England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) Decisions

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE
QUEEN'S BENCH DIVISION
ADMINISTRATIVE COURT

		Royal Courts of Justice Strand, London, WC2A 2LL
		06/07/2018

Nicholas Vineall QC sitting as a Deputy High Court Judge:

1. AA is an Afghani national. He has been in immigration detention since 10 August 2017. By an application made on 13 June 2018 he sought permission to apply for judicial review, and for interim relief, namely an order that he be released to an address approved by the Probation Service. On the same day Mr Justice Lewis ordered the Secretary of State to file and serve an acknowledgment of service and summary grounds by 4pm on 14 June. The Secretary of State did not comply, nor, apparently, attempt to comply, but instead applied for a 21 day extension. On 19 June 2018 Mrs Justice May listed the matter for an hour on 3 July for the purposes of determining interim relief, and, if the Judge hearing the matter so determined, permission. The matter came before me for hearing on 3 and 4 July.
2. For the reasons which follow I grant permission to apply for judicial review but decline interim relief. I will give directions for an expedited hearing of the challenge.

THE FACTS

3. So far as appears from the available material (which is not complete), the relevant facts are as follows.
4. AA was born in Afghanistan in or around 1985, so he is now about 33 years old. He has a wife and children in Afghanistan. He has no close family in the UK though it seems he has a cousin here. He speaks Pashto, but is illiterate, and his English is rudimentary.
5. In May 2015 he claimed asylum in Hungary.
6. On 29 May 2015 he claimed asylum in Italy and was granted protected status. As a result he has a right to reside and work in Italy until 4 February 2021.
7. AA entered the UK clandestinely some time in the summer of 2016 (different dates are given in different documents). On 18 August 2016 he was encountered in the rear of a lorry with five other men and was arrested. He claimed asylum. He was detained and had a screening interview on 20 August 2016. In that interview he said that he could not return to Afghanistan because he feared the Taliban. He gave no account of having been tortured. He was released to initial accommodation on 22 August 2016.
8. By 26 August 2016 he had absconded. He had no further contact with UK authorities until June 2017.
9. On 16 February 2017 his UK asylum claim was deemed to have been withdrawn.
10. On 17 June 2017 he was seen on a bus with his trousers unzipped, touching the hair of a female passenger who was asleep. He was arrested and on 3 August 2017 at the Stratford Magistrates' Court he was convicted of Sexual Assault contrary to section 3 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003. It is not clear whether he pleaded guilty or was convicted after a trial. He was sentenced to 16 weeks' imprisonment and placed on the sex offenders' register for seven years. No further information is available about the circumstances of the offence, nor the basis of the sentence, nor is there any contemporaneous analysis of the likelihood of reoffending. The length of the sentence suggests, when read with the Sexual Offences Definitive Sentencing Guidelines, that the sentencing judge is likely to have considered that the degree of harm done was in Category 3 (the lowest) and the culpability level was B, the less serious of the two categories.
11. Because he had spent 45 days remanded in custody, AA was released on licence on or about 11 August 2017. His period on licence expired on 8 October 2017 and he was then to be subject to post sentence supervision until 13 August 2018.
12. However, the Secretary of State had made a Stage 1 deportation decision on 9 August 2017 on the grounds that AA's deportation would be conducive to the public good, and on 10 August 2017 it was decided to detain AA in immigration custody. The minute of the decision to detain contains the following observations

"9. Assessment of risk of harm to the public.

The Sex Offences [sic] are considered to be high risk of harm to the public as members of public particularly vulnerable female are at considerable risk

…

His most serious offence being Sexual assault on female, he is considered to be a high risk of harm to the public, particularly to vulnerable female"

The caseworker also assessed the risk of absconding as high. It was noted that a Stage 2 deportation decision letter would be served after 20 days, and that AA could thereafter be removed on an EU letter, and it was recorded that he could therefore be removed within a reasonable time.

