Court of Justice of the European Communities (including Court of First Instance Decisions)

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1. Action for annulment - Natural or legal persons - Measures of direct and individual concern to them - Regulation imposing anti-dumping duties - Different duties imposed on different firms - Right of action of each firm restricted to the provisions specifically concerning it
(EEC Treaty, Art. 173, second paragraph; Council Regulations Nos 2176/84 and 535/87)
2. Common commercial policy - Protection against dumping practices - Dumping margin - Determination of the normal value - Price charged in the ordinary course of trade - Sales subsidiaries controlled by the manufacturer - Recourse to selling prices applied by those subsidiaries - Whether legal
(Council Regulation No 2176/84, Art. 2(3)(a))
3. Common commercial policy - Protection against dumping practices - Dumping margin - Determination of the normal value - Price charged in the ordinary course of trade - Price actually paid or payable - Trade-in discount - Inclusion
(Council Regulation No 2176/84, Art. 2(3)(a))
4. Common commercial policy - Protection against dumping practices - Dumping margin - Comparison between the normal value and the export price - Allowances - Differences in the levels of trade - Burden of proof
(Council Regulation No 2176/84, Art. 2(9) and (10)(c))
5. Common commercial policy - Protection against dumping practices - Dumping margin - Comparison between the normal value and the export price - Allowances - Differences in the conditions and terms of sale - Account taken subject to the existence of a direct link with the sales considered - Costs not having such a link - Exclusion
(Council Regulation No 2176/84, Art. 2(10)(c))
6. Common commercial policy - Protection against dumping practices - Injury - Community industry involved - Production of the like product - Discretion of the institutions - No clear delimitation of the classification segments within the range of products considered - No error of assessment
(Council Regulation No 2176/84, Arts 2(12) and 4(4))
7. Common commercial policy - Protection against dumping practices - Injury - Community industry involved - Exclusion of certain manufacturers on account of their relationship with firms engaged in dumping - Discretion of the institutions - Conditions governing its exercise
(Council Regulation No 2176/84, Art. 4(5))
8. Common commercial policy - Protection against dumping practices - Injury - Impact of imports being dumped - Evaluation in relation to production of the like product in the Community - Criteria
(Council Regulation No 2176/84, Art. 4(4))
9. Common commercial policy - Protection against dumping practices - Appraisal of Community interests by the institutions - Judicial review - Limits
(Council Regulation No 2176/84, Art. 12(1))

1. A regulation imposing different anti-dumping duties on a series of traders is of direct concern to any one of them only in respect of those provisions which impose on that trader a specific anti-dumping duty and determine the amount thereof, and not in respect of those provisions which impose anti-dumping duties on other undertakings.
2. When, in connection with sales on the domestic market, it is established that a manufacturer entrusts tasks which are normally the responsibility of an internal sales department to its sales subsidiaries with which it forms a single economic entity, the fact that, in order to establish the normal value, the institutions take the prices paid by the first purchaser who was independent of the sales subsidiaries is justified, given that those prices may quite properly be regarded as the prices actually paid or payable in the ordinary course of trade within the meaning of Article 2(3)(a) of the basic anti-dumping regulation, Regulation No 2176/84. By taking into consideration the sales subsidiaries' prices, it is possible to ensure that costs which manifestly form part of the selling price of a product where the sale is made by an internal sales department of the manufacturing organization are not left out of account where the same selling activity is carried out by companies which, despite being financially controlled by the manufacturer, are legally distinct entities.
3. Trade-in discounts granted to buyers of new models when old models are traded in, corresponding to the value attributed by the manufacturer to the withdrawal of used machines from the market, must be regarded as part of the price actually paid or payable by the purchaser and must thus be taken into account for the purposes of determining the normal value in accordance with Article 2(3)(a) of the basic anti-dumping regulation, Regulation No 2176/84.
4. A manufacturer which does not prove that the sales on the basis of which the normal value and the export price were determined concerned different categories of purchasers and were consequently at different levels of trade does not justify a claim for allowances on the ground of different levels of trade within the meaning of Article 2(9) and (10) of the basic anti-dumping regulation, Regulation No 2176/84.
5. Travel expenses, communication expenses, announcement expenses, sales aid expenses and entertainment expenses, which form part of overheads and general expenses, and trade-in discounts granted to buyers of new models when old models are traded in cannot be regarded as bearing a direct relationship to sales within the meaning of Article 2(10)(c) of the basic anti-dumping regulation, Regulation No 2176/84, so as to justify an allowance reducing the normal value on the ground of differences in conditions and terms of sale.
