particular, the Defendant points to the following:

(1) At para. 24-25 of the Amended Particulars of Claim, the Claimant pleaded that on 4th August 2017, the Claimant was requested by the Defendant to complete and provide certain documentation, including a Source of Wealth Form, which the Claimant completed and which stated that the source of the Claimant's investment funds were the sale proceeds of her former Australian home and the release of capital from DeMorgan Ltd. At para. 32, the Claimant pleads that further documents were provided to the Defendant on 14th August 2017, including the DeMorgan Ltd share register documentation. The Source of Wealth Form referred to and dated 4th August 2017 stated "40% of DeMorgan Ltd (Australia) holdings liquidated on move to U.K." under the heading of "Disposal of Business or other asset?".

(2) In its Defence and Counterclaim, at para. 5(viii) and (ix), the Defendant pleads that the Claimant's explanations as to the source of the monies so deposited, as provided on or about 4th August 2017 and in a later email dated 14th August 2017 (referred to at para. 24 and 32 of the Amended Particulars of Claim), were on their face problematic in that (a) by those emails, the Claimant stated that the "majority of funds" which she put into her account came from a house sale, but the relevant house sale related to the sale of a house which the Claimant owned with a Mr David Watts, who was apparently the Claimant's former husband so that it follows that there is no obvious reason why any of the proceeds of that sale should have been routed through an account bearing Dr Wright's name; and (b) the remainder of the Claimant's explanations as to the source of her funds relate to the realisation of her shareholding in DeMorgan Ltd, an Australian company which had been liquidated; there is no obvious reason why those funds should have been routed through an account in Dr Wright's name.

(3) At para. 11 of her Reply, the Claimant pleads that "On 16 June 2016 the Claimant received £437,242.80 in repayment of a loan to DeMorgan Ltd into the Lloyds Account. Those funds were initially substantially invested in the Claimant's IG account, before the Claimant withdrew £408,000 from her IG account into the Lloyds Account on 12 January 2017. The Claimant used this money as the source of her initial investment in her account with the Defendant and, as explained in paragraph 23 of the Amended Particulars, chose to re-invest most of the gains that had been withdrawn in May 2017 for the purpose of purchasing a property (which the Claimant and Dr Wright subsequently decided not to purchase)".

(4) The Claimant's case has therefore changed in that the funds sourced from DeMorgan Ltd were originally said to be a "release of capital" and now are said to be the "repayment of a loan".

16. The Defendant relies on the fact that the truth of the Claimant's explanation of the source of funds remains an issue and, if the documents disclosed in respect of DeMorgan Ltd reveal that she in fact had no interest in the Wright Family Trust or the company, then her case as to receiving funds by a release of capital cannot be sustained.
17. According to para. 34 of the third witness statement dated 22nd July 2020 of Ms Lydia Danon of Cooke, Young & Keidan LLP, the Defendant's solicitors, the following facts emerged from the Claimant's disclosure of documents relating to DeMorgan Ltd:

(1) The Claimant attended a Board Meeting of DeMorgan by telephone on 13th May 2016, at which sales of company assets were approved ("the IP Transaction"). The Claimant "inquired about whether the loans in the names of Ramona Watts [Ms Ang's previous married name] and Craig Wright could be paid with funds from the IP Transaction (Personal Loans)". However, according to Ms Danon, no further documents relating to or evidencing these purported "Personal Loans" have been disclosed.

(2) When the Claimant had received a request for further documentation in response to her Source of Wealth form in August 2017, Dr Wright forwarded to her a copy of the DeMorgan Ltd share register (which she ultimately provided to the Defendant), stating "For the UFX ppl tomorrow first thing. 50% each of us in Wright Family Trust". According to Ms Danon, no further documents relating to or evidencing the Wright Family Trust and the Claimant's interests in the same or its interests in DeMorgan Ltd have been disclosed.

(3) A number of bank statements in respect of the Claimant, Dr Wright and DeMorgan Ltd have been disclosed, from which it is evident that there was a deposit into the Lloyds Account for £437,242.80 on 16th June 2016, with a transaction description of "F/FLOW DEMORGAN LT", but a corresponding transfer out is conspicuously absent from DeMorgan Ltd's bank statements for this period, whereas by contrast, a payment out from DeMorgan Ltd of AUD 60,000 on 21st June 2016 with the description "Withdrawal online 1209379 Intl Dr Craig S Demorgan Ltd" appears to correspond to credit of £28,949 into the Lloyds Account with the description "F/FLOW DEMORGAN LT".

