England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL (CIVIL DIVISION)
ON APPEAL FROM QUEEN'S BENCH DIVISION, COMMERCIAL COURT
MR JUSTICE LEGGATT
CL-2017-000291

		Royal Courts of Justice Strand, London, WC2A 2LL
		14/12/2017

LORD JUSTICE FLAUX :

Introduction

1. The appellants (to whom I will refer as "Teva") appeal, with the permission of Leggatt J, his Order dated 30 June 2017 whereby he dismissed their application for summary judgment and ordered them to pay the costs of the respondents (to whom I will refer as "AstraZeneca"). The purpose of the hearing before the judge had been (pursuant to the earlier Order of Blair J dated 9 June 2017) to determine whether Teva were entitled to a declaration that, pursuant to the terms of a Settlement Agreement dated 25 February 2013, Teva and their affiliates were entitled to use, import, store, offer for sale, sell, market and distribute the Teva Product as defined in Portugal from 3 July 2017 onwards. The hearing before the judge (and the appeal before this Court) concerned a short point of construction of that Settlement Agreement.

Relevant factual background leading up to the Settlement Agreement

2. The appellants are Portuguese pharmaceutical companies in the Teva Group. The first respondent is a Portuguese pharmaceutical company in the AstraZeneca Group. The second respondent is a Japanese company and registered proprietor of the patent EP 0521471 ("the Patent") over rosuvastatin ("the patented compound"), a chemical compound that is the active ingredient in certain statins drugs. The first respondent held an exclusive sub-licence to exploit the patent in Portugal and was the marketing authorisation holder for drugs containing the patented compound as an active ingredient, sold on the Portuguese market.
3. European patents granted under the European Patent Convention have a life of 20 years from filing of the application. As the application for this patent was made on 30 June 1992, the Patent expired on 30 June 2012. Since the pre-clinical testing and clinical trials of pharmaceutical products usually continue long after an application for a patent has been made, it can take a while before the product is authorised to enter the market, by which time some of the twenty year period will have expired. To address this problem, Supplementary Protection Certificates ("SPCs") were created by (most recently) Regulation (EC) No 469/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
4. AstraZeneca's SPC in this case was granted on 25 November 2003 and lasted until 3 July 2017. The expiry date was subsequently corrected to 30 June 2017 by an ex officio decision of the Portuguese Patent Office on 1 July 2013, but at the time that the Settlement Agreement was concluded, the expiry date of the SPC was 3 July 2017.
5. In Europe, generic pharmaceutical manufacturers such as Teva are entitled to obtain marketing authorisations prior to the expiry of a patent or SPC and it will be for the patentee to enforce its intellectual property rights before the national courts or, in the case of Portugal, before mandatory arbitration tribunals.
6. In January 2012, Teva had obtained marketing authorisations from the relevant Portuguese authority, Infarmed, for their generic rosuvastatin product. The response of AstraZeneca was to commence proceedings in the Portuguese Administrative Court against Infarmed, in which Teva were interested parties, and mandatory arbitration proceedings against Teva in which the tribunal was established on 31 July 2012. In those arbitration proceedings, Teva served a lengthy Defence on 17 November 2012, in which, inter alia, they challenged the validity of the Patent. On 2 December 2012, AstraZeneca served a detailed Reply, which, inter alia, contended that the arbitrators were not a forum before which the validity of the Patent could be challenged.
7. By the end of January 2013, AstraZeneca were concerned that a launch by Teva of their generic product was imminent, so they sought a preliminary injunction in Portugal to protect their rights under the SPC. In fact, Teva launched their product in Portugal on 1 February 2013. Following correspondence between the parties, the Settlement Agreement was entered into to settle disputes relating to the sale of the generic product.

The terms of the Settlement Agreement

8. The Preamble to the Settlement Agreement identified the parties to the Agreement and stated at (v) that AstraZeneca had commenced "the Proceedings" defined in clause 1.1 as encompassing the proceedings before the Portuguese Administrative Court, the arbitration proceedings and various injunction proceedings. Recitals (vi) and (vii) in the Preamble stated:

"(vi) Given the existence of the Patent the Parties wish to avoid the costs, risks, expenses and time which would be associated with any disputes relating to the said Patent, including the Proceedings, and wish to enter into a negotiated and consensual agreement terminating and/or preventing such disputes.

(vii) Accordingly, the Parties have agreed to resolve/prevent such disputes between them on and subject to the terms set out below."