6. The Community institutions did not commit an error of assessment when they considered, for the purposes of assessing the injury suffered by the Community industry, that "Community production of the like product" within the meaning of Article 4(4) of the basic anti-dumping regulation, Regulation No 2176/84, was production of all photocopiers in all segments merged together, excluding machines for which there was no Community production, since, according to the market surveys which the institutions took as their basis, there is no clear delimitation of photocopier classification segments inasmuch as, on the one hand, certain photocopiers can be classified in several different segments in view of their features and technical characteristics and, on the other hand, there is competition both between photocopiers in adjoining segments and between those classified in non-adjoining segments.
7. Article 4(5) of the basic anti-dumping regulation, Regulation No 2176/84, shows that it is for the institutions, in the exercise of their discretion, to examine whether they should, for the purpose of determining whether there is injury, exclude from the "Community industry" producers which are related to exporters or importers or are themselves importers of the dumped product. The discretion must be exercised on a case-by-case basis, subject to review by the Court, by reference to all the relevant facts.
8. In determining the existence of injury, the Community institutions are not obliged to take into consideration the profits or losses made by Community producers on their activities in the sector concerned as a whole. In accordance with Article 4(4) of the basic anti-dumping regulation, Regulation No 2176/84, the effect of the dumped imports must be assessed in relation to the Community production of the like product.
9. The question whether, in the event of the existence of injury resulting from dumping practices, the interests of the Community call for Community intervention involves appraisal of complex economic situations. Judicial review of such an appraisal must be limited to verifying whether the relevant procedural rules have been complied with, whether the facts on which the choice is based have been accurately stated and whether there has been a manifest error of appraisal or a misuse of powers.

In Case C-174/87,
Ricoh Company Ltd, Tokyo, Japan, represented by Wolfgang Knapp, Rechtsanwalt, Bonn, with an address for service in Luxembourg at the Chambers of Messrs Elvinger & Hoss, 15 Côte d' Eich,
applicant,
v
Council of the European Communities, represented by Hans-Juergen Lambers, Director in its Legal Service, and Erik Stein, Legal Adviser, acting as Agents, assisted by Hans-Juergen Rabe and Michael Schuette, Rechtsanwaelte, Hamburg and Brussels, with an address for service in Luxembourg at the office of Joerg Kaeser, Manager of the Legal Directorate of the European Investment Bank, 100 Boulevard Konrad Adenauer, Kirchberg,
defendant,
supported by
Commission of the European Communities, represented by its Legal Adviser John Temple Lang, acting as Agent, with an address for service in Luxembourg at the office of Roberto Hayder, a representative of the Commission' s Legal Service, Wagner Centre, Kirchberg,
and by
Committee of European Copier Manufacturers (CECOM), Cologne, represented by Dietrich Ehle and Volker Schiller, Rechtsanwaelte, Cologne, with an address for service in Luxembourg at the Chambers of Messrs Arendt and Harles, 4 Avenue Marie-Thérèse,
intervener,
APPLICATION for the annulment of Council Regulation (EEC) No 535/87 of 23 February 1987 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of plain paper photocopiers originating in Japan (Official Journal 1987 L 54, p. 12) in its entirety or, alternatively, in so far as it applies to the applicant,
THE COURT (Fifth Chamber),
composed of: R. Joliet, President of the Chamber, Sir Gordon Slynn, F. Grévisse, J.C. Moitinho de Almeida and M. Zuleeg, Judges,
Advocate General: J. Mischo,
Registrar: D. Louterman, Principal Administrator,
having regard to the Report for the Hearing,
after hearing oral argument from the parties at the hearing on 3 October 1990, at which Ricoh was represented by Ian Stewart Forrester QC, and Marc Hansen, of the Brussels Bar,
after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 13 December 1990,
gives the following
Judgment

1 By application lodged at the Court Registry on 9 June 1987, Ricoh Company Ltd (hereinafter referred to as "Ricoh"), whose registered office is in Tokyo, brought an action under the second paragraph of Article 173 of the EEC Treaty for the annulment of Council Regulation (EEC) No 535/87 of 23 February 1987 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of plain paper photocopiers originating in Japan (Official Journal 1987 L 54, p. 12), hereinafter referred to as "the contested regulation", in its entirety or, alternatively, in so far as it applies to the applicant.
2 The Ricoh company manufactures plain paper copiers ("PPCs") which it sells in the Community through its sales subsidiaries, Ricoh UK Limited, Ricoh Nederland BV and Ricoh Deutschland GmbH, and in Japan, where it operates through nine branches and 52 subsidiaries, most of which are wholly owned by Ricoh.
