England and Wales High Court (Chancery Division) Decisions

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE
CHANCERY DIVISION

		Royal Courts of Justice, Rolls Building Fetter Lane, London, EC4A 1NL
		16/06/2015

Peter Smith J:

INTRODUCTION

1. This judgment arises out of the Claimant's application issued on 15th May 2015 for permission to amend his Claim Form and the Particulars of Claim to plead an assignment of the causes of action to the Claimant by the Official Receiver of his bankruptcy estate and thereby properly constitute the claim. Further the application seeks insofar as it might be necessary a variation of the order I made on 22nd April 2015 to prevent the action being struck out and permit it to proceed to trial with directions for the trial of the Claim.
2. The background for the present application is set out in my judgment of 22nd April 2015 and there is no need to repeat it in this judgment.

ORDER OF 22ND APRIL 2015 ("THE ORDER")

3. As a result of the late discovery of the fact that the Claimant had been made bankrupt in 1990 with the result that his cause of action had vested in the then Trustee in Bankruptcy he made an application to amend his Particulars of Claim (in identical form to the present) on 22nd April 2015. I dismissed that application. That decision was not appealed by the Claimant.
4. The reason why I dismissed the application was because contrary to his assertions via his solicitor Mr Carr at the time of the hearing on 22nd April 2015 the Claimant had no binding agreement from the Trustee in Bankruptcy to secure an assignment of the cause of action the subject matter of this action. It followed that his application was bound to fail.
5. The Claimant was then faced with the fact that the 22nd April 2015 was the date for the commencement of the trial. The Claimant's Counsel accepted that he could not open the case because he acknowledged the Claimant had no title to sue in respect of the alleged infringement of his copyright in the music sample as regards the drum part of the song known as "Warriors Dance ("WD")" which was released on the album "Invaders Must Die" by The Prodigy.

ANALYSIS OF THE ORDER

6. It is important to set out the order in full. After reciting that the Claimant had abandoned his application of 17th April 2015 to Amend his Particulars of Claim and upon the Claimant's application to adjourn the trial The Order provides:-

"IT IS DETERMINED THAT:

1. The Claimant's claim is an abuse of process.

2. The Claimant's application to adjourn the trial be dismissed

3. The claim be stayed until 20 May 2015 so as to allow the Official Receiver an opportunity to apply to intervene.

4. In the event the Official Receiver does not by 4.30pm on 20 May 2015 apply to intervene:

a. the claim be struck out;

b. the Claimant shall pay the Defendants' costs of the action to be assessed on the indemnity basis if not agreed; and

c. the Defendants shall have liberty to apply for a payment on account of those costs.

5. In the event the Official Receiver does by 4.30pm on 20 May 2015 apply to the Court to intervene, such application be reserved to Mr Justice Peter Smith for further directions.

6. The Claimant does by 4.30pm on 6 May 2015 pay the Defendants' costs thrown away by the stay, hereby summarily assessed at £22,000."

