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European Court of Human Rights
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> European Court of Human Rights >> KOROLKOVA AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA - 44630/21 (Article 11 - Freedom of assembly and association : Second Section Committee) [2024] ECHR 216 (14 March 2024)
URL: http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/2024/216.html
Cite as: [2024] ECHR 216
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SECOND SECTION
CASE OF KOROLKOVA AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA
(Applications nos. 44630/21 and 26 others -
see appended list)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
14 March 2024
This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Korolkova and Others v. Russia,
The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Lorraine Schembri Orland, President,
Frédéric Krenc,
Davor Derenčinović, judges,
and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 15 February 2024,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
1. The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention") on the various dates indicated in the appended table.
2. The Russian Government ("the Government") were given notice of the applications.
THE FACTS
3. The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table.
4. The applicants complained of the disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers or participants of public assemblies. They also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention and Protocols to it.
THE LAW
- JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS
5. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.
- JURISDICTION
6. The Court observes that the facts giving rise to the alleged violations of the Convention occurred prior to 16 September 2022, the date on which the Russian Federation ceased to be a party to the Convention. The Court therefore decides that it has jurisdiction to examine the present applications (see Fedotova and Others v. Russia [GC], nos. 40792/10 and 2 others, §§ 68-73, 17 January 2023).
- ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 11 OF THE CONVENTION
7. The applicants complained principally of disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers or participants of public assemblies, namely their arrest in relation to the dispersal of these assemblies and their conviction for administrative offences. They relied, expressly or in substance, on Article 11 of the Convention.
8. The Court refers to the principles established in its case-law regarding freedom of assembly (see Kudrevičius and Others v. Lithuania [GC], no. 37553/05, ECHR 2015, with further references) and proportionality of interference with it (see Oya Ataman v. Turkey, no. 74552/01, ECHR 2006-XIV, and Hyde Park and Others v. Moldova, no. 33482/06, 31 March 2009).
9. In the leading cases of Frumkin v. Russia, no. 74568/12, ECHR 2016 (extracts), Navalnyy and Yashin v. Russia, no. 76204/11, 4 December 2014 and Kasparov and Others v. Russia, no. 21613/07, 3 October 2013, the Court already found a violation in respect of issues similar to those in the present case.
10. Having examined all the material submitted to it, and having taken into account the issue of compliance with the six-month time-limit under Article 35 § 1 of the Convention (see Saakashvili v. Georgia (dec.), nos. 6232/20 and 22394/20, §§ 46-59, 1 March 2022, in which the Court addressed the COVID-related extension of the period in question), the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion as to the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the interferences with the applicants' freedom of assembly were not "necessary in a democratic society".
11. These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 11 of the Convention.
- OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS UNDER WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW
12. Some applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention and Article 2 of Protocol no. 7 to the Convention, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible.
13. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that these complaints also disclose violations of the Convention and its Protocols in the light of its findings in Butkevich v. Russia, no. 5865/07, §§ 63-65, 13 February 2018, Tsvetkova and Others v. Russia, nos. 54381/08 and 5 others, §§ 115-31, 10 April 2018, and Korneyeva v. Russia, no. 72051/17, §§ 34-36, 8 October 2019, as to various aspects of unlawful deprivation of liberty of organisers or participants of public assemblies; Karelin v. Russia, no. 926/08, §§ 58-85, 20 September 2016, concerning the absence of a prosecuting party in the proceedings under the Code of Administrative Offences (the CAO); Lashmankin and Others v. Russia, nos. 57818/09 and 14 others, §§ 402-78, 7 February 2017, regarding restrictions on location or time of public events; Martynyuk v. Russia, no. 13764/15, §§ 38-42, 8 October 2019, relating to the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal against the sentence of administrative detention.
- REMAINING COMPLAINTS
14. Some applicants raised further additional complaints under the Convention. In view of the findings in paragraph 13 above, the Court considers that there is no need to deal separately with these remaining complaints.
- APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
15. Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case-law (see in particular Navalnyy and Others v. Russia [Committee], nos. 25809/17 and 14 others, § 22, 4 October 2022), the Court finds it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
- Decides to join the applications;
- Holds that it has jurisdiction to deal with these applications as they relate to facts that took place before 16 September 2022;
- Declares the complaints under Article 11 of the Convention and the other complaints under the well-established case-law of the Court, as set out in the appended table, admissible, and finds that there is no need to examine separately the remaining complaints of the applicants;
- Holds that these applications disclose a breach of Article 11 of the Convention;
- Holds that there has been a violation of the Convention and of Article 2 of Protocol no. 7 to it as regards the other complaints raised under the well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table);
- Holds
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 14 March 2024, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Viktoriya Maradudina Lorraine Schembri Orland
Acting Deputy Registrar President
APPENDIX
List of applications raising complaints under Article 11 of the Convention
(disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies)
Application no. Date of introduction | Applicant's name Year of birth | Representative's name and location | Name of the public event Location Date | Administrative / criminal charges | Penalty | Final domestic decision Court Name Date | Other complaints under well-established case-law | Amount awarded for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage per applicant (in euros)[1] | |
24/08/2021 | Lyubov Aleksandrovna KOROLKOVA 1986 | Solovyev Stanislav Vyacheslavovich Moscow | Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Moscow
31/01/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 20,000 | Moscow City Court 02/03/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 31/01/2021 for compiling administrative offence record and detention at the police station between 4.30 p.m. and 10:30 p.m. on 31/01/2021 - detained for more than three hours after the offence record was drawn up, without any justification,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings,
Prot. 7 Art. 2 - delayed review of conviction by a higher tribunal - The sentence of administrative detention imposed on the applicant was executed immediately, on account of the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal under the CAO. | 4,000 | |
03/09/2021 | Sergey Aleksandrovich MIKHAYLOV 1992 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Kazan
31/01/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Supreme Court of Tatarstan 17/03/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence record between 1.30 p.m. on 31/01/2021 and 01/02/2021 | 4,000 | |
25/08/2021 | Anna Anatolyevna MALYGINA 1985 | Shchukin Andrey Yevgenyevcich Nizhniy Tagil | Opposition rally
Yekaterinburg
23/01/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Sverdlovsk Regional Court 14/07/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - the applicant was detained for more than three hours after the administrative offence record was drawn up, without any justification (between noon on 31/01/2021 and 3.30 p.m. on the same day),
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
24/08/2021 | Nikita Dmitriyevich BOROVKOV 1989 | Zboroshenko Nikolay Sergeyevich Mytishchi | Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Moscow
31/01/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 20,000 | Moscow City Court 30/03/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 31/01/2021 for compiling administrative offence record,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
| 4,000 | |
03/09/2021 | Dmitriy Vladimirovich PICHUGIN 1966 | Pomazuyev Aleksandr Yevgenyevich Vilnius | Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Kurgan
31/01/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 15,000 | Kurgan Regional Court 15/03/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 31/01/2021 for compiling administrative offence record,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
| 4,000 | |
24/08/2021 | Kirill Aleksandrovich LITVINOV 1982 | Zboroshenko Nikolay Sergeyevich Mytishchi | Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Moscow
31/01/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 20,000 | Moscow City Court 30/03/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 31/01/2021 for compiling administrative offence record,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
| 4,000 | |
24/08/2021 | Dmitriy Nikolayevich PARKHOMENKO 1990 | Zboroshenko Nikolay Sergeyevich Mytishchi | Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Moscow
31/01/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 20,000 | Moscow City Court 30/03/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 31/01/2021 for compiling administrative offence record,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
24/08/2021 | Vadim Valeryevich PILYUGIN 1979 | Zboroshenko Nikolay Sergeyevich Mytishchi | Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Moscow
31/01/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 20,000 | Moscow City Court 30/03/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 31/01/2021 for compiling administrative offence record,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
03/09/2021 | Vladimir Vyacheslavovich NIKOLAYEV 1962 | Pomazuyev Aleksandr Yevgenyevich Moscow | Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Tumen
23/01/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 15,000 | Tumen Regional Court 17/03/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 29/01/2021 (six days after the protest action) for compiling administrative offence record,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
| 4,000 | |
03/09/2021 | Kirill Georgiyevich REPIN 1998 | Pomazuyev Aleksandr Yevgenyevich Moscow | Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Ulyanovsk
31/01/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Ulyanovsk Regional Court 18/03/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 31/01/2021 for compiling administrative offence record,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
17/08/2021 | Daniel KRSTEVSKI 1997 | Zboroshenko Nikolay Sergeyevich Mytishchi | Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Moscow
31/01/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Moscow City Court 26/04/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence record on 31/01/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
| 4,000 | |
17/08/2021 | Dmitriy Vyacheslavovich NEKLYUDOV 1986 | Zboroshenko Nikolay Sergeyevich Mytishchi | Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Moscow