13. By 25 August 2017 AA had told the immigration authorities that he had an "Italian passport" and the case records say that by 12 September a copy of AA's Italian ID card had been provided and scanned, and AA had asked to be returned to Italy.
14. According to the immigration records on 12 September 2017 AA asked to be returned to Italy as soon as possible; he again said that on 21 September; and on 27 September he said he wanted to purchase his own ticket. The records say that on 1 November 2017 AA again "stated that he wants to return to Italy ASAP and has not claimed asylum in the UK".
15. It seems (although the position is not entirely clear) that on 4 November a deportation order was signed, the Secretary of State apparently at this stage assuming there was no live asylum claim.
16. On 9 November 2017 there was an internal request for Home Office Returns Logistics to liaise with the Italian authorities over AA's status.
17. Again on 1 January 2018 AA is recorded as stating that he does not wish to claim asylum and that he does not remember ever having done so.
18. On 27 January 2018 AA told the immigration officer that he would like to know

"(1) Why does it take so long time to remove to Italy if he has already presented all the travel documents?

(2) What is the current status of the arrangements for his removal to Italy?

Subject is very frustrated of the fact that he has been detained for so long time and he has not received any communication from his caseworker"

The immigration officer was not able to comment on any of those issues.

19. Case notes made on 30 January 2018 recorded the thinking on continued detention as it was at that stage:

"The panel note that there has been a delay in the progression of the stage 2 decision being served, a delay in the documentation, and felt the risk assessment in the detention and case progression review was not accurate. If accepted for removal to Italy, then to maintain detention, however if not being removed to Italy, then the Panel strongly agreed that a release referral needs to be submitted."

So, in January of 2018, the panel's view appears to have been that if, but only if, AA was accepted for removal to Italy by the Italian authorities, it was appropriate for him to be continue to be detained.

20. On 8 February 2018 AA applied, through his solicitors, for bail from the Secretary of State, saying he wished to return to Italy.
21. On 4 March 2018 a rule 35 report was submitted. The doctor recorded that AA claimed he had been tortured in 2013; that AA had scars consistent with his account, and that AA "is very upset about the length of time he has been in detention and the impact this is having on his health. He feels the mental torture of what happened to him is being exacerbated by this environment." The Doctor concluded that AA had no acute physical disability in the detention centre but that he did have significant mental distress from "this episode" and he will be referred to the Mental Health Team as per protocol to be assessed by them.
22. The Rule 35 report was considered and an Immigration Enforcement officer wrote to AA on 8 March 2018. It was accepted that the claim of ill-treatment met the Level 2 threshold and AA was an Adult at Risk, but detention was maintained, it being considered that removal could be arranged within 4 months, and that there was risk of absconding and risk to the public. The letter makes no mention of the repeatedly expressed desire of AA to be returned to Italy.
23. On 13 March 2018 AA's asylum claim was referred to the Detained Asylum Casework Team. It is unclear what prompted this. On 14 March there was a hearing of the bail application at which the application was withdrawn.
24. On 3 April 2018 he was interviewed for his asylum claim. He explained his immigration history. He said he had been given a 5 years stay in Italy and said it was a mistake to leave Italy. He explained that in Afghanistan he had been part of the local Arbikian militia, and that the Taliban had come searching for him. He said he had been detained and beaten by the Taliban (see Answer 87). He said he was released by the Taliban but they threatened that if they found him again they would kill him. The local Arbikian leader in his village said they could not protect him.
25. Despite the 30 January 2018 note there is no clear indication in the available documents that the risk assessment was in fact reviewed. In contrast, on 3 April 2018 a note on the file says this

"AA has been convicted of the serious offence of sexual assault on a female ? no penetration and as such particularly substantial weight should be given to the issue of public protection. He is considered a high risk of harm and absconding,"

26. On 6 April 2018 his solicitors made asylum representations on behalf of AA. They noted that their review of the subject access files apparently contained no take-back request to the Italian authorities. They said that AA wished to be returned to Italy, but that if he could not be returned to Italy he should be granted asylum status in the UK. AA's solicitors said that AA had said in his interview that he had been tortured by the Taliban, but that the interview notes had not adequately recorded that. The letter enclosed a copy of AA's Italian ID card and concluded

"Our client is a beneficiary of international protection and has as such been granted refugee status in Italy until 4 February 2021. The Home Office has provided no reasons to explain why our client is not able to return to Italy. Our client cannot be returned to Afghanistan as this would constitute refoulement. In the event that he cannot be returned to Italy a grant of refugee status in the UK is clearly appropriate. We ask you to consider our client's entitlement to humanitarian protection and that you consider his protected rights under Article 2 3 and 8 of the ECHR in the alternative."