3 In July 1985 Ricoh, together with other Japanese manufacturers, was the subject of a complaint lodged with the Commission by the Committee of European Copier Manufacturers (CECOM), which accused it of dumping its products in the Community.
4 The anti-dumping procedure initiated by the Commission on the basis of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2176/84 of 23 July 1984 on protection against dumped or subsidized imports from countries not members of the European Economic Community (Official Journal 1984 L 201, p. 1) resulted in the adoption of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2640/86 of 21 August 1986 imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of plain paper photocopiers originating in Japan (Official Journal 1986 L 239, p. 5). The rate of the provisional anti-dumping duty was fixed at 15.8% of the net free-at-Community-frontier price in the case of imports of PPCs manufactured and exported by Ricoh. By the contested regulation, adopted on a proposal from the Commission, the Council subsequently fixed the definitive anti-dumping duty at 20%.
5 Reference is made to the Report for the Hearing for a fuller account of the facts of the case, the course of the procedure and the submissions and arguments of the parties, which are mentioned or referred to hereinafter only in so far as is necessary for the reasoning of the Court.
Admissibility
6 The Council maintains, first, that the application is inadmissible inasmuch as it seeks the annulment of the contested regulation in its entirety. It contends that Ricoh is not directly and individually concerned by the provisions of the contested regulation which impose anti-dumping duties on imports of products manufactured by exporting undertakings with which Ricoh has no relationship. According to the Council, the only provisions which may affect Ricoh individually are those relating to imports of its own products.
7 In this connection it should be recalled that as the Court has consistently held, in particular in its judgment in Case C-156/87 Gestetner v Council and Commission [1990] ECR I-781, at paragraph 12, a regulation imposing different anti-dumping duties on a series of traders is of direct concern to any one of them only in respect of those provisions which impose on that trader a specific anti-dumping duty and determine the amount thereof, and not in respect of those provisions which impose anti-dumping duties on other undertakings.
8 The principal form of order sought in the application, namely the claim that the contested regulation should be annulled in its entirety, must therefore be rejected as inadmissible.
9 The Council considers, secondly, that Ricoh' s request that the Court should order the institutions to reimburse the anti-dumping duties collected is inadmissible in an action for annulment brought under Article 173 of the EEC Treaty.
10 The form of order sought in this respect by Ricoh is inadmissible in view of the fact that the Court may not issue such an order in proceedings for the review of acts of the institutions as provided for in Article 173 of the Treaty (see inter alia the judgment in Case 207/86 Apesco v Commission [1988] ECR 2151, at paragraph 31).
11 It follows from all the foregoing considerations that the Court should proceed to examine the merits of the case for the form of order sought in the alternative, namely the annulment of the contested regulation in so far as it applies to Ricoh individually.
Substance
12 In support of its action Ricoh relies upon several pleas in law, alleging variously miscalculation of the normal value, incorrect comparison of the normal value and the export price, inaccurate assessment of the injury suffered by the Community industry, incorrect appraisal of the interests of the Community and miscalculation of the anti-dumping duty.
The plea in law alleging miscalculation of the normal value
13 Ricoh maintains that the institutions are in breach of Article 2(3)(a) and (7) of Regulation No 2176/84. In this connection Ricoh claims, first, that in so far as the institutions took the view that the prices charged by Ricoh to its domestic sales subsidiaries were not charged in the ordinary course of trade, and determined the normal value on the basis of the prices invoiced by its subsidiaries to the first independent purchasers, they should have deducted from the normal value certain selling, administrative and other general expenses incurred by those subsidiaries which the institutions did take into account, with regard to the European subsidiaries, in their determination of the export price. On this point it claims that Article 2(3)(a) of Regulation No 2176/84 must be read in conjunction with Article 2(9) of that regulation, according to which the export price and the normal value should normally be compared at the same level of trade. In refusing to make such deductions, the institutions are said to have determined the normal value at dealer or end-user level, not at the ex-factory level at which the export price was constructed.
14 According to the documents before the Court, Ricoh has financial control of its sales subsidiaries in Japan, and entrusts to them tasks which are normally the responsibility of an internal sales department of the manufacturing organization.
15 As the Court has already held, in particular in its judgment in Case 250/85 Brother v Council [1988] ECR 5683, at paragraph 16, the division of production and sales activities within a group made up of legally distinct companies can in no way alter the fact that the group is a single economic entity which organizes in that way activities that, in other cases, are carried on by what is in legal terms as well a single entity.