9. Clause 1 contained a number of Definitions. So far as relevant, "Patent" was defined as "EP 0521471 and Portuguese Supplementary Protection Certificate 156". "Product" was defined as AstraZeneca's product containing the patented compound. "Generic Product" was defined as any pharmaceutical product that was a generic version of the Product, incorporating the patented compound in any dosage form; and "Teva Product" meant any Generic Product marketed by Teva and/or their affiliates.
10. Clause 2 is headed "Settlement and Covenant not to Sue". Clauses 2.1 and 2.2 provided as follows:

"2.1 Teva undertakes to:

(a) Withdraw Teva Product from the Portuguese market, namely from the wholesalers immediately after the Effective Date;

(b) As of 21^st February 2013 cease any offer or sales of Teva Product to the distribution channels and pharmacies;

(c) As of the Effective Date immediately send a letter to wholesalers, with a copy to the Patentee, to communicate in writing the undertakings mentioned in a) and b);

(d) Pay a compensation to the Patentee on the amount of € 150,000 (one hundred and fifty thousand euros) in case of breach of clause 2.1 a) and b).

(e) Within 3 (three) days of the Effective Date to communicate in writing to Infarmed the undertakings mentioned in this clause, with a copy to the Patentee;

(f) Within 3 (three) days of the Effective Date to request Infarmed to change the status of the Generic Product from "marketed" to "out of stock" until the earliest date set out in clause 2.7;

(g) Within 5 (five) days of the Effective Date to publicly announce that it will not challenge the validity of EP 521471 and SPC 156 Portugal and sending a written evidence to the Patentee of that public announcement;

(h) For the breach of any Teva's above undertakings e) to g) to pay Shionogi and AstraZeneca a daily compensation for damages on the amount of € 99,700.00 (ninety nine thousand seven hundred euros).

2.2 Teva shall not be obliged to recall any Teva Product which is in pharmacies and/or with patients in Portugal."

11. Clauses 2.3 to 2.5 then provided for AstraZeneca to withdraw and discontinue the various sets of court and arbitration proceedings they had commenced in Portugal within ten days of Teva performing their undertakings in clause 2.1.
12. Clause 2.6 is a general release in these terms:

"2.6. Subject to clause 2.1 (d) and (h), as of the Effective Date, Patentee irrevocably releases and forever discharges Teva and its customers in relation to any claims, rights, demands or damages arising from the use, importation, storage, offer for sale, sale, marketing, distribution of the Teva Product in or for Portugal other than in breach of this Agreement."

13. Finally, clause 2.7 contains the undertaking by Teva not to sell etc. their generic product before the earlier of certain dates, so far as currently relevant, before 3 July 2017:

"2.7. As of the Effective Date, and subject to clause 2.1 above, Teva and/or any of its affiliates undertakes that it will not sell the Teva Product in Portugal prior to the earlier of:

(a) 3 July 2017;

(b) the date on which the Patents is invalidated by a final (res judicata) court decision;

(c) the date on which the Patentee launches a Generic Product or licenses a third party to launch a Generic Product in Portugal;

(d) ten (10) days after Teva notifies the Patentee that a third party launches a Generic Product and if the Patentee has not initiated preliminary injunction proceedings;

(e) ninety (90) days after a third party launches a Generic Product if the Patentee has not obtained an injunction prohibiting further sales of such Generic Product."

The current dispute

14. At the time that the Settlement Agreement was entered into, the extant intellectual property right of AstraZeneca was SPC 156. However, European patent law recognises the possibility of a six month extension to SPCs by way of a Paediatric Extension. These were designed to address the concern that pharmaceutical products used to treat children were not appropriately authorised. They provide for an extension of six months to the term of an SPC, provided that four conditions are met:

a) A Paediatric Investigation Plan ("PIP") is drawn up and approved by the European Medicines Agency;

b) The clinical trials in the PIP are carried out;

c) The Paediatric Committee carries out a compliance check to certify that the PIP has been completed; and

d) The results of the clinical trials are reflected in the product literature.