ABUSE

7. As the order shows I determined the Claimant's action was an abuse. The abuse was twofold. First as he acknowledged in a statement presented by his solicitor, when the Claimant was adjudicated bankrupt in 1990 he failed to disclose the existence of the ownership of the copyright the subject matter of this action in his Statement of Affairs. As I said in paragraph 12 of the earlier judgment that meant that he had failed to deliver documents in respect of assets such as royalty payments and the like and he had probably (emphasis added) sworn a false Statement of Affairs. Had he declared the true position and if the assets are as valuable as he now asserts, then in 1990 the Trustee would have marketed the rights and they would have been sold off. The proceeds of sale would then have been applied to the creditors' debts with any surplus thereafter to be paid back to him. It is quite clear that without reacquiring the ownership of these rights from the Trustee whether by an annulment of the bankruptcy or outright purchase the present action would simply have failed because he would have had nothing to sue for in the present action. I determined that the action was an abuse because of the Claimant's failure to detail his assets properly in his Statement of Affairs and attempt to take advantage of that by bringing the present proceedings. As I observed there are possible criminal consequences arising out of his failure. However I have not heard his explanation in a witness statement and I have not seen him give evidence on that point (see below on the Defendants' point concerning illegality). The second abuse is subjecting the Defendants to a claim which he is not entitled to bring.
8. When the Claimant first went bankrupt in 1990 there was a view held by a significant number of lawyers and commentators on insolvency that the assets of a bankrupt insofar as they were not dealt with by his Trustee in Bankruptcy re-vested in the bankrupt on his discharge and/or release from his bankruptcy. As I said that misconception was corrected by the decision of Re: Dent [1994] 1 WLR 956. There is no reason to doubt that the Claimant believed the asset would have re-vested in him on his bankruptcy discharge. That of course is not the end of the matter because of his failure to disclose it to his Trustee in Bankruptcy in the first place.
9. His second bankruptcy in 2004 was annulled. The Defendant produced letters that the Claimant received from the Official Receiver which drew to the Claimant's attention his obligation to disclose all assets and reminded him that assets do not re-vest on discharge as opposed to annulment. The Defendant relied upon that as leading to a conclusion that the Claimant probably received similar letters in 1990 reinforcing the proposition that the Claimant is abusing the process of the court. However as I said in paragraph 30 of my judgment I am not convinced that the Official Receiver would have addressed the non re-vesting in 1990 because the position on the authority was not clear. I did conclude however that the action was either an abuse because he had failed to disclose valuable assets to his Trustee in 1990 or alternatively the assets were actually worthless which demonstrates that his action was an abuse on that basis being brought to intimidate the Defendants into making a settlement because of the large costs liability. I referred to the costs liability in paragraphs 22-26 of my earlier judgment. Since then Mr Cuddigan QC who appears for the Defendants at the present hearing informed me that the pre-action costs in fact were approximately £1m. The Defendants in a letter dated 1st June 2015 set out the potential damages liability as the Defendants saw it. The total worldwide publishing for WD as at 9th October 2013 was £137,262.38. The Claimant was only seeking infringement in respect of UK income. However valuable his second stream is it is not so valuable as to take the entirety of the worldwide net recording income which according to that letter was £136,422.69. By way of update the Defendant identified that the UK publishing income was £55,168.15. In the context of the costs the amount of the Claim if the Defendants are correct is modest. As I opined in my earlier judgment the reality is that there is no money in this case for the Claimant unless there is a significant increase in the value of the Claim. That is difficult to see on the matters referred to above which are not challenged by any counter evidence. The reason for this is that given the huge size of the costs even if the Claimant wins in the light of the judicial observations of those costs it is extremely likely that on a detailed assessment as against the Defendants those costs will be significantly reduced. However Mr Adair who appears for the Claimant in this hearing (not having appeared before in the previous hearing) accepts that if the Defendants are approximately right regarding the maximum available damages bearing in mind the potential for reduction of the Claimant's costs it is unlikely that the Claimant will receive any of his damages because they will be claimed by the insurers to make up the shortfall between their actual as opposed to assessed costs.
10. The abuse therefore was primarily bringing the action when he had no title to sue and failing to disclose his assets on his 1990 bankruptcy. There is another potential abuse namely the Defendants being exposed to a claim for exorbitant costs and being oppressed by this litigation which is completely unmeritorious unless the Claimant can establish his title to the right in question.

BALANCE OF MY ORDER

11. I dismissed the application to adjourn but stayed the action until 20th May 2015 so as to allow the Official Receiver an opportunity to intervene.
12. Under paragraphs 4 and 5 I determined first that if the Official Receiver did not intervene the claim would be struck out with indemnity costs. Alternatively in the event that he did apply by 4.30pm on 20th May 2015 the application was to be reserved to me for further directions.

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

13. Paragraphs 4 and 5 of the Order contemplated that contact would be made with the Official Receiver and that he would be in a position to decide whether or not to intervene. However that was not all of it. Paragraph 5 contemplated that the Official Receiver could apply back to me for further directions. This was clearly flagged up in my judgment (paragraph 50):-

"I might accede to some other course of conduct by the trustee if he asserts it is in the best interests of the creditors so to act, but at the moment, I am staying it for that short period to enable him to decide whether or not he wants to intervene in the action and bring the case. Of course, the trustee needs to be identified, he needs to be satisfied there is some worth; he needs to be satisfied as to his costs position. Any application arising out of that decision by me to stay, whether to extend or formally put the action to death on the basis of no intervention is to take place, should be made to me at 10am on any day (subject to my availability) for 30 minutes on two business days' notice. To that extent I am reserving this action to myself. "