16 In those circumstances, the fact that the institutions took the prices paid by the first purchaser who was independent of the sales subsidiaries is justified, given that those prices may quite properly be regarded as the prices paid or payable in the ordinary course of trade within the meaning of Article 2(3)(a) of Regulation No 2176/84.
17 In view of those findings and as the Court held in Joined Cases 273/85 and 107/86 Silver Seiko v Council [1988] ECR 5927, at paragraph 14, it must be concluded that by taking into consideration the sales subsidiaries' prices it is possible to ensure that costs which manifestly form part of the selling price of a product where the sale is made by an internal sales department of the manufacturing organization are not left out of account where the same selling activity is carried out by companies which, despite being financially controlled by the manufacturer, are legally distinct entities.
18 Finally, with regard to Ricoh' s argument that, by refusing to make the allowances claimed, the Council did not determine the normal value at a level comparable to that at which the export price was calculated, it should be noted that, as the Court held in its judgment in Joined Cases 277 and 300/85 Canon v Council [1988] ECR 5731, at paragraph 19, the requirement of comparability laid down in Article 2(3)(a) is satisfied provided that the normal value and the export price are both determined by reference to the first sale to an independent purchaser. The comparison must therefore be between the figures arrived at in that way, subject to the allowances and discounts expressly provided for in Article 2(9) and (10).
19 Ricoh claims, secondly, that the Council determined the normal value on the basis of the gross price paid to Ricoh' s internal sales subsidiaries without deducting trade-in discounts from that price. In so doing, the Council did not take into account the "price actually paid or payable" for the PPCs sold in Japan as is required by Article 2(3)(a) of Regulation No 2176/84.
20 In this regard, it must be held that, according to paragraph 13 of the preamble to the contested regulation, trade-in discounts granted to buyers of new models when old models are traded in correspond to the benefit the producers obtain from the removal of the traded-in machines from the market and the lack of a second-hand market for PPCs in Japan. According to the Council, "the demand for new machines is maintained at the highest possible level with prices consequently also being held at higher levels than would have been the case had a second-hand market existed" and "this higher demand not only stimulates prices but also higher production levels which should normally result in increased economies of scale and commensurately higher profit levels".
21 In those circumstances the discounts in question, which correspond to the value which the manufacturer attributes to withdrawal of the used machines from the market, must be regarded as part of the price actually paid or payable by the purchaser and must thus be taken into account for the purposes of determining the normal value in accordance with Article 2(3) of Regulation No 2176/84.
22 It follows from all the foregoing considerations that the plea in law alleging that the normal value was miscalculated must be rejected.
The plea in law alleging that the comparison of the normal value and the export price was incorrect
23 Ricoh claims that the Council is in breach of the obligation referred to in Article 2(9) of Regulation No 2176/84 to make a fair comparison of the normal value and the export price inasmuch as in constructing the export price it deducted all the costs and profits of each of Ricoh' s sales subsidiaries in the Community, whereas it refused to deduct from the normal value equivalent expenses incurred by Ricoh' s sales subsidiaries in Japan. According to Ricoh, the effect of the refusal to authorize those allowances was that, contrary to Article 2(9), the export price and the normal value, established at ex-factory level and dealer or even end-user level respectively, were not compared at the same level of trade.
24 In particular Ricoh complains that the Council did not deduct from the normal level, on the one hand, certain administrative and general expenses, including inter alia travel expenses, communication expenses, announcement expenses, sales aid expenses, entertainment expenses and company car expenses, and, on the other hand, trade-in rebates. In Ricoh' s view, the fact that some of those expenses or discounts are not expressly mentioned in Article 2(10)(c) of Regulation No 2176/84 does not rule out the possibility of making the corresponding adjustments, which were necessary in order to make a fair comparison within the meaning of Article 2(9) of Regulation No 2176/84.
25 It must be observed in this connection that the normal value and the export price were both established on the basis of the price at which the product was sold for the first time to an independent purchaser.
26 It must further be emphasized that Ricoh has not proved that the sales on the basis of which the normal value and the export price were determined concerned different categories of purchasers and were consequently at different levels of trade so as to justify the allowances claimed. Therefore the institutions were not bound to grant them.
27 With regard to the allowances claimed in respect of certain administrative and general expenses, it is sufficient, first, to point out that Article 2(10)(c) of Regulation No 2176/84 excludes, as a general rule, any allowances in respect of such expenses and, secondly, to note that Ricoh has not proved the existence of any special circumstance which might justify a derogation from the rule thus laid down.
28 On the subject of trade-in rebates, Ricoh claims that these represent costs which are directly related to sales and do in fact reduce its net profit because it destroys the used photocopiers traded in, which are not recorded in its accounts.