15. An application for a Paediatric Extension must be filed no later than two years before the expiry of the SPC on which it is based. The deadline for AstraZeneca was therefore 30 June 2015. At the time of the Settlement Agreement, according to the evidence filed on behalf of AstraZeneca, they had drawn up a PIP which was public, but it was uncertain whether it would be completed in time to meet the 30 June 2015 deadline for a Paediatric Extension. In the event however a Paediatric Extension to the SPC was granted on 30 August 2015 which extended the term of the SPC to 29 December 2017. It is that extension which has given rise to the current dispute.
16. In reliance on that Paediatric Extension, on 28 April 2017 AstraZeneca commenced arbitration proceedings against Teva in Portugal. From the letter commencing arbitration, it was clear that the claim was to enforce rights arising under SPC 156 as extended by the Paediatric Extension, in particular by preventing Teva from selling their generic product before 29 December 2017. It was against that background that Teva commenced the current proceedings against AstraZeneca and sought relief on an expedited basis and Blair J ordered the summary judgment application to be heard on 30 June 2017.
17. Following the hearing before Leggatt J, the parties reached an agreement on terms that Teva undertook not to sell etc. their generic product in Portugal before the earlier of 30 December 2017 or the date of determination of this appeal and AstraZeneca undertook to compensate Teva for any damage suffered as a result of giving that undertaking, in the event that the appeal succeeded.

The judgment below

18. The judge noted the terms of the general release in clause 2.6 but accepted, at [12] and [13] of the judgment, the argument on behalf of AstraZeneca that there was an implicit restriction on the extent of the release, to claims based on the "Patent" as defined in the Agreement. As the judge said at [13]:

"I did not understand Mr. Maclean QC seriously to take issue with this point. It seems to me clearly to be correct applying ordinary principles of interpretation of contracts which require words to be read in the light of the purpose and subject matter of the Agreement. There is also a line of authorities concerned specifically with settlement agreements, of which the leading case is BCCI v Ali [2002] 1 AC 251, which emphasise that in construing a release the court should consider the type of claims which the parties may reasonably be taken to have had in contemplation and at which the release was directed."

19. The judge went on to accept, at [19], AstraZeneca's construction of the Settlement Agreement, that "Patent" in the Settlement Agreement meant the basic European Patent and SPC 156 in the form it stood at the date of the Agreement without any Paediatric Extension. Accordingly, he concluded that the subject-matter of the Settlement Agreement was claims and disputes relating to those rights only and not to rights under the Paediatric Extension. His reasoning for reaching that conclusion is in the preceding three paragraphs of the judgment at [16] to [18]:

"16. I agree with Mr. Scott's submission that it is important in interpreting the Agreement to distinguish between contractual rights and intellectual property rights. There is no doubt that after 3 July 2017 the defendants will not have the benefit of a contractual undertaking by the claimants not to sell the Teva Product in Portugal. By the same token, the claimants will be free from a contractual point to view to sell their product. The question is whether the Agreement is to be construed as granting the claimants a release which extends beyond that date so that in circumstance where there is no corresponding contractual undertaking the defendants have, nevertheless, relinquished the ability to assert their intellectual property rights. The effect, if the claimants' interpretation is correct, is that the claimants will not merely be in the same position as they would have been in if they had not launched the Teva Product in February 2013, but will be in a privileged position compared with other competitors in the market place. They will, in substance, if the claimants are right, have acquired a licence to market the product in Portugal alongside the defendants for the period of the paediatric extension.

17. That seems to me to be a wholly uncommercial intention to attribute to the parties to the Agreement. Reading it against the background of the proceedings in Portugal which prompted it, the aim was to put an end to those proceedings and any similar disputes on terms whereby the defendants had, so to speak, a clear run unimpeded by marketing of the Teva Product until 3 July 2017. It is one thing to say that the possibility of a paediatric extension was foreseeable, but quite another to suppose that part of the consideration for the claimants agreeing not to market the Teva Product before 3 July 2017 was intended to be that, should the defendants through their efforts succeed in obtaining a paediatric extension, the claimants should share in the benefit of it by obtaining rights of an extremely valuable nature.

18. It is important that the court should be cautious when invited to take a view about whether consequences of a particular interpretation are commercially unacceptable rather than merely indicating that one party may have made a bad bargain. But there comes a point at which a Commercial Court is entitled to say that the consequences are so commercially absurd that – in the absence of words which specifically say so, as opposed to general words which, on their face, would have such an effect – the consequences cannot reasonably have been intended. That, in my view, is the position here as the consequence of the claimants' interpretation of the Settlement Agreement would, as it seems to me, be to give them an uncovenanted windfall."