14. The reason for this paragraph is quite obvious. The victim of the Claimant's misconduct was not of course the Defendants; it was the creditors in his first bankruptcy. As is well established the consequences of a bankruptcy order against an individual is that his creditors lose their rights further to proceed against him personally and directly. Instead his creditors become a class and they (subject to the Trustee's powers and duties) are only interested in the assets of the bankrupt to be distributed on a pari passu basis. They are either paid in full because there are sufficient assets or pro rata if there are not sufficient assets to pay all of the debts and the expenses of the bankruptcy.
15. Subject to control by the committee the Trustee has the duty to gather in the assets, ascertain the creditors and other liabilities, and having realised the relevant assets distribute them after payment of the costs of the bankruptcy. It is for the Trustee to decide (subject to review by his creditors and the court) what to do. Paragraph 50 contemplated quite clearly that the decision of the Trustee might not be a simple yes or no as regards joinder. This was particularly likely because of two factors. First the question of the responsibility for the large costs would loom large in the Trustee's mind. He could avoid that as Mr Cuddigan QC acknowledged by simply abandoning these proceedings and commencing his own. Mr Cuddigan QC was extremely reluctant to acknowledge that but finally conceded he could not see that such conduct on the part of the Trustee would be an abuse. Second the Trustee would be guided by any evidence he has as to the value of the claim.
16. It would be quite wrong of me to attempt to fetter any exercise of the Trustee's discretion in the bankruptcy. It would be therefore quite wrong for me to limit the extent in which he could address the difficulty of the newly discovered asset.

SALE OF ASSET

17. In the event the Trustee decided neither to decline to intervene nor to intervene. He decided to invite sealed bids for the asset from the parties to the action.
18. That was done against the background as set out in Mr Shepherd's fourth witness statement on behalf of the Defendants dated 29th May 2015. He had discussed the position with Mr Tolley a representative of the Official Receiver. The position appeared to be that there was no file, the creditors were unknown except the petitioning creditor which is the Inland Revenue, there was no information relating to the amount of the debts and no information concerning the details of the Trustee of the bankruptcy estate.
19. In that eventuality the power to deal with the bankruptcy vested in the Official Receiver. Mr Tolley indicated to Mr Shepherd that the Official Receiver's office had no information relating to the size of the bankruptcy claim and was not in a position to give the impression (as recounted by Mr Carr on behalf of the Claimant) that the bankruptcy was modest. He proposed that an advertisement would be put in the ubiquitous Gazette inviting creditors to come forward. If no creditors came forward after the deduction of the Official Receiver's costs the balance would be returned to Mr Cole.
20. Mr Shepherd also wrote to HMRC. He was told that no files are retained more than 6 years after the event and without being given the details. Mr Brinkworth informed him that whilst he did not know about insolvency matters he stated that HMRC had no record for sums that old and it would have been written of as a revenue loss and that HMRC would not step forward now as it had no means of knowing what sums were due.
21. It is a fair point that is made by Mr Cuddigan QC that the Claimant was in a better position to elucidate on these areas but had not done so without explanation.

THE BID – OUTCOME

22. The Official Receiver decided that it would not be practicable to adopt the existing proceedings or bring separate ones. He decided to sell the cause of action and rights associated with composition and ask for bids from both the Claimant and the Defendants.
23. The Claimant submitted a bid for £25,000, £900 as a contribution to his costs related to his assignment and an undertaking to pay a share of the recoveries in the litigation both in the UK and worldwide.
24. That bid was accepted except the Official Receiver declined a right to the share of the proceeds. This was Mr Carr presumed because the Official Receiver did not want to be exposed to a potential costs liability as a result of having an interest in the outcome of the litigation. It is possible but unlikely (given the lack of knowledge of the Official Receiver) that was the required sum to discharge the bankruptcy debts.
25. The Defendants offered £20,000. Mr Shepherd (paragraph 7 of his 3rd Witness Statement) deposed that that was the maximum value put on the claim. It was not as Mr Cuddigan QC says in submissions in reliance upon the order (whatever that might mean). I was surprised at the low level of the Defendants bid. It was naïve to bid only in the context of the value of the asset as perceived by them. The reasons for that are twofold. First the Claimant clearly values the assets in a larger sum than £20,000. He would put a higher figure than £20,000 therefore and would be far more likely to bid (if at all) in a sum in excess of the minimal figure put forward by the Defendants. Therefore for there to be any worthwhile bid from the Defendants to assure finality they ought to have bid more than their valuation of the claim. Second the bid ignores the vexed question of costs. If the copyright in the asset could have been acquired by them then that would have been the end of the action. The Defendant would no longer be exposed to a large claim for damages. It must be noted that whilst criticisms have been made of the costs by Judges (including myself) it does not follow that the Claimant if successful will not obtain a substantial amount for costs. The Defendants have failed utterly to consider that as a possibility in making the bid they did. This is the more so when one considers that the Claimant had funding for the litigation. Those funders faced with a strike out of the action and a loss of the claim would almost inevitably have made a payment to gather in the copyright.
26. This I suspect has happened; I do not believe the Claimant has any assets to fund this litigation out of his own funds. The cost of the payment was £25,900. The Defendants under bid at £20,000.
27. The Claimant became assignee of the cause of action as a result. That led to the present application.