29 In this connection it must be pointed out that the expenses inherent in the said discounts are analogous to overheads and general expenses, including research and development or advertising costs, for which Article 2(10)(c) of Regulation No 2176/84 precludes, as a general rule, any allowances. All those expenses give rise to benefits which affect the manufacturer' s operations as a whole. The discounts in question cannot, therefore, be regarded as being directly linked to sales in particular, and thus the institutions were right to refuse to make the allowances claimed.
30 It follows from all the foregoing considerations that the plea in law alleging that the comparison of the normal value and the export price was incorrect must be rejected.
The plea in law alleging that the injury suffered by the Community industry was inaccurately assessed
A - Incorrect assessment of the similarity between PPCs
31 It must be observed in limine that the institutions concluded that all PPCs, at least those falling within adjoining segments, from the personal copier to segment 5 in the Dataquest classification, should be regarded as like products; segment 6 machines, for which there was no Community production, were excluded from the investigation (paragraph 31 of the preamble to the contested regulation).
32 It must be observed in this connection that, according to the Info-Markt and Dataquest PPC classifications referred to by the institutions in this case, the PPC market comprises different segments defined on the basis of the technical features and performance of the machines in question. As paragraph 31 of the preamble to the contested regulation indicates, however, in the reference period Japanese manufacturers exported PPCs falling solely within the personal copier segment and segments 1 to 4.
33 Ricoh maintains that the institutions wrongly ignored the segmentation of the PPC market and regarded all machines as like products within the meaning of Article 2(12) of Regulation No 2176/84. In order to demonstrate the absence of similarity between PPCs in adjoining segments, Ricoh points out that the buyer of a PPC in segment 1 would not buy a personal PPC, on the ground that the cost per photocopy and its relative utility would diminish as copy volume increased.
34 Ricoh claims, moreover, that there is no similarity between the PPCs in the so-called non-adjoining segments. In this connection it refers, first, to Commission Decision 88/88/EEC of 22 December 1987 relating to the Canon-Olivetti joint venture (Official Journal 1988 L 52, p. 51), according to which PPCs are split into three distinct markets, namely low-end PPCs (extending from personal copiers to segment 2 of the Dataquest classification), mid-end PPCs (segments 3 and 4) and high-end PPCs (segments 4 to 6). It goes on to argue that the segmentation of the market thus accepted by the Commission is a result of the competition between PPCs within individual segments, which is much stronger than that between PPCs in different segments.
35 It must be pointed out in this connection that, according to Article 4(1) of Regulation No 2176/84, "a determination of injury shall be made only if the dumped or subsidized imports are, through the effects of dumping or subsidization, causing injury i.e., causing or threatening to cause material injury to an established Community industry or materially retarding the establishment of such an industry". Article 4(4) provides that "the effect of the dumped or subsidized imports shall be assessed in relation to the Community production of the like product (...)". Furthermore, Article 2(12) of Regulation No 2176/84 provides that "' like product' means a product which is identical, i.e., alike in all respects, to the product under consideration, or, in the absence of such a product, another product which has characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration".
36 On the basis of the market surveys carried out by Info-Market and Dataquest, the institutions concluded that, although all PPCs were not like products, at least the PPCs in adjoining segments, from the personal copier to copiers in segment 5 of the Dataquest classification should be regarded as such. It appears from the documents before the Court that in the said surveys the segments were not clearly delimited inasmuch as, on the one hand, some PPCs can be classified in several different segments in view of certain of their characteristics and technical features and, on the other hand, there is competition between PPCs in adjoining segments and between PPCs classified in the various segments referred to above.
37 The differences in point of, inter alia, speed and copy volume between PPCs falling within one or various segments are not sufficient to establish that those PPCs do not have identical functions or do not satisfy the same needs. Moreover, as the third subparagraph of paragraph 30 of the preamble to the contested regulation indicates, the fact that customers' choice may be made on the basis of factors relating in particular to the decision to centralize or decentralize their photocopying facilities confirms that there is competition between machines in different categories.
38 It must be emphasized that, in view of the overlapping between the various segments mentioned above, copying speed cannot be used as a distinguishing factor as between PPCs. It is apparent from the documents before the Court inter alia that PPCs which produce between 40 and 45 copies per minute may belong either to segment 3 (from 31 to 45 copies) or to segment 4 (from 40 to 75 copies). The same applies to personal photocopiers which produce up to 12 copies per minute whereas copiers in segments 1a and 1b produce up to 20 and 15 to 20 copies per minute respectively.