The parties' submissions

20. Teva's case on the correct construction of the Settlement Agreement is that, by clause 2.6, AstraZeneca irrevocably released Teva from claims "arising from the…offer for sale, sale, marketing…of the Teva Product in Portugal other than in breach of this Agreement." Since clause 2.7(a) identified 3 July 2017 as the latest specific date from which their undertaking not to sell etc. the Teva Product in Portugal would no longer apply, sale of the Teva Product after that date cannot be a breach of the Agreement. That analysis is not affected by the fact that the term of SPC 156 was extended after the date of the Settlement Agreement by the Paediatric Extension.
21. In his oral submissions, Mr Maclean QC submitted that the judge's analysis rejecting this construction and accepting AstraZeneca's construction that the general release in clause 2.6 did not extend to a claim brought to enforce SPC 156 as extended by the Paediatric Extension, involved three errors of law.
22. First, he submitted that the judge had lost sight of the principle enunciated by Lord Neuberger at [19] of Arnold v Britton [2015] UKSC 36; [2015] AC 1619:

"…commercial common sense is not to be invoked retrospectively. The mere fact that a contractual arrangement, if interpreted according to its natural language, has worked out badly, or even disastrously, for one of the parties is not a reason for departing from the natural language. Commercial common sense is only relevant to the extent of how matters would or could have been perceived by the parties, or by reasonable people in the position of the parties, as at the date that the contract was made. Judicial observations such as those of Lord Reid in Wickman Machine Tools Sales Ltd v L Schuler AG [1974] AC 235, 251 and Lord Diplock in Antaios Cia Naviera SA v Salen Rederierna AB (The Antaios) [1985] AC 191, 201, quoted by Lord Carnwath at para 110, have to be read and applied bearing that important point in mind."

23. Mr Maclean QC submitted that the judge had invoked the principle of commercial common sense retrospectively in [18] of the judgment, where he focused on the absurdity of the consequences of Teva's construction. In other words, his conclusion as to the meaning of the Settlement Agreement at the time it was entered into was driven by the facts as they had turned out. However, at the time the Settlement Agreement was entered into, what might happen was uncertain. Proceedings in Portugal might have continued and AstraZeneca might have lost, with the Patent being invalidated. A third party generic pharmaceutical manufacturer might have succeeded in having the Patent declared invalid, a possibility which was expressly contemplated by clause 2.7. Accordingly, it simply did not follow that, at the time the Settlement Agreement was entered into, AstraZeneca was conferring on Teva a privileged position.
24. The second error of law which Mr Maclean QC submitted had been committed by the judge was that he had lost sight of the point made by Lord Neuberger at [20] of Arnold v Britton:

"…while commercial common sense is a very important factor to take into account when interpreting a contract, a court should be very slow to reject the natural meaning of a provision as correct simply because it appears to be a very imprudent term for one of the parties to have agreed, even ignoring the benefit of wisdom of hindsight. The purpose of interpretation is to identify what the parties have agreed, not what the court thinks that they should have agreed. Experience shows that it is by no means unknown for people to enter into arrangements which are ill-advised, even ignoring the benefit of wisdom of hindsight, and it is not the function of a court when interpreting an agreement to relieve a party from the consequences of his imprudence or poor advice. Accordingly, when interpreting a contract a judge should avoid re-writing it in an attempt to assist an unwise party or to penalise an astute party."

25. Mr Maclean QC submitted that the natural meaning of the definition of "Patent" in the Settlement Agreement encompassed not just SPC 156 as it stood at the date of the Agreement but as it was extended by the Paediatric Extension. Accordingly, the release in clause 2.6 did entitle Teva to sell etc. their generic product after 3 July 2017 and on the correct construction of the Settlement Agreement, AstraZeneca was not entitled to prevent such sales until after 29 December 2017. There was no ambiguity in the meaning of the relevant provisions of the Settlement Agreement and the judge had been wrong to allow considerations of what he had seen as commercial common sense to lead him to reject the natural meaning of those provisions.
26. The third error of law upon which Mr Maclean QC relied was that he submitted that in the last sentence of [13] of the judgment (which I quoted above), the judge had misapplied the "cautionary principle" derived from BCCI v Ali when he had referred to the type of claims "which the parties may reasonably be taken to have had in contemplation". Mr Maclean QC referred to [10] of Lord Bingham's opinion, where he said:

"But a long and in my view salutary line of authority shows that, in the absence of clear language, the court will be very slow to infer that a party intended to surrender rights and claims of which he was unaware and could not have been aware."

27. Lord Bingham then set out the various authorities and concluded at [17]:

"Some of the cases, I think, contain statements more dogmatic and unqualified than would now be acceptable, and in some of them questions of construction and relief were treated almost indistinguishably. But I think these authorities justify the proposition advanced in paragraph 10 above and provide not a rule of law but a cautionary principle which should inform the approach of the court to the construction of an instrument such as this. I accept, as my noble and learned friend Lord Hoffmann forcefully points out, that authorities must be read in the context of their peculiar facts. But the judges I have quoted expressed themselves in terms more general than was necessary for decision of the instant case, and I share their reluctance to infer that a party intended to give up something which neither he, nor the other party, knew or could know that he had."