18. At para. 37-39 of Ms Danon's third witness statement, it is said that:

(1) The Claimant has refused to state whether Dr Wright has any company records relating to DeMorgan Ltd and that Dr Wright has not consented to his emails being collected, hosted by a third party and searched.

(2) The Defendant has requested the Claimant to disclose documents evidencing the Wright Family Trust, including the declaration of trust and/or any other documents establishing the same, its legal ownership of the shareholding in DeMorgan Ltd and documents otherwise identifying trustees and beneficiaries at the relevant time.

(3) On 8th June 2020, the Claimant's solicitors (SCA Ontier LLP) informed the Defendant that the Claimant refused to provide any further documentation regarding the receipt of funds from DeMorgan Ltd and stated that the Defendant had not established that the documents establishing the Claimant's beneficial interest in DeMorgan Ltd were relevant and continued: "Ms Ang exercises no control over any documents in Dr Wright's possession and cannot give disclosure of those documents".

19. At para. 27 of his second witness statement dated 18th August 2020, Dr Wright stated that he does not have in his possession bank statements relating to DeMorgan Ltd for June 2016, because he had resigned as a director in 2015 and because DeMorgan Ltd was de-registered on 1st September 2016. Dr Wright further stated that although he was aware of the repayment of the loan by DeMorgan Ltd to the Claimant, he would not have had any documents relating to the loan and cannot think why he should have such documents. Dr Wright concluded by stating that, after the de-registration of DeMorgan Ltd, he retained documents relating to the intellectual property of DeMorgan Ltd, but "I have no financial or accounting information in relation to DeMorgan at all".
20. Mr Bradley on behalf of the Defendant submitted that there was an inconsistency in this account. Mr Bradley also referred to Dr Wright's first witness statement dated 3rd July 2020, at para. 36-37, where he stated that on 4th August 2017, the Defendant asked the Claimant to complete a Source of Wealth Form and send back some supporting documentation and the Claimant asked him about supplying some document in relation to DeMorgan Ltd; in response to this, Dr Wright provided the Claimant with the company's Tax Declaration Form, Profit and Loss statement, and Balance Sheet, "all for 2015". I struggle to see how these statements are inconsistent. I read them as clear statements that Dr Wright did not have documentation relating to DeMorgan Ltd's finance and accounting information for the period after his resignation as a director in 2015.
21. Ms Danon in her sixth witness statement dated 3rd September 2020 referred to the fact that Dr Wright's statement does not accord with his evidence in his second witness statement dated 18th August 2020, at para. 22 and 26, where he said that the Claimant's solicitors had undertaken a search of Dr Wright's documents using the search terms (which are referred to in the Defendant's original application - quoted above) and produced 5,548 hits (or 18,985 documents). However, Dr Wright's statement is based on the observation that the search terms were unlimited by date and broadly drafted.
22. Ms Danon stated at para. 16-17 of her sixth witness statement that "The search terms were intended to capture the financial information which Reliantco seeks and, while I acknowledge some of what is said in Wright-2 about certain search terms potentially being too broad, it seems very unlikely that terms such as "DeMorgan" and "Loan" would capture "only" documents relating to DeMorgan's IP - still less, thousands of them. It therefore strikes me as very unlikely that Craig Wright has no documents in his possession going to these disclosure issues. He has moreover confirmed that they are already hosted on a review platform and there is therefore no cost involved in testing this proposition. I therefore respectfully believe there is nothing in this objection". Although I have taken into account Ms Danon's evidence, I do not consider that Dr Wright's statement is necessarily untrue having regard to the number of hits produced by the searches carried out.
23. As to the trust deed relating to the Wright Family Trust, Dr Wright stated, at para. 22.4 of his second witness statement, that this was a private family trust he instituted and was a holding entity for companies he had previously founded and that the trust has no relationship with the current action.
24. Mr Nikki Singla QC, on behalf of Dr Wright, objected to the Defendant's application for third party disclosure in relation to the documents relating to the Claimant's loan to DeMorgan Ltd, because:

(1) The Defendant has not identified the documents it requires Dr Wright to search for; it has merely identified search terms with no date ranges. (The search terms are now more restricted than set out in the original application).

(2) Without identifying such documents, it cannot satisfy the jurisdictional requirement of relevance and the propensity of the documents to support the Defendant's case or adversely affect the Claimant's case.

(3) The Defendant has not demonstrated why disclosure from Dr Wright is necessary.

