European Court of Human Rights
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Cite as: [2009] ECHR 1019
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FIRST SECTION
DECISION
AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF
Application no.
21609/06
by Mara MODRIĆ
against Croatia
The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting on 4 June 2009 as a Chamber composed of:
Christos
Rozakis,
President,
Nina
Vajić,
Khanlar
Hajiyev,
Dean
Spielmann,
Sverre
Erik Jebens,
Giorgio
Malinverni,
George
Nicolaou,
judges,
and Søren
Nielsen, Section
Registrar,
Having regard to the above application lodged on 26 April 2006,
Having regard to the observations submitted by the respondent Government and the observations in reply submitted by the applicant,
Having deliberated, decides as follows:
THE FACTS
The applicant, Mrs Mara Modrić, is a Croatian national who was born in 1962 and lives in Split. She was represented before the Court by Mrs I. Bojić, a lawyer practising in Zagreb. The Croatian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mrs Š. StaZnik.
A. The circumstances of the case
The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows.
On 10 June 2003, at around 1 p.m., the applicant went to dispose of rubbish in bins placed in an open parking area in front of the apartment building where she lived in Split when suddenly her neighbour, a certain B.L., approached her, slapped her in the face and allegedly began to strangle her while threatening to kill her.
The applicant managed to escape and ran home. Once inside her flat, she telephoned the police and reported the incident. About half an hour later two police officers arrived at the applicant’s flat and interviewed her. It appears that they also interviewed B.L. The police officers instructed the applicant to see a doctor, which she did the same day.
1. Minor Offences proceedings
The police lodged a complaint against B.L. with the Split Minor Offences Court (Prekršajni sud u Splitu) and proceedings were instituted against B.L. before that court. The applicant was not informed of these proceedings, nor called as a witness. On 29 October 2003 the said court issued a minor offences order against B.L., under section 162 of the Minor Offences Act. It found that B.L. had committed a breach of the peace by attacking the applicant verbally and physically on 10 June 2003, an offence under section 14 of the Public Order (Minor Offences) Act, and sentenced him to pay a fine in the amount of 378 Croatian kunas (HRK) and the costs of the proceedings in the amount of HRK 120. The relevant part of this order reads:
“Defendant B.L ...
is guilty
because on 10 June 2003 at 11,45 a.m. in Split, ... in the parking area in front of a building, he committed a breach of the peace by verbally and then physically attacking Mara Modrić and pushing her and hitting her in the face and neck, after which he went away,
He committed a breach of the peace by shouting, uttering insults and fighting
and thus committed a minor offence under section 13 of the Public Order (Minor Offences) Act ... “
The applicant was not informed of this decision.
2. Criminal proceedings instituted by the applicant
On 23 October 2003 the applicant lodged a criminal complaint against B.L. with the Split State Attorney’s Office (Općinsko drZavno odvjetništvo u Splitu) alleging that on 10 June 2003 B.L. had approached her in a car park in front of the apartment building where she lived, had slapped her and begun to strangle her while threatening to kill her. The applicant enclosed the police report and medical documentation of 10 June 2003 showing that she had visible finger marks on her throat and pain in that area, especially if touched or when swallowing.
In a letter of 9 February 2004 the Split State Attorney’s Office informed the applicant that it had decided not to open an official investigation. It informed her that she nevertheless had the right to seek a decision in writing declaring her criminal complaint inadmissible. The applicant sought a decision in writing. Her request was complied with and the applicant’s criminal complaint was declared inadmissible on the grounds that she had failed to comply with the three-month time limit under Article 47 § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure since she had lodged her criminal complaint on 23 October 2003 although she had learnt about the incident in question more than three months earlier, namely, on 10 June 2003.
The applicant then lodged a request for an investigation with a Split County Court investigating judge. She qualified the acts of violence at issue as criminal offences under Articles 98 (inflicting bodily injury), 129 (making threats), 199(1) (verbal insult), 329(1) (vigilantism) and 331 (violent behaviour) of the Criminal Code. On 14 December 2004 a three-judge panel of the Split County Court dismissed the request. The relevant part of that decision reads as follows:
“After the Split State Attorney’s Office had declared the applicant’s criminal complaint against B.L. inadmissible in respect of the criminal offence under Article 331(1) of the Criminal Code, the injured party, Mara Modrić, acting as subsidiary prosecutor, took the place of the prosecutor by lodging a request for an investigation ...