THE CLAIMANT'S SUBMISSIONS

28. First it is submitted on behalf of the Claimant that the abuse finding by me has now been purged and that he should be entitled to carry the action on as assignee of the rights from the Official Receiver. In that context it is to be noted that Mr Cuddigan QC once again accepted that if the Trustee had assigned the action to anyone else he could not realistically have opposed an application by that person to be substituted as the Claimant. That to my mind is a significant concession because it demonstrates the falsity of the Defendants' opposition to the present application. An assignee from the Trustee is not tainted with the Claimant's misconduct. It seems to me that by analogy with the principle of a bona fide purchaser the claimant should be similarly so regarded as he derives his new title not from his own misconduct but by virtue of the person who has power to assign the asset. The second significant point is that he has taken the asset from the person who has the power to investigate and deal with his previous misconduct. He thus obtains the asset free from any complaint in that regard from the Official Receiver. The latter in my view will have been affected by the relatively low value each side placed on the asset. He doubtless concluded there was never going to be much in it for the creditors.
29. The second contention by the Claimant is that it has a good arguable case (see my earlier judgment) and a refusal of an application to amend will deprive him of that valuable asset. The value is unascertained as yet and the Defendants observations are speculative.
30. Third there is no prejudice suffered by the Defendants beyond the irrelevant prejudice that they will lose the opportunity of having an action that had merits against them dismissed on the basis of a windfall unconnected with them.
31. The abuse was not directed at the Defendants but was directed at the Claimant's creditors in his first bankruptcy. That point has been resolved by the Trustee simply deciding to accept £25,900.

ANALYSIS OF THE ORDER

32. First the Claimant takes issue with Mr Cuddigan QC's contention made at the hearing on 19th May 2015 that my order was a "final order" and that there was no jurisdiction on that basis alone to vary or revoke it. The Claimant submitted that neither proposition was correct.
33. I agree with that analysis. I adopt the observations in the White Book at paragraph 3.1.9.2:-

"The term "final order" is used in this paragraph to describe an order which determines between the parties the issues which are the subject matter of their litigation and which give rise to a cause of action estoppel between them."

34. I do not believe my order was such. It is self evident on the face that it contemplated the possibility of further applications being made and there was no substantive decision of a final nature as against the Claimant and the Defendants which could possibly give rise to an issue estoppel.
35. As regards the other submission I do not accept the relevant rule relied upon by the Claimant (CPR 3.1 (7)) does not apply to final orders in any event.
36. The provision in full says:-

"(7) a power of the court under these Rules to make an order includes the powers to vary or revoke an order."