(4) No application was made for similar disclosure against the Claimant. At para. 57.1 of Ms Danon's third witness statement, it is said that the documents requested are more likely to be in Dr Wright's possession than the Claimant's possession. The Claimant has already disclosed some bank statements. Mr Bradley on behalf of the Defendant said in reply that the Claimant had said in April 2020 that she had no further disclosure to give.

(5) The application is made very late. Mr Bradley submitted in reply that the application was not late, as it was made three weeks after Dr Wright's first witness statement was made.

25. I accept Mr Singla QC's submissions. I do not consider that an order for third party disclosure against Dr Wright should be made in respect of the documents relating to the loan extended by the Claimant to DeMorgan Ltd including the search of Dr Wright's email account for the following reasons.
26. First, the original scope of the application for third party disclosure and even the reduced scope is too broad. The facility to order third party disclosure is most useful where a particular document or a specific class of documents can be precisely described. As Mr Singla QC observed, in exercising its jurisdiction in this respect, the Court should have regard to the impact of the order on a third party. In this case, I am aware that Dr Wright is both the husband of the Claimant and a witness in the action. Nevertheless, that is not sufficient to override the other considerations which justify the dismissal of the application.
27. Second, although I understand that the documents sought relate to the Claimant's account of the source of the funds invested by her in her account with the Defendant, I do not consider that the Defendant's application adequately identifies the specific documents or classes of documents which justify such an order. Indeed, in the absence of such identification, the Defendant has not been able to satisfy me that the documents are relevant and might well support the Defendant's case or adversely affect the Claimant's case. It follows from this finding that the Court has no jurisdiction to grant the order sought.
28. Third, even if the Court had a discretion to exercise, I would have exercised the discretion against making the disclosure order against Dr Wright, because (a) I am not satisfied about the relevance of the documents, (b) the order sought is disproportionately broad in its scope, and (c) Dr Wright has said that he does not have any documents relating to financial or accounting information in relation to DeMorgan Ltd.
29. As to the application relating to the Wright Family Trust deed and deeds of variation, together with preservation of the relevant metadata, Mr Bradley on behalf of the Defendant submitted that this would demonstrate whether the Claimant in fact had an interest in DeMorgan Ltd. In response to this, Mr Singla QC submitted that whether or not the trust deed reveals the Claimant to be a beneficiary is of little if any relevance, and that it is a confidential document and should not be disclosed; that the disclosure of documents relating to the Wright Family Trust could have been pursued against the Claimant, but it has not been; and that it is now far too late for the making of the application.
30. As to this, I consider that the Defendant is not entitled to a third party disclosure order against Dr Wright in respect of the Wright Family Trust deed and any deed of variation (or any metadata) for the following reasons:

(1) There is an inconsistency in the Claimant's pleaded case in that she initially pleaded that the funds invested in her account with the Defendant were originally a release of capital from DeMorgan Ltd (in which the Trust has a 60% share), but in her Reply it is said that the funds were a repayment of a loan. If the latter, the Trust deed is of less or little relevance. Nevertheless, given this inconsistency, I consider that the jurisdictional requirements of CPR rule 31.17 are satisfied.

(2) Nevertheless, the Court's discretion should be exercised against providing such disclosure, because:

(a) The inconsistency on the statements of case has been known for some time, since October 2019, when the Reply was served. The Claimant's interest in the Wright Family Trust was revealed by the Claimant's disclosure in April 2020. The application is made relatively late.

(b) An application could and should have been made against the Claimant.

(c) I have taken into account countervailing considerations, including that (i) as the founder of the Trust, Dr Wright is likely to have a copy of the Trust deed and any deed of variation in his possession, and (ii) the documents are precisely identified and can be readily disclosed. However, these considerations do not indicate to me that the making of the disclosure order against Dr Wright is likely to advance the parties' positions at trial.

(d) Although a lesser consideration, I take into account that the documents are potentially confidential.

Documents relating to the VPN at 7 Oak Road

31. The Defendant contends that the documents relating to the VPN maintained by Dr Wright at 7 Oak Road are relevant because at para. 5(x) of the Defence and Counterclaim, the Defendant pleads that

"Further, at Appendix 1 to Ang-1, the Claimant gave evidence that over 12 to 20 April 2017 she was in Singapore for her Father's 80th birthday celebrations. However, whilst she was in Singapore celebrating her Father's birthday, the Claimant's account with the Defendant was accessed on both 14 and 20 April 2017 from the same UK BT Openworld J.P. server address by which her account was (i) intermittently accessed over the period 7 to 15 February 2017 and (ii) consistently accessed over the period 25 February 2017 to 24 May 2017."