27. On 18 April 2018 AA's solicitors wrote seeking permission for AA to attend for a Medical Foundation report, but AA was not released.
28. The authoriser's comments on a 1 May 2018 detention review said this:

"AA's asylum interview has taken place, no asylum decision has been made, this needs to be pushed, to allow the deportation decision to be made. The Detention Review Panel (26/4/18) has recommended continued detention on the basis that the above is progressed.

In the review of 5/3/18 it was suggested to chase [Returns Logistics] on the position of the Italian identity card, it is not clear if this was done and the outcome, can we please undertake the appropriate investigations and update the review accordingly.

AA is a MAPPA cat 1 level 1 nominal, who was convicted for a sexual offence, He is subject to the Adults at Risk Policy and is assessed as a level 2. There are no concerns on his health at this time.

I am satisfied that detention remains proportionate and the above risks are genuine and current".

29. I interpose to explain the reference to MAPPA. MAPPA stands for Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements. All those convicted of a sexual offence will be subject to MAPPA. Category 1 is the least serious category of offender and Level 1 the lowest level of management.
30. On 15 May 2018 the Claimant's solicitors wrote a detailed pre-action protocol ("PAP") letter.
31. On 29 May 2018 the Home Office sought additional time, to 12 June 2018, to reply to the pre-action letter. AA's solicitors agreed.
32. On 6 June 2018 AA was seen at Colnbrook IRC. According to the note AA was asked to sign a form so that his asylum claim could be withdrawn and the removal process could be started, as he had been frustrated on the previous day and had asked to go back either to Italy or Afghanistan. AA called his solicitor and his solicitor spoke to the case officer. AA's solicitor explained that AA could not go back to Afghanistan as his life would be in danger, and AA had mental health issues.
33. The Home Office had not replied to the pre-action protocol letter by 12 June and so, unsurprisingly, this Claim was commenced on 13 June 2018.
34. On 13 June Lewis J directed the Home Office to respond the following day but, as I noted above, the Home Office's response was to seek an extension of time.
35. In the three weeks since proceedings were commenced there have been some notable developments and changes in the position. In a flurry of recent activity the Home Office has responded to the claim, accommodation has been found which is acceptable to the Probation Service, the Italian authorities have confirmed their willingness to take AA, AA has produced a full medical report, and, finally and most recently, AA has decided that he does not, after all, wish to be returned to Italy and then, even more recently, decided that he does want to be returned to Italy, and has withdrawn his asylum claim. It is against those shifting sands that I must decide the interim relief application, and so I need to explain how these developments have arisen.

Home Office Letter of 19 June 2018

36. On 19 June 2018 the Home Office responded to the 15 May PAP letter. I will set out its closing paragraphs:

"6. (vii) As you stated in your letter of 18 April 2018, the Home Office gives considerable attention to cases involving allegations of torture and for this reason your request for a decision not be made in your client's case has resulted in your client's asylum application being put on hold.

(viii) In the meantime, it is accepted that your client cannot be detained until issues relating to his alleged torture and subsequent asylum decision are concluded, Whilst we are mindful of releasing your client into the community, it must be noted that your client was convicted of a sexual offence "he was convicted and sentenced at Stratford Magistrates Court for Sexual Assault on a female – no penetration and he received 16 weeks imprisonment. He was also placed on the Sex Offenders Register for 7 years". Your client is a MAPPA Category 1, Level 1 case and his Post Sentence Expires on 13 Aug 2018

(ix) Due to his release being subject to conditions, your client cannot be released until his accommodation has been approved by Criminal Casework Accommodation Team (CCAT).

(x) You can be assured that every effort is being undertaken to have your client's accommodation issues resolved as explained by the CCAT team in Paragraph 5 of this letter (above).