28. Mr Maclean QC also referred the Court to passages in the opinion of Lord Nicholls at [27] to [29]:

"27…Courts are accustomed to deciding how an agreement should be interpreted and applied when unforeseen circumstances arise, for which the agreement has made no provision. That is not the problem which typically arises regarding a general release. The wording of a general release and the context in which it was given commonly make plain that the parties intended that the release should not be confined to known claims. On the contrary, part of the object was that the release should extend to any claims which might later come to light. The parties wanted to achieve finality. When, therefore, a claim whose existence was not appreciated does come to light, on the face of the general words of the release and consistently with the purpose for which the release was given the release is applicable. The mere fact that the parties were unaware of the particular claim is not a reason for excluding it from the scope of the release. The risk that further claims might later emerge was a risk the person giving the release took upon himself. It was against this very risk that the release was intended to protect the person in whose favour the release was made. For instance, a mutual general release on a settlement of final partnership accounts might well preclude an erstwhile partner from bringing a claim if it subsequently came to light that inadvertently his share of profits had been understated in the agreed accounts.

    28. This approach, however, should not be pressed too far. It does not mean that once the possibility of further claims has been foreseen, a newly emergent claim will always be regarded as caught by a general release, whatever the circumstances in which it arises and whatever its subject matter may be. However widely drawn the language, the circumstances in which the release was given may suggest, and frequently they do suggest, that the parties intended or, more precisely, the parties are reasonably to be taken to have intended, that the release should apply only to claims, known or unknown, relating to a particular subject matter. The court has to consider, therefore, what was the type of claims at which the release was directed. For instance, depending on the circumstances, a mutual general release on a settlement of final partnership accounts might properly be interpreted as confined to claims arising in connection with the partnership business. It could not reasonably be taken to preclude a claim if it later came to light that encroaching tree roots from one partner's property had undermined the foundations of his neighbouring partner's house. Echoing judicial language used in the past, that would be regarded as outside the 'contemplation' of the parties at the time the release was entered into, not because it was an unknown claim, but because it related to a subject matter which was not 'under consideration'.

    29. This approach, which is an orthodox application of the ordinary principles of interpretation, is now well established. Over the years different judges have used different language when referring to what is now commonly described as the context, or the matrix of facts, in which a contract was made. But, although expressed in different words, the constant theme is that the scope of general words of a release depends upon the context furnished by the surrounding circumstances in which the release was given. The generality of the wording has no greater reach than this context indicates."

29. Mr Maclean QC submitted that this was not a case where a claim or dispute under the Paediatric Extension could be said to be unknown or unforeseen. How far down the line AstraZeneca were in terms of obtaining the Paediatric Extension at the time of the Settlement Agreement does not matter. It was clearly in the contemplation of the parties at the time and the judge had been wrong to conclude that any dispute arising under the Paediatric Extension fell outside the scope of what was settled by the Settlement Agreement.
30. The primary submission of Mr Ian Mill QC for AstraZeneca was that the judge had been right in his construction of the Settlement Agreement. He submitted that there had been no error of law in the judge's analysis. Contrary to Mr Maclean QC's submission, the judge had not been looking at the issue of commercial common sense retrospectively. It was clear from [17] of the judgment that he was looking at the position as at the time that the contract was made.
31. Equally, he submitted that the judge had not overlooked [20] of Lord Neuberger's judgment in Arnold v Britton. Here there were two competing reasonable constructions of the relevant provisions of the Settlement Agreement and, as Lord Hodge had confirmed in [11] of his judgment in Wood v Capita Insurance Services Ltd [2017] UKSC 24; [2017] 2 WLR 1095, in those circumstances, the Court was entitled to prefer the construction which was more commercially sensible. In the present case, the judge had not erred in his analysis of which construction was more commercially sensible merely because he had not alluded to the benefits which Teva alleged AstraZeneca had obtained from the Settlement Agreement. This was because the judge had been entitled to take the approach that Teva had no realistic prospect of challenging the validity of the Patent. As Mr Mill QC put it, the settlement of the dispute as it stood in February 2013 had only a nuisance value so far as AstraZeneca were concerned.
32. He submitted that there had been no error of law by the judge in his application of the BCCI v Ali cautionary principle. The suggestion that the judge had erred in looking at the state of mind and knowledge of both parties at the time of the Settlement Agreement as opposed to just that of AstraZeneca as releasor under the Agreement was misconceived in the light of the opinions in that case and the various authorities cited by their Lordships. In addition to the passages in the opinions of Lord Bingham and Lord Nicholls to which I have already referred, Mr Mill QC referred to what Lord Hoffmann had said at [41]-[42], albeit in a dissenting opinion but in line with the rest of the Appellate Committee on this point:

"…It is easy to infer that although the parties used very wide language - "all claims" and so forth - they meant all claims arising out of the matters in dispute. It would go without saying that they were not intending to include claims of an altogether different character. A good example is the decision of the House of Lords in Directory of the London and South Western Railway Co v Blackmore, LR 4 HL 610. In 1861 the railway company used its statutory powers to buy some of Mr Blackmore's land for railway purposes. In 1864 they had a dispute over their boundary. This was settled by an agreement that he should build a wall to be maintained at their joint expense. The agreement included a release of claims in general terms. In 1866 the railway company decided that it did not need the land it had taken and proposed to sell it as surplus land. Mr Blackmore claimed that, as the person from whom it had been taken, he had a statutory right of pre-emption under the Land Clauses Consolidation Act 1845. The railway company argued (rather faintly, it would seem, by their second counsel) that it fell within the description of claims which he surrendered when settling the boundary dispute. Lord Hatherley LC, who gave the leading judgment, did not even bother to address this point. Lord Westbury picked it up. He said, at p 623:

"The general words in a release are limited always to that thing or those things which were specially in the contemplation of the parties at the time when the release was given."

    42. This is rather a sweeping statement. It is almost always dangerous to say "always". But, in cases of a release given in connection with the settlement of a dispute, it is a fair generalisation."

33. Mr Mill QC also emphasised the need for circumspection on the part of this Court in relation to the assessment by an experienced Commercial Court judge of the commercial implications of rival constructions of an agreement, with which this Court should be slow to interfere. He submitted that this Court should be particularly circumspect in the context of an appeal against an interlocutory decision on a summary judgment application, relying upon what Beatson LJ said in AmTrust Europe Ltd v Trust Risk Group SpA [2015] EWCA Civ 437; [2015] 1 All ER (Comm) 325 at [37] to [43].
34. Mr Mill QC's fall-back position was that, even if this Court was provisionally in favour of Teva on the issue of construction, AstraZeneca had a real prospect of success on their construction at trial when various disputes of fact which remained in issue would be resolved. Accordingly, in those circumstances, this Court should remit the case to the Commercial Court so that it could go forward to trial. He submitted that there were a number of matters of fact, including those referred to in the Respondent's Notice, which remained in dispute.
35. He took particular issue with the statement in Teva's Supplementary Skeleton Argument that part of the factual matrix was the prospect of a defence of invalidity of the Patent succeeding in Portugal and that there had therefore been considerable value to AstraZeneca in having the Settlement Agreement to end the commercial uncertainty of the Patent being under threat in that respect. He relied upon the evidence from his instructing solicitor, Dr Stothers, in a statement dated 2 November 2017 (after the hearing before Leggatt J but which it was agreed in a Consent Order dated 20 November 2017 could be relied upon) to submit that a defence of invalidity could not be raised in private arbitration proceedings in Portugal, which was simply the wrong forum. Whilst Mr Mill QC accepted that such a defence could have been raised by Teva in Court proceedings in Portugal, he submitted on instructions that this defence of invalidity was wholly unmeritorious, although he accepted that there was no evidence before the Court to that effect, other than the assertions by Ms Lacombe of AstraZeneca at [17] to [23] of her witness statement dated 16 June 2017.
36. Mr Mill QC submitted that, on that basis, the settlement had only a nuisance value for AstraZeneca but that, since there was a dispute of fact as to what, if any, value the settlement had for AstraZeneca, that was a dispute which could only be resolved at trial. If AstraZeneca's case on the facts was established at trial, it would support their case on construction that Teva's construction was commercially unreasonable because it would give Teva a windfall of tens of millions of euros during the period July to December 2017, as the judge found at [18], whereas for AstraZeneca the settlement had only a nuisance value.
37. The other aspect of what Teva asserted was the factual matrix, with which Mr Mill QC particularly took issue, was the statement in the Teva Supplementary Skeleton that neither Teva nor AstraZeneca were unaware of the prospect of a Paediatric Extension. In support of that statement, Teva only relied upon AstraZeneca's evidence from Ms Lacombe who said at [27]:

"The agreement of a PIP is published in Europe and we would expect that Teva would have been aware that one had been agreed for Crestor® prior to the Settlement Agreement. In any case, Teva would have known that a PIP might be completed in time to allow AZ to obtain a Paediatric Extension. Equally, however, there was a risk that AZ would be unable to complete the PIP successfully in time to make its application for a Paediatric Extension. At the time the Settlement Agreement was entered into the position was uncertain."