32. At para. 22 of her Reply, the Claimant pleads that "Paragraph 5(x) is admitted . Use of a VPN connection enabled the Claimant to access her account through her home network when she was away from home".
33. The use of the VPN is relevant to the issues to be tried because the Claimant's account with the Defendant was accessed from an IP address in the United Kingdom while the Claimant was in Singapore or on a flight from Singapore. The Defendant's case is that it was Dr Wright who accessed the account in the United Kingdom while the Claimant was in Singapore or on a flight from Singapore. The Claimant's explanation for this is that the Claimant used the VPN established by Dr Wright and this is consistent with her accessing the account whilst abroad.
34. Dr Wright has explained the VPN which was installed at the Claimant's and his home at para. 44-54 of his first witness statement. In that statement, Dr Wright said, amongst other things, that:

(1) He had extensive knowledge and experience of cyber security and took the security of the IT system deployed at his home very seriously. The network was connected to the nChain network and had access to very valuable intellectual property and research. In the simplest of terms, Dr Wright and the Claimant had high level commercial grade security systems and protection at home.

(2) A VPN is a way to connect securely with an existing network, potentially anywhere in the world. Each device directly connected to the internet has a unique address, known as an IP (Internet Protocol) address. This is used to route information between systems that has both a recipient and sender address. When accessing a website, it needs to know the sender IP address to return information. When using the VPN in full tunnel mode, the device (sender) IP address is replaced with the external address of his network. In this situation, the accessed website would see the connection as originating from the VPN network.

(3) All of Dr Wright's and the Claimant's devices were configured to connect to the Internet through the VPN for the purpose of security and anonymity. The configuration forces all network traffic through the VPN in effect making it appear that an authenticated user, such as the Claimant, is present on the home network when accessing external services, regardless of the user's actual geographical location giving the impression he or she was physically there.

(4) The Claimant's computers and iPhone were configured to be on the domain and the security policy was set and pushed to the Claimant's machine using group policy. The Claimant's devices were all set to access all Internet sites through the VPN, being an automatic process. This was subject to a number of exceptions.

(5) The net effect of the way the VPN worked was that the Claimant could log on to a website from anywhere in the world and the IP address would be shown as being inside the VPN in the United Kingdom. When using her standard equipment (her iPhone or laptop) the Claimant would enter one of the public IP addresses used by the home network at the time (which in 2017, included four addresses in the USA as exit points, 2,048 addresses in the United Kingdom on the BT commercial network via a gigabit fibre, one IP address in Singapore, one IP address in Tokyo, and eight other randomised IP addresses in the United Kingdom).

35. Dr Wright developed this evidence at para. 34-39 of his second witness statement. Mr Bradley on behalf of the Defendant submitted that there is no documentary evidence referred to or relied on by Dr Wright in support of his statements.
36. Mr Bradley submitted that the existence and operation of the VPN at 7 Oak Road is plainly an issue and is relevant to the question whether the Claimant accessed the account whilst outside the United Kingdom; the documents sought are likely to be within Dr Wright's possession; and Dr Wright is knowledgeable about the VPN, which is apparent from his witness statements. In the absence of documentary evidence, Mr Bradley submitted, the Defendant is entitled to disclosure of relevant documents relating to (a) the configuration of the VPN and (b) the IP addresses used in connection with the VPN.
37. The disclosure sought by the Defendant was originally for (a) documents relating to the configuration of Dr Wright's home virtual private network system between 1st January and 31st August 2017; and (b) documents relating to the IP addresses which Dr Wright held or rented from other IP address providers and access logs documenting user log-ins.
38. The Defendant has confined this application to (a) a document setting out the network architecture and/or the layout and settings by which the VPN network installed at 7 Oak Road operated over the period from January to August 2017; and (b) invoices from BT in relation to the leasing of the IP addresses used by the VPN.
39. Mr Singla QC on behalf of Dr Wright objected to this application, because:

(1) The documents relating to the VPN configuration and the invoices are not relevant and so the Court has no jurisdiction to make the order. However, I understand that Mr Singla QC accepted that the documents relating to access logs would be sufficiently relevant and necessary for the fair disposal of the case. That said, and as I understand Mr Bradley clarified, the access logs were not within the Defendant's narrowed application.