(xi) Consequently the decision to detained [sic] is maintained."

37. I read that letter as saying that (as of 19 June) detention is maintained because, but only because, approved accommodation has not yet been identified. It is important to note, however, that as at that date the UK asylum claim was live, and was likely to take some time to resolve, especially if a negative finding was challenged by AA.

Confirmation that AA could return to Italy

38. On 20 June 2018 the Italian authorities confirmed to the Home Office that AA has protected status in Italy. A letter to that effect has been provided, in Italian. It has not been translated, but the parties agree that that is its meaning. It is unclear what prompted that letter, but its timing is obviously noteworthy. It might be coincidence that the Italian authorities happened to respond on 20 June to long outstanding requests, or it might be that the Home Office took active steps to chase or press the requests which they had first made as long ago as November 2017, and it was that that caused the Italian authorities to respond. Mr Tankel, who appeared for the Home Office, was not able to assist the court with detail of exactly what steps had been taken, and when, to approach and/or to chase the Italian authorities. The existence of the Italian letter was not communicated to AA or his advisers until late on 29 June.

30 June 2018 Medical Report

39. On 30 June 2018 AA received a medical report from Dr Victoria Lilford, which was served on the Home Office on 2 July. Although the parties are agreed that the Home Office has not yet had a reasonable time to reconsider and respond to it, and it is therefore irrelevant to the extant judicial review challenges, I need to summarise its contents because I consider that it is important material to which I must have regard in deciding the interim relief application.
40. Dr Lilford's key conclusions were

i) AA currently meets the DSM-5 criteria for major depression and would benefit from treatment for his depression; it is possible he is also suffering from PTSD;

ii) If he is further detained it is possible his mental state will further deteriorate;

iii) His symptoms of depression are likely to improve if he is released from detention and effective treatment is more likely to be achieved in the community than in detention;

iv) When seen AA was not actively suicidal but was at risk;

v) AA has scars which overall are consistent with his account of torture.

41. There are two points to note. First, in relation to continued detention, the report does not go beyond suggesting a possibility that his condition will worsen. Second, "consistent", in relation to the scarring, is used as a term of art by reference to the Istanbul Protocol terminology and means "the lesion could have been caused by the trauma described, but it is non-specific and there are many other possible causes".

Availability of Accommodation

42. On 2 July 2018 GLD wrote on behalf of the National Probation Service to report that the NPS had identified a Home Office approved hostel housing foreign male nationals in the Huddersfield area, and had deemed it suitable.

AA's witness statement of 2 July 2018

43. Immediately prior to the hearing AA produced a witness statement. AA said that:

i) He had been told that the Home Office would now like to send him to Italy, but he no longer wanted to go to Italy.

ii) He had said in the past that he wanted to return to Italy as he thought it was the only way he was going to be released from detention. He did not know anyone in Italy and he thought he would be homeless if sent there, and the only good option for him was to be released in the UK and have his asylum claim dealt with here.

iii) Detention had made him lose his mind:

"I have suffered so much in detention. The Home Office have made me suffer. When I asked to return to Italy I thought they would just send me but then they said they could not. They kept me detained for a long time. Now when I'm close to having a chance to get out of detention they have said they will send me to Italy. This is torture. They have destroyed my life. I am mentally ill because of what they have done to me, I think they want to do everything they can to keep me detained, I have started to go crazy in here. I really cannot take it anymore, Please help me be released from detention."

iv) He promised, if released, not to abscond.

v) If he had the choice of challenging his removal to Italy from outside of detention, then that is something he would do because in Italy he would be homeless without any support.

44. That summarises the evidence as it stood during the hearing. But there has been one further – highly relevant – development since the end of the hearing
45. On 5 July, whilst this judgment was in preparation, I received an email from AA's Counsel Mr Denholm that that he was instructed that AA had agreed to return to Italy, and that AA had signed a disclaimer to that effect on 4 July in the presence of an Immigration Officer.