39 With regard to Ricoh' s argument concerning the definition of the markets in question as given in Decision 88/88/EEC cited above, it must be acknowledged, together with the Commission, that that definition is not inconsistent with there being some substitutability between PPCs in the three segments in question or with that substitutability' s being of a lesser order than that between PPCs in the same segment. It is clear from the foregoing considerations that the segments defined in that decision, like those in the Dataquest and Info-Markt classifications, are not reflected in distinct markets.
40 In view of the above, it must be held that Ricoh has not established that the institutions made an error of assessment by considering that in this case "Community production of the like product" within the meaning of Article 4(4) of Regulation No 2176/84 was production of all PPCs, in all segments merged together.
41 The plea in law alleging that the similarity of the products was incorrectly assessed must therefore be rejected.
B - The erroneous definition of the Community industry
42 Ricoh claims that in view of the numerous imports from Japan by Rank Xerox, Océ and Olivetti, the institutions should not have included those companies in the number of producers making up the "Community industry" within the meaning of Article 4(5) of Regulation No 2176/84, thus altering the position which the institutions had adopted in several previous cases. In Ricoh' s view, no Community undertaking was in a position to allege that it had suffered injury as a result of imports of small photocopiers from Japan. In any event, European production in this field was low or non-existent.
43 With regard to Rank Xerox, Ricoh points out, first, that that undertaking is a 50% shareholder in Fuji Xerox, a Japanese company from which it procured large quantities of completely finished PPCs bearing the Rank Xerox label, "kits" and components and, in addition, technical and design assistance. By purchasing PPCs from Fuji Xerox under those conditions Rank Xerox was enabled both to make a profit and influence the transfer price of the machines in question. As a result, the inclusion of Rank Xerox in the category of Community producers could only distort the assessment of the alleged injury.
44 It should be noted in this connection that when the same argument was relied on by the applicant in Case C-156/87 Gestetner, cited above, the Court pointed out at paragraph 57 that, with regard to imports of PPCs supplied by Fuji Xerox from Japan, the institutions took the view that Rank Xerox had not produced evidence that it had been led to buy the machines on grounds of self-protection. According to the information obtained the decision was a management decision taken by the Xerox group of companies. However, the volume of those imports was minimal in relation to the entire range of PPCs produced by Rank Xerox within the Community and in relation to the Community market as a whole (1%), and the resale prices were the same as the prices of equivalent machines produced by Rank Xerox.
45 Ricoh then complains that Rank Xerox' s production was counted as part of Community production whereas part of its operations consisted in reality of assembling or producing machines in the Community from parts or materials originating in Japan. It states in this connection that Article 13(10), which was added to Regulation No 2176/84 by Regulation (EEC) No 1761/87 of 22 June 1987 (Official Journal 1987 L 167, p. 9), the "screwdriver regulation", provides for the possibility of imposing anti-dumping duties in this type of situation. It considers that by bringing only companies established in Japan within the scope of that provision whilst counting companies established in the Community which carry out the same "screwdriver" activities as Community producers, the institutions are treating similar cases dissimilarly.
46 That argument cannot be accepted. Article 13(10) of Regulation No 2176/84 was introduced after the contested regulation was adopted and is concerned with the imposition of anti-dumping duty on products assembled or produced in the Community from parts or materials originating in the exporting country or countries in question, not with the definition of Community production.
47 With regard to Océ and Olivetti, which also import PPCs from Japan, but from unrelated suppliers, Ricoh claims that their imports represented 35 to 40% of their sales and machine rentals in the EEC and that they should therefore also have been excluded from the Community industry.
48 That argument cannot be accepted. As the Court held in its judgment in Case C-156/87 Gestetner, at paragraph 47, Olivetti and Océ imported PPCs from Japan so as to be able to offer their customers a full range of models. Those PPCs, falling within segments 1 and 2, were sold at higher prices than those charged by their suppliers and accounted for between 35 and 40% of sales and rentals of new machines placed on the market over the period from 1981 to July 1985. The attempts of both producers to develop and market a full range of models failed, however, because of the depressed market prices imposed by Japanese imports.
49 Nor can Ricoh' s argument based on the institutions' previous practice be accepted. As the Court held in Gestetner, at paragraph 43, in applying Article 4 of Regulation No 2176/84 it is for the institutions, in the exercise of their discretion, to determine whether they should exclude from the "Community industry" producers which are related to exporters or importers or are themselves importers of the dumped product. The discretion must be exercised on a case-by-case basis, by reference to all the relevant facts.