38. Mr Mill QC submitted that if it was true that Teva were aware of the Paediatric Extension, one would have expected them to say so in their evidence, not simply to rely upon Ms Lacombe. Mr Mill QC said that, whilst he would have to accept that as a matter of fact Teva were theoretically aware at the time the Settlement Agreement was entered into that a Paediatric Extension could be applied for, he challenged that they were in fact aware of this Paediatric Extension.

Analysis and conclusions

39. In my judgment, this is not a case where there is any ambiguity as to the meaning of the provisions of the contract or where there are two reasonable interpretations of those provisions. The critical point is that the Paediatric Extension is just that, an extension of SPC 156, prolonging the period of that SPC, not conferring a different kind of right, as the judge himself recognised during the course of argument at the hearing before him. Accordingly, the arbitration proceedings which AstraZeneca commenced in April this year are seeking to enforce rights under SPC 156, albeit during the period of extension. The definition of "Patent" encompasses SPC 156, whether as it originally stood or as extended, so that, contrary to Mr Mill QC's submissions, the correct construction of the Settlement Agreement is that: (i) AstraZeneca are precluded from bringing a claim in respect of any dispute arising under SPC 156 as extended by the Paediatric Extension; and (ii) the sale etc. by Teva of their generic product in Portugal after 3 July 2017 was not in breach of the Settlement Agreement.
40. I consider that the judge was wrong to conclude that the definition of "Patent" should be construed as excluding any Paediatric Extension to SPC 156, when the clear and natural meaning of the definition was such as to include any extension to the period of the SPC such as was effected by the Paediatric Extension in the present case. To the extent that the judge was diverted from that clear and natural meaning by considerations of what he saw as commercial common sense, he did fail to have regard to the principle enunciated by Lord Neuberger in [20] of Arnold v Britton. The natural meaning of the provision should not have been subverted by such considerations.
41. Even if considerations of commercial common sense were relevant, I consider the judge fell into error in his analysis. There is some force in Mr Maclean QC's submission that the judge was looking at the issue of what was commercially acceptable or otherwise retrospectively when he focused on the consequences in [18] of the judgment. However, even if Mr Mill QC is right in his submission by reference to [17] of the judgment that the judge was looking at the issue as at the time the Settlement Agreement was made, the error he has made is that he has only looked at one side of the overall commercial picture. As Sales LJ pointed out during the course of argument, this is evident from the last two sentences of [16] where the judge appears to have overlooked that Teva had launched their generic product in Portugal prior to the Settlement Agreement and the main commercial point of the Settlement Agreement was to settle the dispute arising out of that by, in effect, preserving AstraZeneca's exclusivity in Portugal for a period of over four years until July 2017, unless some pharmaceutical manufacturer other than Teva challenged the validity of the Patent or launched its own generic product.
42. In other words, the judge's analysis of commercial common sense left out of account the undoubted commercial benefits to AstraZeneca of the Settlement Agreement. As Mr Maclean QC submitted these were: (i) Teva gave up any challenge to the validity of the Patent as defined in any form in any forum in Portugal; (ii) AstraZeneca thereby removed the risk of a finding of invalidity which would have led to them suffering irreparable damage; (iii) AstraZeneca also removed the risk that it would prove impossible to obtain an injunction restraining Teva from selling etc. their generic product in Portugal and (iv) as I have said, AstraZeneca's exclusivity was preserved unchallenged in Portugal for over four years, unless challenged by someone other than Teva.
43. Once those commercial benefits of the Settlement Agreement to AstraZeneca are taken into account, it seems to me that the fact that the effect of construing the Settlement Agreement according to its clear and natural meaning is that, after 3 July 2017, Teva were entitled to sell etc. their generic product, even though AstraZeneca had obtained an extension to the period of SPC 156 until 29 December 2017, does not make that construction commercially unacceptable.
44. In reaching a conclusion as to the correct construction of the Settlement Agreement which is contrary to that of the judge, I have been conscious of the need to accord appropriate respect to the decision of an experienced Commercial Court judge. However, where the issue before this Court is one of the correct construction of a contract, a question to which, as a matter of law, there is only one answer, this Court is entitled to adopt a less restrained approach than would otherwise be appropriate, for example in relation to issues which involve the exercise of discretion by the judge: see Am-Trust Europe at [61] per Beatson LJ and at [72]-[73] per Christopher Clarke LJ.
45. I was not impressed by Mr Mill QC's fall-back position that, if this Court was against him on the issue of construction of the Settlement Agreement, we should nonetheless remit the case to the Commercial Court, on the basis that AstraZeneca had a real prospect of success in relation to the issue at trial by virtue of the various matters set out in the Respondent's Notice and the other matters to which he referred in his submissions. As I have already indicated, the thrust of his submissions on this part of his case was that (i) there was no merit in Teva's challenge to the validity of the Patent as defined at the time of the Settlement Agreement and there needed to be a trial in England in order to determine that absence of merit; and (ii) there was no evidence that Teva were in fact aware of this Paediatric Extension.
46. So far as the first point is concerned, I agree with Mr Maclean QC that the suggestion that there has to be a trial before the English Court of the merits of the original dispute in Portugal in circumstances where that dispute was settled by the Settlement Agreement is not only surprising, but does not represent the law. As the judge himself said during the course of argument, where the whole purpose of the Settlement Agreement was to avoid disputes, the suggestion that in order to construe that Agreement it is necessary for the Court to form a view of the rights and wrongs of the underlying dispute, would defeat the whole object of the Settlement Agreement. In any event, whatever the rights and wrongs of the underlying dispute, the Settlement Agreement undoubtedly conferred the commercial benefits on AstraZeneca which I identified in [42] above. It was no answer for Mr Mill QC to rely upon what Ms Lacombe said at [17] to [24] of her witness statement about AstraZeneca's reasons for entering the Settlement Agreement. This evidence of subjective intention was irrelevant and inadmissible.
47. In relation to the second point about the knowledge of Teva concerning the Paediatric Extension, given that, through Ms Lacombe's statement, AstraZeneca not only accepted but asserted that, at the time of the Settlement Agreement, Teva knew about the PIP (which was an essential first step to obtaining a Paediatric Extension), it was not necessary for Teva to adduce evidence to that effect. On the evidence before the Court, both parties knew that it was probable a Paediatric Extension would be obtained in due course. If the disputes between the parties about the validity of the Patent had continued and not been settled, those would have prejudiced SPC 156 as extended by such Paediatric Extension. Assuming in favour of AstraZeneca that for the purposes of assessing whether a particular dispute is unknown or outside the contemplation of the parties, it is necessary to look at what was the knowledge of both parties at the time the Settlement Agreement was made, it cannot be said in this case that a potential dispute arising under SPC 156, as extended by a Paediatric Extension at a later date, was outside the contemplation of the parties.
48. In any event, irrespective of what was known or anticipated by the parties or by Teva alone at the time of the Settlement Agreement, it is clear from the passages in the opinions of Lord Bingham and Lord Nicholls in BCCI v Ali cited above, that: "the mere fact that a party was not actually aware of the possibility of a claim of the kind in issue is not enough to escape from the terms of a general release": see per Kitchin LJ in Stretchline Intellectual Properties Ltd v H & M Hennes & Mauritz UK Ltd [2015] EWCA Civ 516; [2016] R.P.C. 13 at [49]. As Kitchin LJ went on to say at [50]:

"The aim is always to determine what the parties are reasonably to be taken to have meant to release by the words they chose and, as Lord Nicholls went on to explain at [28]-[29], the circumstances will often suggest that the parties are reasonably to be taken to have intended to release only those claims, known or unknown, which relate to the particular subject matter under consideration by them at the time…"

49. Applying that principle here, I consider that it is clear that, irrespective of the precise level of knowledge of each of the parties at the time of the Settlement Agreement as to the probability of a Paediatric Extension being successfully obtained, a claim in relation to SPC 156 as extended by the Paediatric Extension related to the particular subject-matter under consideration in the Settlement Agreement, namely disputes relating to the Patent as defined, including the Proceedings, as set out in (vi) of the Preamble. In my judgment, on any view, the general release in clause 2.6 covers such a claim in relation to SPC 156 as extended by the Paediatric Extension as AstraZeneca has sought to advance in Portugal.
50. In the light of the conclusion I have reached as to the correct construction of the Settlement Agreement, none of the other points in the Respondent's Notice avails AstraZeneca.

Conclusion

51. In all the circumstances, for the reasons I have given, I consider that the appeal should be allowed and that Teva are entitled to the declaration they seek.

Lord Justice Sales

52. I agree.

Lord Justice Rupert Jackson

53. I also agree.