PERMISSION APPLICATION

46. I will begin with the permission application.
47. I do so because in my judgment, unless there is an arguable challenge to the lawfulness of the present detention of AA, the question of whether I ought to direct AA's release on an interim basis would not arise. Permission to challenge his ongoing detention is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the grant of interim relief.
48. I remind myself of the law relating to the Hardial Singh principles.
49. The power to detain may only be exercised for such period as is reasonably necessary to fulfil the purpose for which it exists: R v Governor of Durham Prison, ex parte Hardial Singh [1984] WLR 704 at 706D, per Woolf J. In R (I) v SSHD [2003] INLR 196 (at [46]) Dyson LJ identified four principles governing the legality of Immigration Act 1971 detention derived from Woolf LJ's judgment in Hardial Singh:

"(i) The Secretary of State must intend to deport the person and can only use the power to detain for that purpose;

(ii) The deportee may only be detained for a period that is reasonable in all the circumstances;

(iii) If, before the expiry of the reasonable period, it becomes apparent that the Secretary of State will not be able to effect deportation within that reasonable period, he should not seek to exercise the power of detention;

(iv) The Secretary of State should act with reasonable diligence and expedition."

50. That formulation of the law was approved by the majority of the Supreme Court in R (Lumba) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] 2 WLR 671, per Lord Dyson JSC at paragraphs [22] to [25]. He held with regard to the first two principles derived from Hardial Singh:

"23 … As regards the first principle, I consider that Woolf J was saying unambiguously that the detention must be for the purpose of facilitating the deportation. The passage quoted by Lord Phillips PSC includes, at para 262, the following: "as the power is given in order to enable the machinery of deportation to be carried out, I regard the power of detention as being impliedly limited to a period which is reasonably necessary for that purpose " (emphasis added). The first principle is plainly derived from what Woolf J said.

24 As for the second principle, in my view this too is properly derived from Hardial Singh. Woolf J said that (i) the power of detention is limited to a period reasonably necessary for the purpose (as I would say) of facilitating deportation; (ii) what is reasonable depends on the circumstances of the particular case; and (iii) the power to detain ceases where it is apparent that deportation will not be possible "within a reasonable period". It is clear at least from (iii) that Woolf J was not saying that a person can be detained indefinitely provided that the Secretary of State is doing all she reasonably can to effect the deportation."

51. It is for the Court to determine in a given case whether those principles have been complied with: R (A) v SSHD [2007] EWCA Civ 804, per Toulson LJ at [62]. The burden of proof is on the Defendant.
52. In R (Mahfoud) v SSHD [2010] EWHC 2057 (Admin) Hickinbottom J gave a helpful explanation of the Hardial Singh principles in seven propositions of which propositions (iii) to (v) are particularly pertinent here:

"(iii) Whist in some cases a reasonable time will have expired already and immediate release will be inevitable, in most cases the crucial issue will be whether it is going to be possible in the future to remove the deportee within a reasonable time having regard to the period already spent in detention. In considering such prospects, it is necessary to consider by when the Secretary of State expects to be able to deport the deportee, and the basis and degree of certainty of that expectation. Where there is no prospect of removing the deportee within a reasonable time, then detention becomes arbitrary and consequently unlawful under Article 5, and the deportee must be released immediately.

(iv) There is no red line in terms of months or years, applicable to all cases, beyond which time detention becomes unreasonable. What is "reasonable time" will depend upon the circumstances of a particular case, taking into account all relevant factors.

(v) Those factors include:

(a) The extent to which any delay is being or has been caused by the deportee own lack of cooperation in, for example, obtaining an emergency travel document ("ETD") from his country of origin.

(b) The chances that the deportee may abscond (which may have the effect of defeating the deportation order).

(c) The chances that the deportee, if at large, may reoffend. If he may reoffend, of particular importance is, not simply the mathematical chances of reoffending, but the potential gravity of the consequences to the public of reoffending if it were to occur.

(d) The effect of detention on the deportee, particularly upon any psychiatric or other medical condition he may have. The conditions in which the deportee is detained may also be relevant, although less so if he is required to be detained in particular conditions (e.g. in prison estate as opposed to a detention centre) because of his own behaviour.

(e) The conduct of the Secretary of State, including the diligence and speed at which efforts have been made to enforce the deportation order, including obtaining an ETD.