37. It will be observed that there are no restrictions on what order can be made nor upon what basis an order can be made. Contrast that with the provisions originally under CPR 3.9 (1) which have now been removed. Nevertheless the current CPR 3.9 requires the court in addition to considering all the circumstances so as to enable it to deal justly with the application to consider the need for the litigation to be conducted efficiently and at proportionate costs and to enforce compliance with the rules practice directions and orders.
38. It is not necessary fortunately for me to have to review the various decisions that have sprung up fully armed or otherwise in considering the impact of the changes made to CPR 3.9.
39. The editors of the White Book opine that Rule 3.1 (7) came out of a decision to create an omnibus provision to replace a situation where various provisions under the former rules expressly said that there was such a power. In so making the general provision the effect was simply to bring the general CPR Rules in line with provisions that had been in place in insolvency legislation for decades see for example section 375 (1) IA 1986 (Bankruptcy) and Rule 7.47 (1) of the Insolvency Rules 1986 (Company Insolvency). Those latter rules have attracted attempts by the judiciary from time to time to give guidance as to how the discretionary power should be exercised see for example the 6th criteria under Rule 7.47 (1) set out by Laddie J in Papanicola v Humphries [2005] 2 All ER 418 at [25]-[28].
40. I reviewed some of the cases in ITS v Morris [2010] EWHC 3275 (Ch) paragraphs 90-100.
41. Not to be outdone Mr Cuddigan QC provided me with a schedule containing 17 decisions on the rule. That schedule sets out cases where Judges make observations as to how and in what circumstances discretion should be exercised. For example (this is really the high water mark of Mr Cuddigan QC's submissions in my view) Patten J as he then was in Lloyds v Ager-Hansen [2003] EWHC 1740 (Ch) expressed the view that an applicant must either show some material change of circumstances or that the Judge who made the earlier order was mislead whether innocently or otherwise. However that cannot be elevated to the status of a sine qua non Patten J himself prefaced that by saying:-

"[Rule 3.1 (7) is not confined to purely procedural orders and there is no real guidance in the White Book as to possible limits of jurisdiction. Although this is not intended to be an exhaustive definition of the circumstances in which the power …..is exercisable it seems to me that for the High Court to revisit one of its earlier orders …..the applicant must show either some material change of circumstances or [misleading of the Judge]……. "

42. In the same paragraph he submitted that it was not appropriate for a party to an earlier application to seek in effect to reargue that application by relying on submissions and evidence which were available to him at the time of the earlier hearing but which for whatever reason he or his legal representatives chose not to employ.
43. Valuable though observations of Patten J are I do not accept that those are essential requirements. Nor if Counsel has missed something do I accept that necessarily the court is precluded from reconsidering that on an application to vary. It is absolutely essential in the case of a discretionary power (which the rule clearly is) that no attempt is made to fetter the basis for the Judge's exercise of his discretion by attempting to provide quasi rules or observations in other cases and elevate them to the status of a rule or condition precedent to the exercise of the power.
44. As I said in Morris no court has for example said it is never appropriate to revisit a final order as I said in my judgment in this case earlier the approach of the Court of Appeal Judges is not to say "never" but to say "hardly ever" in that context. There is a similar subtlety in Roult v Northwest Strategic Health Authority [2010] 1 WLR 487 at 493 where Hughes LJ as he then was said "…. I agree that in its terms the rule is not expressly confined to be procedural orders. Like Patten J …..I would not attempt any exhaustive classification which it may be proper to invoke it in the case of a final order he expressed the view that an invocation of the rule (for example) of a settlement agreed between the parties after detailed and highly skilled advice should not be revisited on the basis of the interests of justice in litigants which require a final order remain such unless proper grounds for appeal exist". I do not see Hughes LJ with respect to the submissions of Mr Cuddigan QC saying that an application can never be made in respect of a final order.
45. Equally in HRH Prince Abdulazziz Bin Mishal Bin Abdulazzizz Al Saud v Apex Global Management Ltd & anr [2014] EWCA Civ 1106 the Court of Appeal reaffirmed the broadly discretionary powers given to set aside an order. For example they reminded themselves in paragraph 58 that Rix LJ in Tibbles v SIG PLC [2012] 1 WLR 2591 held that the exercise of a power usually (emphasis added) involves either a material change in circumstances or a material misrepresentation. In paragraph 60 Arden LJ observed that Mann J held that there was no relevant change in circumstances because the facts relied on ought to have been clear. That is the factor that Mann J decided was relevant on the facts of the case before him.
46. Mr Cuddigan QC submits that there is no change in circumstances in this case from the original decision made by me. I do not agree. At the hearing in April 2015 the Claimant had no title. He now has title. It is the Counsel of perfection to expect his then lawyers to cover the possibility they might obtain the assignment having failed to do so far and make a provision for them to apply in the event they obtained an assignment. I do not think it was possible to predict with any clear confidence as to how the Official Receiver would respond.
47. In Kojima v HSBC [2011] EWHC 611 (Ch) Briggs J as he then was reviewed the authorities. The last case he considered was my decision in Independent Trustee Services where he said this:-