The investigating judge did not consent to the [applicant’s] request. As regards the criminal offence of violent behaviour, he stated that B.L.’s actions did not constitute the elements of that criminal offence. The prosecution in respect of all the other charges had become time-barred since the injured party had filed her criminal complaint outside the statutory time-limit.
The request of the injured party, acting as subsidiary prosecutor, is unfounded.
The investigating judge is right in his statement that B.L’s actions did not satisfy the elements of the criminal offence of violent behaviour. The information in the case file shows that B.L. attacked the applicant because he was irritated with her attitude towards his child. Since the crucial element of the offence of violent behaviour is an unmotivated attack, and [the attack of B.L. against the applicant] was obviously motivated, there was no ground for granting the injured party’s request in respect of the criminal offence of violent behaviour.
The other charges against B.L., which are to be the subject of a private prosecution, have become time-barred in view of the fact that the offence was committed on 10 June 2003 and the injured party lodged her criminal complaint on 23 October 2003, that is to say, after the expiry of the three-month time-limit from the day on which she learnt of the offence and of the identity of the perpetrator.
The time-limit for making an application for prosecution under Article 47(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure is three months from the date on which the applicant learnt of the criminal offence and the identity of the perpetrator. The injured party failed to comply with that time-limit, however. Therefore, her request for an investigation against B.L for the criminal offences under Articles 98, 199(1), 329(1) and 129(1) of the Criminal Code is unfounded.
...”
An appeal by the applicant on 24 December 2004 was declared inadmissible by the Split County Court investigating judge on 18 January 2005 as not provided for under domestic law.
An appeal by the applicant against the latter decision was dismissed by a three-judge panel of the Split County Court on 3 February 2005.
On 17 March 2005 the applicant lodged a further appeal, which was declared inadmissible in a decision of the Split County Court investigating judge as not provided for under domestic law. An appeal by the applicant against that decision was dismissed by a three-judge panel of the Split County Court on 26 April 2005.
The applicant then lodged a constitutional complaint against the decision of the Split County Court of 26 April 2005. On 24 November 2005 the Constitutional Court (Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske) declared it inadmissible, relying on section 62 of the Constitutional Court Act, on the ground that it did not concern the merits of the case but was lodged against a procedural decision of the Split County Court of 26 April 2005 and concerned the applicant’s appeals which were inadmissible under domestic law.
B. Relevant domestic law
The relevant part of section 62 of the Constitutional Court Act (Official Gazette no. 49/2002, of 3 May 2002, Ustavni zakon o Ustavnom sudu Republike Hrvatske) reads as follows:
Section 62
“1. Anyone may lodge a constitutional complaint with the Constitutional Court if he or she deems that the individual act of a state body, a body of local and regional self-government, or a legal person with public authority, which has determined his or her rights and obligations, or a suspicion or accusation of a criminal act, has violated his or her human rights or fundamental freedoms or his or her right to local and regional self-government guaranteed by the Constitution (hereinafter: constitutional right) ...
2. If another legal remedy is allowed against the violation of the constitutional rights [complained of], the constitutional complaint may be lodged only after this remedy has been exhausted.
...”
The relevant parts of the Criminal Code (Kazneni zakon, Official Gazette no. 110/1997) read as follows:
Article 8
“(1) Criminal proceedings in respect of criminal offences shall be instituted by the State Attorney’s Office in the interest of the Republic of Croatia and its citizens.
(2) The law may exceptionally make provision for criminal proceedings in respect of certain criminal offences to be instituted upon a private prosecution or for the State Attorney’s Office to institute criminal proceedings upon [a private] application.”
BODILY INJURY
Article 98
“Whosoever inflicts bodily injury on another person or impairs another person’s health shall be fined or sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.”
Article 102
“Criminal proceedings for the offence of inflicting bodily injury (Article 98) shall be instituted by means of a private prosecution.”
THREATS
Article 129
“(1) Whosoever threatens another person with harm in order to intimidate or frighten that person shall be fined up to one hundred and fifty monthly wages or sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months.
(2) Whosoever seriously threatens to kill another person ... shall be fined or sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.
...
(4) Criminal proceedings for the criminal offences defined in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall be instituted upon [a private] application.”
VIOLENT BEHAVIOUR
Article 331
“Whosoever places another person in a degrading position for such purposes as violent abuse, ill-treatment or particularly insolent behaviour in public shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term of three months to three years.”
The relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Zakon o kaznenom postupku, Official Gazette nos. 110/1997, 27/1998, 58/1999, 112/1999, 58/2002 and 62/2003) provide as follows:
Article 2
“(1) Criminal proceedings shall be instituted and conducted at the request of a qualified prosecutor only. ...
(2) In respect of criminal offences subject to public prosecution the qualified prosecutor shall be the State Attorney and in respect of the criminal offences to be prosecuted privately the qualified prosecutor shall be a private prosecutor.
(3) Unless otherwise provided by law, the State Attorney shall bring a criminal prosecution where there is a reasonable suspicion that an identified person has committed a criminal offence subject to public prosecution and where there are no legal impediments to the prosecution of that person.
(4) Where the State Attorney finds that there are no grounds on which to institute or conduct criminal proceedings, the injured party, acting as subsidiary prosecutor, may take his place under the conditions prescribed by this Act.”
Articles 47 to 61 regulate the rights and duties of a private prosecutor and of an injured party acting as a subsidiary prosecutor. The Criminal Code distinguishes between these two roles. A private prosecutor (privatni tuZitelj) is the injured party who brings a private prosecution in respect of criminal offences for which such prosecution is expressly prescribed by the Criminal Code (these are offences of a lesser degree). The injured party, as acting subsidiary prosecutor (oštećeni kao tuZitelj), takes over criminal proceedings in respect of criminal offences normally prosecuted by the State where the relevant prosecuting authorities have decided – for whatever reason – not to prosecute.
Article 47
“(1) ... an application for prosecution or a request to prosecute shall be brought within three months from the date on which [the person concerned] learnt of the criminal offence and the identity of the perpetrator.
...”
Article 48
“(1) A request to prosecute shall be lodged with the competent State Attorney’s Office and a private prosecution with the competent court.
(2) Where the injured party has lodged a criminal complaint ... it shall be considered that he or she has also thereby lodged a request to prosecute.
(3) Where the injured party has lodged a criminal complaint or a request to prosecute but the [competent authorities] establish that the criminal offence in question should be prosecuted by means of a private prosecution, the criminal complaint or the request to prosecute shall be treated as a timely private prosecution if it has been submitted within the time-limit prescribed for [bringing] a private prosecution...”
Pursuant to Article 55(1), the State Attorney is under a duty to inform the injured party within eight days of a decision not to prosecute and of that party’s right to take over the proceedings, and to inform that party of the steps to be taken.
Article 172
“(1) Citizens shall report criminal offences subject to public prosecution.
...”
Article 173
“(1) A [criminal] complaint shall be lodged with the competent State Attorney’s [Office] in writing or orally.
...”
Article 174
“Where the allegations set out in the criminal complaint do not concern a criminal offence subject to public prosecution, the competent State Attorney shall declare it inadmissible in a reasoned decision ...”
Article 205, paragraph 1, allows a private prosecutor and the injured party, acting as subsidiary prosecutor, to lodge a request for prosecution and other submissions with an investigating judge of a competent court.
Article 395
“(1) Subject to any contrary provision in this Code, parties to the proceedings and any other person whose rights have been infringed may lodge an appeal against decisions of an investigating judge and other decisions adopted by the first-instance court.
(2) Subject to any contrary provision in this Code, an appeal is not allowed against a decision of a panel adopted before or during the investigation.
...
(4) An appeal is never allowed against decisions of the Supreme Court.”
COMPLAINTS
THE LAW
The applicant complained under Articles 3 and 8 of the Convention of the deficiencies of the criminal-law mechanisms for securing protection against violence inflicted by a private individual. The applicant also alleged a violation of Article 5 § 1, Article 6 § 1 and Article 14 of the Convention and of Article 2 of Protocol No. 4 and Article 1 of Protocol No. 12.
Before going into the substance of the above the Court will first examine whether the applicant has complied with the requirements of Article 35 § 1 of the Convention. In this respect the Court observes that the requirements contained in Article 35 § 1 concerning the exhaustion of domestic remedies and the six-month period are closely interrelated, since not only are they combined in the same Article, but they are also expressed in a single sentence whose grammatical construction implies such correlation (see Hatjianastasiou v. Greece, no. 12945/87, Commission decision of 4 April 1990, and Berdzenishvili v. Russia (dec.), no. 31697/03, ECHR 2004 II (extracts).