That list of factors is not, of course, exhaustive.

(vi) Any relevant factor may affect the length of time of detention that might be regarded as reasonable. Whilst in a specific case one or more factors may have especial weight, no factor is necessarily determinative. There is no "trump card." Therefore even when there is a high risk of reoffending and/or absconding, nevertheless there may still be circumstances in which Article 5 requires a deportee's release."

53. In Lumba Lord Dyson JSC held at [121] that:

"The risks of absconding and reoffending are always of paramount importance since, if a person absconds, he will frustrate the deportation for which purpose he was detained in the first place."

54. There must in any given case be a "sufficient prospect" of deportation to justify detention: see per Richards LJ in R (MH) v SSHD [2010] EWCA Civ 1112 at 67:

"Of course, if a finite time can be identified, it is likely to have an important effect on the balancing exercise: a soundly based expectation that removal can be effected within, say, two weeks will weigh heavily in favour of continued detention pending such removal, whereas an expectation that removal will not occur for, say, a further two years will weigh heavily against continued detention. There can, however, be a realistic prospect of removal without it being possible to specify or predict the date by which, or period within which, removal can reasonably be expected to occur and without any certainty that removal will occur at all. Again, the extent of certainty or uncertainty as to whether and when removal can be effected will affect the balancing exercise. There must be a sufficient prospect of removal to warrant continued detention when account is taken of all other relevant factors. "

and, at 68(v):

"As the period of detention gets longer, the greater the degree of certainty and proximity of removal I would expect to be required in order to justify continued detention."

55. Permission to seek judicial review is sought on 5 grounds:

(1) AA's detention breached, and continues to breach, the Hardial Singh principles;

(2) AA's detention breached and breaches ECHR Art 5;

(3) AA's detention is not in accordance with the statutory guidance on adults at risk in detention, and/or the Secretary of State has failed to make adequate enquiry;

(4) The Secretary of State has failed to act in accordance with procedural fairness in depriving AA of the opportunity to obtain expert evidence;

(5) The Secretary of State has unlawfully delayed in providing AA with asylum support, in particular accommodation, which has led to his prolonged detention.

56. The parties agreed that grounds 1 and 2 stood or fell together, and Mr Denholm's oral submission focussed on grounds 1 and 3.
57. Mr Tankel for the Secretary of State submitted that none of the grounds were arguable.
58. As to Grounds 1 and 2 Mr Tankel contended that at every point in time removal to Italy was, unarguably, sufficiently within prospect within a reasonable time that continued detention was justified, given the Secretary of State's views as to the risk of reoffending and the risk of absconding.
59. I disagree. I am satisfied that it is arguable that there came a time when continued detention became unjustified given in particular the apparent lack of progress in arranging a return to Italy and given the very limited information available as to AA's offence. Although the initial decision to detain seems to me to be unlikely to be capable of successful challenge I do not limit the start time for the challenge in relation to grounds 1 and 2 because I do not have sufficient material to allow me to be confident in identifying any date before which the challenge is clearly unarguable.
60. I am also satisfied that those challenges are arguable as to the present detention. If removal to Italy is (now) imminent, it may be that detention now is more readily justifiable than it has been in the past, so that it is not unreasonable that AA be kept in detention for a short further period. But even if that is the case, it might be that, had AA been released some months ago, it would not now be reasonable to bring him into detention. Those points are arguable.
61. Ground 3 asserts that the Secretary of State breached her policy on adults at risk in detention in the light of the Rule 35(3) report dated 4 March 2018. Insofar as this ground depends on a contention that the level of risk ought to have been assessed at Level 3 rather than Level 2 it is unarguable, and Mr Denholm did not seriously contend to the contrary. However the wider basis on which this point is put is that, given the Rule 35(3) report the Secretary of State breached her policy by unlawfully concluding that the immigration control factors outweighed the clear presumption against detention. I consider that part of Ground 3 to be arguable and in in any event it may be difficult to disentangle Ground 3 from Grounds 1 and 2.
62. Ground 4 is academic because a medical report has been procured, and Ground 5 is academic because accommodation is now, in principle, available. I decline permission on these grounds but that should not be taken to prevent these matters being relied on as part and parcel of the challenge to the lawfulness of detention.
63. I therefore grant permission on Grounds 1 and 2, and Ground 3 save in relation to the challenge to the Level 2 categorisation.