"26. Finally, in Independent Trustee Services Ltd v GP Noble Trustees & ors [2010] EWHC 3275 (Ch) Peter Smith J considered an application under Part 3.1(7) to vary an earlier final order made by him after a trial, on the application of the wife of one of the defendants whose potential interest in funds subject to the judge's order had been overlooked by him when making it, in her absence. After referring to Lloyds v Ager-Hanssen, Collier v Williams and Edwards v Golding, but not Roult, he continued, at paragraph 100: "

"It seems to me that with respect to the authors of the White Book and the submissions of Mr Spearman QC there is nothing in the Court of Appeal decisions which suggests that the rule should be cut down so as to be completely inapplicable to any final order. The wording of the rule is very wide. It seems to me it was intended by the draftsman to confer the extremely wide supervisory powers in the Civil Procedure regime that existed elsewhere in insolvency courts as set out above. That is not to say that a final order can be set aside by a Judge willy nilly. It is a matter of discretion to be exercised according to the particular circumstances of the case. That in my mind is all that the Court of Appeal Judges to which I have referred say when they support Patten J's judgment. They say in effect as regards final orders it would be hardly ever appropriate to set aside a final order. They do not say "never"."

The judge acknowledged that his earlier order was, in part, the result of a mistake by him and concluded, at paragraph 102:

"Accordingly, this is in my view a good example of why exceptionally the court should retain a power to review a final order."

27. For HSBC Mr Turlough Stone submitted that the effect of Roult v North West Strategic Health Authority was to impose a simple jurisdictional ban on the application of Part 3.1(7) to final orders. By way of fallback he submitted that, in any event, the 'judge misled' category of case for revocation did not apply merely because, through lack of legal representation and advice, a litigant failed to deploy available material on the earlier occasion which he wished, after obtaining advice, to deploy at a later stage. For that purpose he relied principally upon Morgan J's analysis in Simms v Carr.

28. For his part Mr Adair for Mr Kojima submitted first that Roult was not a decision about jurisdiction, and left open Peter Smith J's analysis that exceptional circumstances might justify the revocation or variation of a final order under Part 3.1(7). As for the 'judge misled' category of circumstance calling for revocation, he submitted that where a litigant was unable to obtain professional advice, his failure to advance relevant material on the earlier occasion could not fairly be said to have been a matter of choice.

29. My conclusions are as follows. First, although Mr Stone has in his favour the description in its headnote of the Court of Appeal's decision in Roult as one about jurisdiction, I do not read the judgment of Hughes LJ (with which Carnwath and Smith LJJ agreed) as going quite that far. Nonetheless it does in the passage which I have quoted, clearly establish that, to the extent that there exists any jurisdiction in the court to review its own final order, that is not to be justified on the alternative grounds first enunciated by Patten J, and approved in Collier v Williams, in the context of procedural or other non-final orders.

30. In my judgment once the court has finally determined a case, or part of a case, considerations of the type first identified by Patten J in Lloyds v Ager-Hanssen will generally be displaced by the much larger, if not indeed overriding, public interest in finality, subject of course to the dissatisfied party's qualified right of appeal.

31. Mr Adair very sensibly took no technical point that the District Judge's Order was not in form a final order, accepting that it did finally dispose of the part of HSBC 's claim which Mr Kojima  had admitted, subject only to appeal. Nonetheless he did submit that it was not the type of final order which ought properly to attract the public interest in finality. There was in his submission all the difference between a final order on the merits made after the trial of an issue, and a final order by way of judgment on admissions, since in the latter category the first instance court would never have investigated the entitlement of the claimant to that part of the claim which the defendant had admitted. Furthermore, he submitted, Roult v North West Strategic Health Authority was about a final order approving a settlement between the parties which, evidently, the Court of Appeal had regarded as a powerful factor against allowing scope for revocation or variation at first instance. He relied also on the fact that, in Edwards v Golding, the Court of Appeal had not been dissuaded from upholding the revocation of an order for joinder of a defendant by the fact that the claimant had then obtained a final order against him by way of judgment in default, which was also set aside.

32. While I recognise the force of Mr Adair's point that the finality principle is more obviously justifiable where a final order follows a full trial, or for that matter a settlement between the parties, than where it merely gives effect to an admission, I am not persuaded that a judgment on admissions is not a judgment on the merits. Still less is it to be equated with a default judgment, as to which, regardless of its finality, there exists a well-established and distinct power to set aside, now to be found in CPR Part 13. Judgment on admissions is governed by CPR Part 14, specifically by Rule 14.3. Judgment is not obtained by some automatic process, but by application under Part 23 and, under rule 14.3(2):

"Judgment shall be such judgment as it appears to the court that the applicant is entitled to on the admission."

