FIRST SECTION
CASE OF KUSHTAYEV AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA
(Applications nos. 24326/18 and 37 others -
see appended list)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
30 November 2023
This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Kushtayev and Others v. Russia,
The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Péter Paczolay, President,
Gilberto Felici,
Raffaele Sabato, judges,
and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 9 November 2023,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
1. The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention") on the various dates indicated in the appended table.
2. The Russian Government ("the Government") were given notice of the applications.
THE FACTS
3. The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table.
4. The applicants complained of the disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers or participants of public assemblies. They also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention.
THE LAW
5. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.
6. The Court observes that the facts giving rise to the alleged violations of the Convention occurred prior to 16 September 2022, the date on which the Russian Federation ceased to be a party to the Convention. The Court therefore decides that it has jurisdiction to examine the present applications (see Fedotova and Others v. Russia [GC], nos. 40792/10 and 2 others, §§ 68-73, 17 January 2023).
7. The applicants complained principally of disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers or participants of public assemblies, namely their arrest in relation to the dispersal of these assemblies and their conviction for administrative offences. They relied, expressly or in substance, on Article 11 of the Convention.
8. The Court refers to the principles established in its case-law regarding freedom of assembly (see Kudrevičius and Others v. Lithuania [GC], no. 37553/05, ECHR 2015, with further references) and proportionality of interference with it (see Oya Ataman v. Turkey, no. 74552/01, ECHR 2006-XIV, and Hyde Park and Others v. Moldova, no. 33482/06, 31 March 2009).
9. In the leading cases of Frumkin v. Russia, no. 74568/12, ECHR 2016 (extracts), Navalnyy and Yashin v. Russia, no. 76204/11, 4 December 2014 and Kasparov and Others v. Russia, no. 21613/07, 3 October 2013, the Court already found a violation in respect of issues similar to those in the present case.
10. Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion as to the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the interferences with the applicants' freedom of assembly were not "necessary in a democratic society".
11. These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 11 of the Convention.
12. Some applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention and its Protocols, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible.
13. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that these complaints also disclose violations of the Convention and its Protocols in the light of its findings in Butkevich v. Russia, no. 5865/07, §§ 63-65, 13 February 2018, Tsvetkova and Others v. Russia, nos. 54381/08 and 5 others, §§ 115-31, 10 April 2018, and Korneyeva v. Russia, no. 72051/17, §§ 34-36, 8 October 2019, as to various aspects of unlawful deprivation of liberty of organisers or participants of public assemblies; Karelin v. Russia, no. 926/08, §§ 58-85, 20 September 2016, concerning the absence of a prosecuting party in the proceedings under the Code of Administrative Offences (the CAO); Martynyuk v. Russia, no. 13764/15, §§ 38-42, 8 October 2019, relating to the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal against the sentence of administrative detention; Korneyeva, cited above, §§ 62-65 as to the right of organisers or participants of public assemblies not to be tried and punished twice for the same offence; and Elvira Dmitriyeva v. Russia, nos. 60921/17 and 7202/18, §§ 77-90, 30 April 2019, concerning administrative convictions for making calls to participate in public events.
14. Some applicants raised further additional complaints under Article 6 of the Convention. In view of the findings in paragraphs 11 and 13 above, the Court considers that there is no need to deal separately with these remaining complaints.
15. Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case-law (see in particular Navalnyy and Others v. Russia [Committee], nos. 25809/17 and 14 others, § 22, 4 October 2022), the Court finds it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 30 November 2023, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Viktoriya Maradudina Péter Paczolay
Acting Deputy Registrar President
APPENDIX
List of applications raising complaints under Article 11 of the Convention
(disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies)
Application no. Date of introduction | Applicant's name Year of birth
| Representative's name and location | Name of the public event Location Date | Administrative offence | Penalty | Final domestic decision Court Name Date | Other complaints under well-established case-law | Amount awarded for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage and costs and expenses per applicant (in euros)[1] | |
08/05/2018 | Taskali Kaliyevich KUSHTAYEV 1961 | Yelanchik Oleg Aleksandrovich Moscow | Protest rally
Moscow 05/11/2017
| Article 19.3 § 1 of CAO
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | 15 days of detention
fine of RUB 10,000 | Moscow City Court 08/11/2017
Moscow City Court 16/04/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 05-07/11/2017 the applicant remained in detention after an offence report had been compiled;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in both sets of the administrative-offence proceedings;
Prot. 7 Art. 4 - right not to be tried or punished twice in criminal proceedings - overlap of the facts constituting the basis for the applicant's prosecution and punishment in the second set of the proceedings with substantially the same facts underlying his conviction in the first set of the proceedings | 5,000 | |
26/07/2018 | Maksim Aleksandrovich ZHILIN 1978 | Pershakova Yelena Yuryevna Moscow | Rally to support A. Navalnyy
Perm 07/10/2017 | Article 20.2 § 2 of CAO | fine of RUB 20,000 | Perm Regional Court 26/01/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 07-09/10/2017 escorting to and detention in a police station for and after compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;
Art. 10 (1) - conviction for making calls to participate in public events (final decision on 26/01/2018 by Perm Regional Court)
| 4,000 | |
07/08/2018 | Vladimir Sergeyevich ASTAFYEV 1994 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 07/02/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
07/08/2018 | Vladislav Dmitriyevich ZHUKOV 1998 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 07/02/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
07/08/2018 | Artemiy Sergeyevich KOROLEV 1999 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 07/02/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
14/08/2018 | Anastasiya Andreyevna ANDREYEVA 1995 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 1 of CAO | fine of RUB 20,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 21/02/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
18/07/2018 | Yegor Olegovich RYABCHENKO 1998 | Peredruk Aleksandr Dmitriyevich St Petersburg | "Voters' Strike" rally
St Petersburg 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | St Petersburg City Court 19/04/2018 | Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 3,500 | |
20/08/2018 | Vladimir Mikhaylovich KRUGLYAKOV 1988 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 27/02/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
14/08/2018 | Salavat Shamgunovich SABIROV 1974 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 21/02/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
14/08/2018 | Roman Olegovich ZAYTSEV 1989 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 1 of CAO | fine of RUB 20,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 21/02/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station from compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
20/08/2018 | Vladimir Stepanovich TELPUK 1966 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018
Rally to support A. Navalnyy
Volgograd 31/01/2021 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000
fine of RUB 10,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 27/02/2018
Volgograd Regional Court 10/03/2021 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 and 31/01/2021 escorting to and detention in a police station for and after compiling offence reports;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in two sets of the administrative-offence proceedings | 5,000 | |
20/08/2018 | Yelena Viktorovna SHEINA 1963 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018
| Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 27/02/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report | 4,000 | |
24/05/2018 | Aleksandr Valeryevich KOLODKA 1998 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 01/03/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
24/08/2018 | Tatyana Alekseyevna KHOKHLOVA 1957 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 5,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 01/03/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
28/08/2018 | Sergey Viktorovich LYAKHOV 2000 | Benyash Mikhail Mikhaylovich Sochi | Rally to support A. Navalnyy
Krasnodar 07/10/2017
| Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Krasnodar Regional Court 28/03/2018 |
| 3,500 | |
27/08/2018 | Alena Nikolayevna KORNILKOVA 2000 | Pershakova Yelena Yuryevna Moscow | Rally to support A. Navalnyy
Perm 07/10/2017 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 5,000 | Perm Regional Court 27/02/2018 |
| 3,500 | |
05/09/2018 | Mariya Mikhaylovna YEVTYUNINA 1998 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 14/03/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
03/09/2018 | Vladimir Albertovich IVAKHNENKO 1973 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | Rally to support A. Navalnyy
Rostov-on-Don 24/12/2017 | Article 20.2 § 6.1 of CAO | fine of RUB 15,000 | Rostov Regional Court 13/03/2018 | Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 3,500 | |