INTERIM RELIEF

64. At the hearing I asked Mr Tankel how long it would be before AA could be removed to Italy, assuming that he wanted to be removed to Italy. He was unable to give me a precise timescale, but noted that the necessary arrangements would include an EU letter, the possible need for escorts, and the arrangement of flights.
65. Mr Denholm realistically accepted that if his client were to withdraw his asylum claim time to removal was likely to be short given that an EU travel document ought to be capable of being issued quickly.
66. On the application for release from custody there are obviously competing considerations at play, and, having decided that it is arguable that the present detention is unlawful, I must form my own view on each of the factors as to how it weighs in the balance and whether I ought to direct AA's release into the accommodation that has now been identified, pending finalisation of the arrangements for his removal to Italy.
67. Doing the best I can on the limited information presently available as to some of them, the five factors which I consider to be most relevant, and my assessment of each of them, is as follows.

(a) Risk of absconding

68. AA has not, over the last week, maintained a settled intention as to whether he wants to return to Italy. Earlier this week his strongly expressed preference was to be released from detention in the UK and to pursue his asylum claim. Before that he had repeatedly said that he want to be returned to Italy. He has now returned to his original position. But it is difficult to be certain that he will maintain a fixed position – or intention - over the next few weeks.
69. AA has no settled connections in the UK, and would not be able lawfully to work here were he released. AA arrived clandestinely and did not claim asylum before his arrest; after he claimed asylum he absconded within a few days and did nothing to pursue his asylum claim.
70. I assess the risk of absconding as high, notwithstanding AA's promise that he will not abscond.

(b) Effect of continued detention

71. I accept the medical evidence adduced on AA's behalf and accept that he was on 30 June 2018, and is likely still to be, suffering severe depression, and that continued detention might cause that condition to worsen.

(c) Risk of Reoffending and potential seriousness if offences occur

72. I find this almost impossible to assess in any reliable way on the exiguous material available but I am not satisfied that there is a high risk of reoffending and I am not satisfied that if he were to offend the harm done would be likely to be serious.

(d) Likely length of time before removal

73. Doing the best I can I assess that this is likely to be relatively short, measured in weeks rather than months. Because of the order I propose to make for expedition of the substantive judicial review, this matter should in any event come back before the Court within a month so that the question of continued detention can, if needs be, be reconsidered.

(e) Diligence of the Secretary of State

74. The provisional view I have formed is that the Secretary of State's attempts to contact the Italian authorities have been dilatory, rather than diligent, but it may be that not all the relevant material is before the Court and I attach little weight to this factor.

The balance

75. Achieving the right balance is difficult. I bear in mind that if I decline to grant interim relief AA's already lengthy period of detention will continue yet further and his mental condition may deteriorate further. On the other hand if I were to grant interim relief and AA were to abscond, something which I consider to be a high risk, the lengthy process will potentially be back to square one and the fundamental aim, of removing AA from a jurisdiction in which, as things stand, he has no right to be, will be frustrated. I remind myself of Lord Dyson's observation in Lumba that risk of absconding is of paramount importance, but I should make clear that I do not read that as meaning that absconding (or indeed risk of offending) are factors which trump all others.
76. Remembering that this is an interim relief application and that it is reasonable to assume that continued detention will be for only a short period, I have decided that the balance comes down against granting interim relief.
77. I will hear Counsel on directions for the judicial review challenge.
78. It is now incumbent on the Secretary of State to proceed with haste with the removal to Italy, given that there is no longer any identifiable hindrance to that happening. The Secretary of State will need to keep continued detention under careful and very regular review. Subject to hearing Counsel I propose to direct that, if within 2 weeks of today a removal date within 4 weeks of today (Friday 6 July) has not been set, AA may renew his application for interim relief, and he may in any event renew his application on material change of circumstance being shown.
79. I am particularly grateful for the helpful and measured submissions of both Counsel.