While that process may not require the panoply of a trial, it is, like a summary judgment, nonetheless a judgment on the merits.

33. Leaving aside default judgments, with their self-contained regime for setting aside, I consider that a line has to be drawn between orders for which revocation may be sought under Part 3.1(7) upon the alternative grounds first identified in Lloyds v Ager-Hanssen and approved in Collier v Williams on the one hand, and final orders, to which the public interest in finality applies, on the other. I consider that orders made by way of judgment on admissions fall clearly within the second of those categories. Once a party has admitted a claim, and judgment has been given against him on that claim, the other party is in principle entitled to assume that, barring any appeal, there is an end to the matter.

34. It is unnecessary for me to conclude whether exceptional circumstances may nonetheless justify the revocation of variation of a final order within that second category, still less to prescribe in advance what those circumstances might be. It does not appear that Roult v North West Strategic Health Authority was cited to Peter Smith J in ITS v Noble Trustees. It is unnecessary for me to decide whether the truly exceptional circumstances in that case were sufficient, as Peter Smith J thought that they were, potentially to justify a wholly exceptional application of Part 3.1(7) to what he acknowledged was a final order. In the event, for other reasons, he did not make the variation sought.

35. Having concluded that the Lloyds v Ager-Hanssen analysis is inapplicable in the present circumstances, it is also unnecessary for me to resolve the apparent tension between Patten J's dictum that a party will be excluded from seeking revocation of an order where he has chosen not to present certain materials, and Morgan J's analysis in Simms v. Carr that a party will be precluded merely because those materials were available for use, regardless whether their non-use was a matter of conscious choice. Had it been necessary, I would have concluded that whereas a conscious choice not to deploy relevant material (whether evidence or argument) would generally present an almost insuperable barrier to an applicant for revocation under Part 3.1(7), the failure to do so, otherwise than through conscious choice, for example because of the absence of legal representation at the material time, would be a relevant negative factor against the exercise of discretion, but by no means an insuperable hurdle, if other relevant considerations militated in favour of exercise of the discretion. "

48. Briggs J clearly acknowledged as I had suggested that the provisions were wide and the power was (and should be) unfettered.

DISCUSSION

49. I draw the following conclusions from the examination of the authorities. The authorities I referred to above are not necessarily exhaustive but these are the conclusions I draw from considering the ones provided to me:-

1) The power to vary or revoke an order is entirely discretionary and is not prescribed by any rules or restrictions.

2) The court nevertheless will generally not allow a party to treat a review application as if it were an appeal or a simple attempt to re-run the previous hearing on precisely the same material.

3) The court will generally be less favourably inclined to consider a review of a final decision.

4) The court will generally require either a change of circumstances or a misleading of the Judge in the first decision.

5) The court nevertheless must consider all the circumstances of the case and none of the above is a requirement for the court to consider varying or revoking a previous order.

FACTORS

50. The following factors in my view are relevant to the exercise of the discretion:-

1) The Claimant has a good case on the merits.

2) He has cured the abuse in my view. Mr Cuddigan QC submitted this could only be done if the creditors were paid in full and they have not been and they might not even be discernable. I reject that submission. The intervention of the Claimant's bankruptcy transforms the creditors' rights from being rights against the Claimant to rights under a statutory trust of the assets realised by the Trustee in Bankruptcy. I do not accept that the size or ascertainment of the creditors has any relevance in relation to what the Trustee does when faced with the knowledge of this new asset. He has a duty to realise that asset at the best possible price reasonably obtainable. If he has not done that he will be open to challenge in the Bankruptcy Court. It is no part of this court's duty to go behind the Trustees' decision whether on its own initiative or at the behest of the Defendants. Further the Defendants cannot challenge the sale price as it represents a larger price than they were prepared to pay. It follows that the price must be the best price reasonably obtainable.

3) There is no prejudice to the Defendants which cannot be covered by costs. There has been no significant delay. The trial will be relisted to be heard this term.