(2) The Court should not exercise its jurisdiction to order disclosure, because the purpose of this request was tied to the Defendant's application to adduce expert evidence on the VPN. (During the Pre-Trial Review, at which the current application was heard, I ordered that the Defendant was permitted to adduce such expert evidence.)

(3) At para. 42-43 and 46 of his second witness statement, Dr Wright said that the configuration of the VPN hardware and software at 7 Oak Road did not of itself generate documents and Dr Wright had no reason to create and retain such documentation; that, although it is possible to review a "snapshot" of a VPN configuration and network at a particular point of time, the VPN network installed by Dr Wright at 7 Oak Road is no longer in place, because the Claimant and Dr Wright have moved to a new address, and because the network infrastructure has been rebuilt entirely on several occasions since 2017; and that he did not believe that documents relating to the VPN configuration exist and he did not keep a record of the VPN settings and configuration; that Dr Wright did not retain server or access logs documenting user log-ins. Mr Bradley replied that the Defendant's VPN expert, Dr Nedko Nedev, said that it would be "highly unusual for an enterprise-grade VPN to not have documentation of the network configuration" (para. 33 of Ms Danon's sixth witness statement).

(4) Mr Bradley indicated during his oral submissions that the invoices might disclose the IP addresses which Dr Wright leased from BT. Mr Singla QC said that it is unclear to what extent invoices issued by BT, from whom Dr Wright rented the IP addresses, would include the IP address information. The matter of invoices was first raised in Ms Danon's sixth witness statement dated 3rd September 2020 (at para. 38, 41-42), but as Mr Singla QC observed, it was not explained in the statement why the invoices would disclose relevant information. Mr Singla QC informed the Court, on instructions, that Dr Wright has searched for such invoices, but they have not materialised.

40. In my judgment, the application for third party disclosure in relation to the VPN documents (apart from the BT invoices) should be dismissed. Although I consider that certain documentation in relation to the VPN would be sufficiently relevant to engage the Court's jurisdiction under CPR rule 31.17, the Court's discretion should be exercised against such disclosure by Dr Wright because Dr Wright has given evidence that no documents falling within the refined class of documents sought by the Defendant exist and so it would follow they would not be in his control (his evidence is that they are not currently in his possession, but if they do not exist, I do not see how they could be in his control). As the VPN installed at 7 Oak Road is no longer in place, no further action can be taken in this respect. If an order for third party disclosure were made, it seems likely that Dr Wright would produce the same evidence as he has already provided.
41. As far as the BT invoices are concerned, there is no evidence as to what information relating to IP addresses those invoices would disclose, although I think it is fair to conclude that they might well reveal the IP addresses which are being leased. I also consider that there is at least a reasonable possibility that such documents exist and can be accessed by Dr Wright. In any event, the invoices sought by the Defendant are those which list the IP addresses in respect of which payment is sought (para. 38 of Ms Danon's sixth witness statement dated 3rd September 2020). Furthermore, Dr Wright has not yet given evidence as to the existence of these documents or the likelihood that they are within his control (although his position has been stated on instructions). Accordingly, a third party disclosure order should be made in respect of the BT invoices. I appreciate that there are said to be as many as 2,048 addresses and so there might well be a relatively large number of invoices to search for and produce, if they exist and are within his control, but Dr Wright can be compensated by an order for costs in his favour in respect of costs incurred in complying with this order. If, however, compliance with this order proves to be unexpectedly disproportionate or would be too time-consuming or would be excessively delayed, Dr Wright has the liberty to apply to the Court to explain the position and seek a variation of the order.
42. I understand that this order is made relatively late in the action, and shortly before trial, but as Dr Wright gave evidence about the leasing of the IP addresses from BT in his witness statements dated 3rd July 2020 and 18th August 2020, in my judgment, the application which was issued on 22nd July 2020, and subsequently narrowed by Ms Danon's sixth witness statement on 3rd September 2020, is not critically late to prevent the order being made.

Conclusion

43. For the reasons explained above, I dismiss the Defendant's application for third party disclosure against Dr Wright, with the exception of the disclosure sought in respect of the BT Openworld invoices for the lease of the relevant IP addresses, which are ordered to be disclosed. I would like to hear from counsel as to the terms of the order, including the limits to be imposed in identifying the invoices which should be disclosed.
44. Subject to considering any further submissions from the parties, I think it should follow that an order for costs should be made in favour of Dr Wright both in respect of the dismissed application and in respect of the order for providing disclosure of BT invoices (pursuant to CPR rule 46.1(2)).
45. Dr Wright will have liberty to apply.