04/09/2018 | Galina Alekseyevna ZABOLOTNEVA 1970 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 14/03/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
13/09/2018 | Konstantin Sergeyevich DNEPROV 1978 | Kholodtsova Inna Vadimovna Moscow | Protest rally
Moscow 04/11/2017 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 15,000 | Moscow City Court 14/03/2018 | Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 3,500 | |
14/09/2018 | Nikita Aleksandrovich VYSHKVARKA 1996 | Yatsenko Irina Aleksandrovna Moscow | Anticorruption rally
Moscow 12/06/2017 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 20,000 | Moscow City Court 14/03/2018 | Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 3,500 | |
19/09/2018 | Ivan Gennadyevich SMIRNOV 1990 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Volgograd 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Volgograd Regional Court 21/03/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
| 4,000 | |
16/09/2018 | Irina Ivanovna STRUBINA 1963 | Yatsenko Irina Aleksandrovna Moscow | Protest rally
Moscow 05/11/2017 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 15,000 | Moscow City Court 16/03/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 05/11/2017 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
12/09/2018 | Marina Frankovna NATAPOVA 1955 | Prikhodina Yelizaveta Aleksandrovna Moscow | Rally for freedom to political prisoners
Moscow 30/06/2017 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 5,000 | Moscow City Court 30/03/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 30/06/2017 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
21/09/2018 | Sergey Vladimirovich GALENKO 1977 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | "Voters' Strike" rally
Moscow 28/01/2018 | Article 19.3 § 1 of CAO | 7 days of detention | Moscow City Court 22/03/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28-29/01/2018 detention in a police station after compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - the right to examine police officers whose pre-trial statements or reports were used for convicting the applicant | 5,000 | |
21/09/2018 | Polina Aleksandrovna SIDELNIKOVA 1981 | Valiulin Sergey Aleksandrovich Vladivostok | "Voters' Strike" rally
Vladivostok 28/01/2018
| Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Primorye Regional Court 18/04/2018 |
| 3,500 | |
12/09/2018 | Alisa Georgiyevna BORTNIK 1996 | Pershakova Yelena Yuryevna Moscow | Anticorruption rally
Perm 07/10/2017 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | 20 hours of community work | Perm Regional Court 12/03/2018 | Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 3,500 | |
19/09/2018 | Timur Ramilyevich ISANBAYEV 1999 | Chernyavskaya Andzhelika Viktorovna Oktyabrskiy | Rally to support A. Navalnyy
Novosibirsk 30/09/2017 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 5,000 | Novosibirsk Regional Court 20/03/2018 |
| 3,500 | |
25/09/2018 | Irina Vladimirovna KHOMYAKOVA 1997 | Zubarev Dmitriy Vladimirovich Vladivostok | "Voters' Strike" rally
Vladivostok 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Primorye Regional Court 12/03/2018
(received not earlier than 25/03/2018) |
| 3,500 | |
29/09/2018 | Aleksandr Dmitriyevich YANTURAYEV 1971 | Glukhov Aleksey Vladimirovich Novocheboksarsk | "Voters' Strike" rally
Ufa 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Supreme Court of the Bashkortostan Republic 02/04/2018 | Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 3,500 | |
01/10/2018 | Sergey Pavlovich DERKACHEV 1992 | Zubarev Dmitriy Vladimirovich Vladivostok | "Voters' Strike" rally
Vladivostok 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Primorye Regional Court 02/04/2018 | Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 3,500 | |
05/10/2018 | Aleksandr Nikolayevich KHOTS 1957 | Vlasov Aleksey Valeryevich Tula | "Voters' Strike" rally
Tula 28/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Tula Regional Court 04/04/2018
(received not earlier than 12/04/2018) | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 28/01/2018 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
12/10/2018 | Dmitriy Stanislavovich LAZAREV 1963 | Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow | Protest rally
Moscow 08/10/2017 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Moscow City Court 12/04/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 08/10/2017 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 4,000 | |
11/10/2018 | Nadezhda Anatolyevna KOKOYEVA 1994 | Glukhov Aleksey Vladimirovich Novocheboksarsk | Opposition rally
Moscow 22/01/2018 | Article 20.2 § 8 of CAO | fine of RUB 300,000 | Moscow City Court 12/04/2018 | Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 7,400 | |
10/10/2018 | Mark Yuryevich TUMANOV 1972 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | Opposition rally
Voronezh 05/05/2018 | Article 19.3 § 1 of CAO | 5 days of detention | Voronezh Regional Court 18/06/2018 | Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 05-06/05/2018 detention in a police station for and after compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 5,000 | |
10/10/2018 | Irina Georgiyevna SOTNIKOVA 1953 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | Opposition rally
Voronezh 05/05/2018
| Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 5,000 | Voronezh Regional Court 19/06/2018 | Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 3,500 | |
10/10/2018 | Mstislav Igorevich PISMENKOV 1991 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | Opposition rally
Tyumen 05/05/2018 | Article 20.2 § 8 of CAO | fine of RUB 200,000 | Tyumen Regional Court 06/06/2018 | Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 6,200 | |
10/10/2018 | Artem Alekseyevich MAKHONOV 1993 | Zhdanov Ivan Yuryevich Vilnius | Opposition rally
Voronezh 05/05/2018 | Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO | fine of RUB 10,000 | Voronezh Regional Court 04/06/2018 | Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings | 3,500 |
[1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.