50 It must be held that, according to the documents before the Court and the oral argument at the hearing, it was in the exercise of such discretion that a Community producer was excluded from or included in the Community industry in each of the cases referred to by the applicant.
51 Finally, as regards Ricoh' s argument that Community production of small photocopiers is low or non-existent, it is sufficient to observe that in this case the institutions were right to regard as like products all PPCs in adjoining segments, from the personal photocopier to copiers in segment 5 of the Dataquest classification, and that therefore Community production in the field of small photocopiers alone could not be taken into account for the purposes of defining the Community industry.
52 In view of the foregoing the plea in law alleging that the Community industry was wrongly defined is unfounded and must therefore be rejected.
C - The erroneous assessment of the factors making up the injury
53 Ricoh contests both the analysis of the various factors which was carried out by the institutions in order to evaluate the injury suffered by the Community industry and the very existence of the injury thus defined, which, in Ricoh' s view, resulted not from the imports in question but from the policy followed by Community undertakings and the inferiority of their machines compared with Japanese PPCs.
54 In this respect reference should be made to the provisions of Regulation No 2176/84 which set out the methods for determining injury, in particular Article 4(1). According to that provision, first, there is no injury unless the dumped imports are, through the effects of dumping, causing or threatening to cause material injury to an established Community industry and, secondly, injuries caused by other factors must not be attributed to the dumped imports.
55 Article 4(2) of Regulation No 2176/84 lists the factors which must be examined to establish injury, namely (a) the volume of dumped imports, (b) the prices of dumped imports and (c) their impact on the industry concerned. The same provision specifies, however, that no one or several of those factors can necessarily give decisive guidance.
56 It is therefore in the exercise of their discretion that the institutions are called upon to analyse the said factors and to use such of the assessment factors listed for that purpose in Article 4(2) as they deem to be relevant in each particular case. In the present case the institutions carried out a detailed examination of the factors mentioned in Article 4(2).
57 As regards the volume of Japanese exports it must be observed that although sales and rentals of new machines manufactured by Community producers increased by 74% between 1981 and 1984, their share of the market fell from 21% in 1981 to 11% in the course of the reference period, whereas the share of the Community market held by Japanese producers rose from 70 to 78% over the same period. The institutions were therefore entitled to consider that Japanese imports, which increased by more than 120% between 1981 and 1984, prevented a more favourable development of PPC sales and rentals by Community undertakings.
58 With regard to price undercutting on the imported products, it is sufficient to point out that, despite the extra features and performance of PPCs manufactured in Japan in relation to comparable PPCs manufactured in the Community, their prices were the same as or, indeed, lower than the prices of Community manufacturers' PPCs (paragraphs 44, 47 and 49 of the preamble to the contested regulation).
59 As far as the impact of the low-priced imports on the industry in question is concerned, it should be noted that besides the appreciable reduction in Community manufacturers' market share as mentioned above, the profitability of the Community manufacturers concerned also fell in the course of the reference period.
60 On this point it should be emphasized that the institutions were not, as Ricoh claims, obliged to take into consideration the profits or losses made by Community producers on their activities in the photocopier sector as a whole. In accordance with Article 4(4) of Regulation No 2176/84 the effect of the dumped imports must be assessed in relation to the Community production of the like product. Consequently, the Council was right to assess the effect of Japanese imports on the profitability of Community producers by reference to Community production as defined above.
61 Ricoh further alleges that the development of the European photocopier market shows that the institutions wrongly attributed to the imports in question injury resulting from other factors, in particular from the decision by Community undertakings not to manufacture small photocopiers owing to the costs and technological difficulties which development of new models of small photocopiers would have involved.
62 That argument cannot be accepted. Thus, in the case of Rank Xerox, the Council explains in paragraph 85 of the preamble to the contested regulation that in 1982/83 difficulties experienced by that company in developing a new model were resolved and a new model was in fact launched on the market. Consequently, the Council did not make any error of assessment when it considered that such difficulties did not have any effect on the injury otherwise caused to Rank Xerox as a result of imports from Japan.
63 With regard to Océ and Olivetti, it should be borne in mind, as mentioned above (paragraph 48), that those two producers' attempts to develop and launch on the market a complete range of models failed as a result of depressed market prices brought about by Japanese imports.
64 Finally, as regards the argument concerning the alleged superiority of the Japanese PPCs, the range of their machines and their quality and reliability, it must be pointed out that no evidence to this effect has been produced.
65 In the light of the foregoing, the plea in law alleging that the factors making up the injury were wrongly assessed must be rejected.