4) The Claimant has insofar as it is possible now purged his abuse and the Official Receiver has sold the property rights at the best price reasonably obtainable. The Defendants could never have raised any objection if for example the Official Receiver had become aware of the Claimant's failure to disclose but had nevertheless sold the asset to him to enable him to commence the action. The difference is minimal if the sale takes place after the action is commenced if it is corrected. If it is not open to the Defendants to have the action struck out.

5) The Defendants under bid and failed to consider the commercial aspects beyond what they perceived to be the true value of the asset (i.e. they failed to take into account the costs exposure they faced).

6) The Claimant will be unlikely to recover any significant damages because there is likely to be a huge shortfall between his assessed costs if he wins and his party and party costs. His insurers will inevitably invoke a clause in their documentation to relieve him of his damages to cover the shortfall.

7) This is a change of circumstances from the time of the hearing in May because the Claimant now has gathered the title in. Further he is bringing his claim not as the original person who failed to disclose his assets but as a person deriving title through an assignment from the Official Receiver. He should not therefore have his misconduct attributed against him when he is an assignee. Mr Cuddigan QC's submission is wrong in my view as it would mean that anybody could acquire the interest from the Official Receiver except the Claimant.

8) The Defendants are faced with a claim that they perceive to be of low value with an exorbitant costs exposure. However they accept that will be capable of rectification if they win the proceedings by an appropriate assessment by the costs Judge in due course.

FAILURE TO PURGE CONTEMPT/ILLEGALITY

51. The Defendants in their written submissions as developed by Mr Cuddigan QC in his oral submissions (paragraphs 30 et seq) submitted that the Claimant should not have the discretion exercised in his favour because the Claimant breached his statutory duties, abused the process of the court and "failed to prove that the victims of that abuse had been fully compensated".
52. I do not accept that last point because it confuses the liability to pay creditors in full before bankruptcy with the more limited obligations post bankruptcy. By that I mean of course the Claimant has a duty to assist the Official Receiver in the realisation of his assets. He has now done that. The size of the creditors and whether they will be fully compensated or not is neither here nor there as the Official Receiver has obtained the best price reasonably obtainable for the asset. It is not open to the Defendants to say otherwise given their own much lower estimate of its worth.
53. On the question of possible illegal conduct by the Claimant I determined that it was not appropriate to deal with that at this stage as I have had no evidence from the Claimant. I accordingly indicated to Mr Cuddigan QC that this would be a point which it will be open to the Defendants to maintain at the trial. This is supported by the fact that the Defendants somewhat in anticipation have produced a draft Re Amended Defence raising that point.

CONCLUSION

54. The arguments are finally balanced. However the matter which is predominant in my view is the fact that the Claimant has a case which will be lost if this amendment is refused. The problem does not arise out of anything that affects the Defendants. This is reinforced by the fact that if the Claimant had started the action in a properly constituted way that revealed that initially he had failed to disclose the asset but that he had done a deal with the Official Receiver in any event it would have been impossible in my view for the Defendants to object to that procedure. I accept that the breach is not technical but equally it is disproportionate in my view now the defect has been cured to deprive the Claimant of his right to have the issue ventilated in court. If the Defendants win they will be fully protected by the ability of the court to properly assess the costs in their favour. If the Defendants lose the court will be equally vigilant to ensure that the Defendants are not the subject matter of excessive or unreasonable costs.
55. This is not a pre trial assessment of the strength of the Claimant's case. Such a procedure is not available see Wenlock v Maloney [1965] 1 WLR 1238.
56. That principle is equally applicable to cases coming under the CPR see (for example) the analysis in Hanco ATM Systems Ltd v Cashbox ATM Systems Ltd [2007] EWHC 1599 (Ch) at paragraphs 18-31 and Groveholt Ltd v Allan Hughes & Anr [2008] EWHC 1358 (Ch) at paragraphs 26-36.
57. Applying those principles one has to be careful as to whether or not a case can properly be considered at an interim stage. Obviously if it is clear the case has no prospect of success then it can be disposed of either under CPR 24 or on an application to strike it out. Conversely if it is arguably good the case has to go to trial. There is no intermediate procedure whereby provisional and untested assessment of evidence should be used to strike out an application. This in my view is what the Defendants are trying to do in raising matters outwith the immediate issue of failure to obtain title.
58. I therefore accede to the Claimant's application. If the parties are unable to agree them I will hear submissions as to costs, any consequential orders arising out of the amendments and for the trial which arise out of this decision.