02/02/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Moscow City Court 26/04/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence record on 02/02/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
| 4,000 | |
20/08/2021 | Semen Aleksandrovich KOMARCHEV 2000 | Tevosov Georgiy Eduardovich Moscow | Meeting of "Open Russia" movement
Moscow 13/03/2021 | article 20.33 of CAO | fine of RUB 15,000 | Moscow City Court 21/05/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence record between 10.30 a.m. and about 4.00 p.m. on 13/03/2021 | 4,000 | |
17/08/2021 | Yegor Alekseyevich ISAYEV 1988 | Zboroshenko Nikolay Sergeyevich Mytishchi | Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Moscow
02/02/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Moscow City Court 16/04/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence record on 02/02/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
| 4,000 | |
26/08/2021 | Vasiliy Aleksandrovich DMITRIYEV 2000 | Pomazuyev Aleksandr Yevgenyevich Vilnius | Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Kurgan
23/01/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 20,000 | Kurgan Regional Court 16/03/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence record on 23/01/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
| 4,000 | |
04/05/2022 | Damir Filaritovich BIKMETOV 1967 | Tiunov Sergey Yuryevich Yekaterinburg | Opposition rally
Yekaterinburg
11/09/2021 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Sverdlovsk Regional Court 08/12/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention for compiling an offence record on 11/09/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (c) - unfair criminal proceedings due to lack of legal representation - lawyer not allowed in the hearing
| 4,000 | |
06/07/2022 | Vladimir Nikolayevich BORETS 1972 | Preobrazhenskaya Oksana Vladimirovna Strasbourg | Anti-war rally
Rostov-on-Don
06/03/2022 | article 19.3 § 1 of CAO | detention for 15 days | Rostov Regional Court 18/03/2022 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence record between 14.30 p.m. on 06/03/2022 and 9.00 a.m. on 07/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings,
Prot. 7 Art. 2 - delayed review of conviction by a higher tribunal - the sentence of administrative detention imposed on the applicant was executed immediately, on account of the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal under the CAO. | 5,000 | |
06/07/2022 | Ivan Amiranovich ARCHVADZE 1992 | Preobrazhenskaya Oksana Vladimirovna Strasbourg | Anti-war rally
Rostov-on-Don
06/03/2022 | article 19.3 § 1 of CAO | detention for 15 days | Rostov Regional Court 18/03/2022 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence record between 4:00 p.m. on 06/03/2022 and 6:45 a.m. on 07/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings,
Prot. 7 Art. 2 - delayed review of conviction by a higher tribunal - the sentence of administrative detention imposed on the applicant was executed immediately, on account of the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal under the CAO. | 5,000 | |
05/07/2022 | Dmitriy Aleksandrovich ROZHKOV 1987 | Tiunov Sergey Yuryevich Yekaterinburg | Anti-war rally
Yekaterinburg
24/02/2022 | article 20.2 § 2 of CAO | detention for 9 days | Sverdlovsk Regional Court 05/03/2022 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence record between 4.55 p.m. on 24/02/2022 and 1.10 p.m. on 25/02/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
| 5,000 | |
10/07/2022 | Aleksandr Andreyevich VALOV 1995 |
| Anti-war rally
St Petersburg
27/02/2022 | article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO | detention for 10 days | St Petersburg City Court 10/03/2022 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 27/02/2022 for compiling administrative offence record and detention between 5.30 p.m. on 27/02/2022 and 4.00 p.m. on 01/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings,
Prot. 7 Art. 2 - delayed review of conviction by a higher tribunal - the sentence of administrative detention imposed on the applicant was executed immediately, on account of the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal under the CAO.
| 5,000 | |
27/07/2022 | Darya Nikolayevna YEMELYANOVA 2002 |
| Anti-war rally
St Petersburg
27/02/2022 | article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO | fine of RUB 15,000 | St Petersburg City Court 29/03/2022 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence record between 6.00 p.m. on 27/02/2022 and the morning of 28/02/2022, when the applicant was transferred to the court,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
07/08/2022 | Yevgeniya Aleksandrovna NISHTA 2003 | Zaytsev Roman Olegovich Volgograd | Anti-war rally
Volgograd
06/03/2022 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 09/04/2022 | Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence record on 06/03/2022; | 4,000 | |
19/08/2022 | Valeriya Anatolyevna GAVRILOVA 2001 | Zaytsev Roman Olegovich Volgograd | Anti-war rally
Volgograd
06/03/2022 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 19/04/2022 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence record on 06/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
| 4,000 | |
20/08/2022 | Valeriya Sergeyevna SABLUKOVA 2001 |
| Anti-war rally
Nizhniy Novgorod
06/03/2022 | article 20.2 § 6.1 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Nizhniy Novgorod Regional Court 21/04/2022 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence record between 3.10 p.m. on 06/03/2022 and 1.20 p.m. on 07/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
| 4,000 | |
27/08/2022 | Maryana Alekseyevna SAMOKHVALOVA 1995 |
| Anti-war rally
St Petersburg
03/03/2022 | article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | St Petersburg City Court 28/04/2022 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence record between 8.05 p.m. on 03/03/2022 and 6:30 p.m. on 04/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
05/09/2022 | Ivan Aleksandrovich PESTEREV 2001 | Yermilova Natalya Pavlovna Yekaterinburg | Anti-war rally
Yekaterinburg
06/03/2022 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 15,000 | Sverdlovsk Regional Court 29/06/2022 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence record between 2.10 p.m. and 9.00 p.m. on 06/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
03/09/2022 | Denis Andreyevich KONVISAREV 2002 |
| Anti-war rally
Moscow
27/02/2022 | article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Moscow City Court 11/07/2022 | Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings,
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence record between 7.45 p.m. on 27/02/2022 and 0.38 a.m. on 28/02/2022
| 4,000 |
[1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.