The Court observes further that the purpose of the six-month rule is to promote security of the law and to ensure that cases raising issues under the Convention are dealt with within a reasonable time. Furthermore, it ought also to protect the authorities and other persons concerned from being under any uncertainty for a prolonged period of time. Finally, it should ensure the possibility of ascertaining the facts of the case before that possibility fades away, making a fair examination of the question at issue next to impossible (see Kelly v. the United Kingdom, no. 10626/83, Commission decision of 7 May 1985, Decisions and Reports 42, p. 205, and Baybora and Others v. Cyprus (dec.), no. 77116/01, 22 October 2002).
In the present case the Court notes that a request for an investigation lodged by the applicant with a Split County Court investigating judge was dismissed on 14 December 2004 by a three-judge panel of the Split County Court.
Subsequently, the applicant lodged several further appeals which were all declared inadmissible as not being provided for in the Code of Criminal Procedure. The inadmissibility decision in respect of these appeals was adopted by the Constitutional Court on 24 November 2005.
The application to the Court was introduced on 26 April 2006, that is, less than six months from the date of the decision of the Constitutional Court, but more than six months after the date of the decision of the Split County Court dismissing the applicant’s request for an investigation. It follows that the Court may only deal with the application if the appeals lodged by the applicant subsequent to the Split County Court’s decision of 14 December 2004 are considered a remedy within the meaning of Article 35 § 1 of the Convention, in which case the six-month period provided for in that Article should be calculated from the date of the decision in respect of these appeals adopted by the Constitutional Court on 24 November 2005.
The Court notes that it has jurisdiction in every case to assess in the light of the particular facts whether any given remedy appears to offer the possibility of effective and sufficient redress within the meaning of the generally recognised rules of international law concerning the exhaustion of domestic remedies and, if not, to exclude it from consideration in applying the six-month time-limit.
The Court reiterates that, according to its established case-law, the purpose of the domestic remedies rule contained in Article 35 § 1 of the Convention is to afford the Contracting States the opportunity of preventing or putting right the violations alleged before they are submitted to the Court. The Court notes that the application of this rule must make due allowance for the context. Accordingly, it has recognised that Article 35 § 1 must be applied with some degree of flexibility and without excessive formalism (see Akdivar and Others v. Turkey, 16 September 1996, Reports 1996-IV, § 69).
As to the remedies used by the applicant in the present case further to the decision of a three-judge panel of the Split County Court dismissing her request for an investigation, the Court notes that she firstly lodged an appeal against that decision. However, under Article 395 § 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure no appeal is allowed against a decision of a panel adopted before or during the investigation. Since it is clear that the decision dismissing the applicant’s request for an investigation was adopted by a panel before investigation, this rule is applicable to the applicant’s appeal, which was consequently declared inadmissible by the Split County Court investigating judge on 18 January 2005 as not being provided for under the relevant laws. In this connection, the Court notes that the further appeals lodged by the applicant in respect of this decision were also not provided for under the relevant domestic law.
As to the applicant’s constitutional complaint, it is to be noted that it was lodged against the decision of the Split County Court which dismissed her appeal against the decision of the investigation judge of 18 March 2005. The Constitutional Court found the applicant’s constitutional complaint inadmissible on the ground that the challenged appeals were not provided for under the relevant domestic laws. In view of the fact that the first of these appeals was lodged against the decision of 3 February 2005 adopted by a three-judge panel of the Split County Court prior to investigation and that such an appeal was clearly inadmissible under the Code of Criminal Procedure, all further appeals in that respect were also inadmissible. The applicant could have attempted a constitutional complaint against the decision of the Split County Court of 14 December 2004 whereby her request for an investigation was dismissed. To the contrary, the constitutional complaint lodged in respect of the procedural decisions declaring the applicant’s appeals inadmissible as not being provided for under the relevant law is not a remedy to be exhausted within the meaning of Article 35 § 1 of the Convention.
Therefore, the remedies attempted by the applicant subsequent to the Split County Court’s decision of 14 December 2004 are not capable of interrupting the running of the six-month time-limit under Article 35 § 1 of the Convention.
The Court thus comes to the conclusion that the six-month time-limit started to run at the latest on 14 December 2004 when a three-judge panel of the Split County Court dismissed the applicant’s request for an investigation. The application was lodged on 26 April 2006, more than six months after that.
It follows that the application was introduced out of time and must be rejected in accordance with Article 35 §§ 1 and 4 of the Convention.
For these reasons, the Court unanimously
Declares the application inadmissible.
Søren Nielsen Christos Rozakis
Registrar President