The plea in law alleging erroneous appraisal of the interest of the Community
66 Ricoh maintains that the appraisal of the interests of the Community was vitiated by the fact that Rank Xerox, Océ and Olivetti, which were dependent on and benefited from Japanese imports, were regarded as belonging to the number of manufacturers making up the Community industry, and that the institutions did not set their interest against that of the OEM importers such as Gestetner, Agfa-Gevaert and others. In this connection it claims that Rank Xerox, Océ and Olivetti held, together with Tetras, only 3% of the Community market for small photocopiers, whereas the abovementioned OEM importers, which employed a very large number of people, were very active in the field of small photocopiers.
67 Ricoh considers that, in view of the very limited Community production and the very narrow range of products offered in the field of small photocopiers, the institutions' appraisal of whether the interests of the Community called for Community intervention was incorrect in so far as in deciding to protect manufacturers of a very small quantity of products it did not take account of the consequences which would ensue.
68 It should be borne in mind that, as the Court held in its judgment in C-156/87 Gestetner, at paragraph 63, the question whether the interests of the Community call for Community intervention involves appraisal of complex economic situations and judicial review of such an appraisal must be limited to verifying whether the relevant procedural rules have been complied with, whether the facts on which the choice is based have been accurately stated and whether there has been a manifest error of appraisal or a misuse of powers.
69 It must be pointed out in this connection that, according to the institutions, in the absence of anti-dumping duties it would be doubtful whether an independent Community PPC industry could survive although it is necessary in order to maintain and develop the techniques required in manufacturing reprographic equipment and in order to preserve a large number of jobs. That concern arose in particular from the take-over, in the course of the investigation, of the business of one of the Community producers by a Japanese manufacturer. The institutions therefore took the view that the need to protect Community industry was more important than the need to protect the immediate interests of consumers, as is explained in paragraph 99 of the preamble to the contested regulation, and the need to protect importers.
70 Since the institutions did not commit any obvious error in their appraisal of the interests of the Community, the plea in law on this point must be rejected.
The plea in law alleging miscalculation of the anti-dumping duty
71 Finally, Ricoh claims that in fixing the definitive anti-dumping duties at 20% of the net free-at-Community-frontier price the institutions were in breach of Article 13(3) of Regulation No 2176/84, according to which the amount of such duties may not exceed that which is necessary to remove the injury.
72 In this connection Ricoh states, first, that the Commission was wrong to consider that a profit margin of 12% was necessary to ensure a reasonable profit or return on the sale of photocopiers. That margin is obviously excessive, in its view, given that small photocopiers are always sold at a profit lower than that on total PPC sales operations. Ricoh goes on to observe that the duty was calculated so as to eliminate price-undercutting which, for the reasons already given, did not in fact exist. Finally, Ricoh considers that the explanation of the method of calculation of the duty which is contained in paragraph 107 of the preamble to the contested regulation is unclear.
73 With regard to the argument that the profit margin of 12% is excessive, it should be noted that according to paragraph 103 of the preamble to the contested regulation the rate chosen was intended to allow the Community producers as a whole a reasonable return commensurate with the risk represented by investing in the development of new products. In this regard the institutions considered it inappropriate to take into account profits made on supplies or other operations relating to photocopiers.
74 It appears neither from the documents before the Court nor from the argument at the hearing that the institutions exercised their discretion incorrectly. Moreover, Ricoh has not established the extent to which a lower margin for small photocopiers would have affected the amount of the anti-dumping duty imposed.
75 The argument to the effect that the price-undercutting to be eliminated by the duty did not exist cannot be accepted. As paragraph 110 of the preamble to the contested regulation indicates, Japanese exporters undoubtedly did practise a certain form of price-undercutting (paragraph 58) but in view of the impossibility of quantifying it, no element was included in the calculations of the anti-dumping duty with a view to taking it into account.
76 Finally, with regard to the description of the method of calculating the duty, it is sufficient to observe that paragraph 107 of the preamble to the contested regulation describes in detail all the institutions' calculations, and that Ricoh has not explained why the calculations were incomprehensible.
77 In view of the foregoing considerations, the plea in law alleging miscalculation of the anti-dumping duty must be rejected, and consequently the application must be dismissed in its entirety.

Costs
78 Under Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs. Since the applicant has failed in its submissions, it must be ordered to pay the costs, including the costs of the intervener CECOM which has asked for them in its pleadings. The Commission shall bear its own costs in accordance with Article 69(4) of the Rules of Procedure.

On those grounds,
THE COURT (Fifth Chamber)
hereby:
1. Dismisses the application;
2. Orders the applicant to pay the costs, including those incurred by the intervener CECOM.