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You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> European Court of Human Rights >> ROLF GUSTAFSON v. SWEDEN - 23196/94 [1997] ECHR 41 (1 July 1997)
URL: http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1997/41.html
Cite as: 25 EHRR 623, [1997] ECHR 41, (1998) 25 EHRR 623
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In the case of Rolf Gustafson v. Sweden (1),
The European Court of Human Rights, sitting, in accordance with
Article 43 (art. 43) of the Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention") and the
relevant provisions of Rules of Court B (2), as a Chamber composed of
the following judges:
Mr R. Ryssdal, President,
Mr F. Matscher,
Mr B. Walsh,
Mr C. Russo,
Mr J. De Meyer,
Mrs E. Palm,
Mr J.M. Morenilla,
Mr B. Repik,
Mr P. Jambrek,
and also of Mr H. Petzold, Registrar, and Mr P.J. Mahoney, Deputy
Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 21 February and 27 May 1997,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the
last-mentioned date:
_______________
Notes by the Registrar
1. The case is numbered 113/1995/619/709. The first number is the
case's position on the list of cases referred to the Court in the
relevant year (second number). The last two numbers indicate the
case's position on the list of cases referred to the Court since its
creation and on the list of the corresponding originating applications
to the Commission.
2. Rules of Court B, which came into force on 2 October 1994, apply
to all cases concerning the States bound by Protocol No. 9 (P9).
________________
PROCEDURE
1. The case was referred to the Court on 18 December 1995 by the
applicant, Mr Rolf Gustafson, a Swedish national, within the
three-month period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 of
the Convention (art. 32-1, art. 47). It originated in an application
(no. 23196/94) against the Kingdom of Sweden lodged by the applicant
with the European Commission of Human Rights ("the Commission") under
Article 25 (art. 25) on 5 November 1993.
The applicant's application bringing the case before the Court
referred to Article 48 of the Convention (art. 48), as amended by
Protocol No. 9 (P9), which has been ratified by Sweden. The object of
the application was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the
case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations
under Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention (art. 6-1).
2. On 29 March 1996 the Court's Screening Panel decided not to
decline consideration of the case and to submit it to the Court
(Article 48 para. 2 of the Convention) (art. 48-2).
3. In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 35
para. 3 (d) of Rules of Court B, the applicant designated the lawyer
who would represent him (Rule 31).
4. The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mrs E. Palm,
the elected judge of Swedish nationality (Article 43 of the Convention)
(art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21
para. 4 (b)). On 27 April 1996, in the presence of the Registrar, the
President drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely
Mr F. Matscher, Mr B. Walsh, Mr C. Russo, Mr J. De Meyer,
Mr J.M. Morenilla, Mr B. Repik and Mr P. Jambrek (Article 43 in fine
of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 5) (art. 43).
5. As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 6), Mr Ryssdal, acting
through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Government, the
applicant's lawyer and the Delegate of the Commission on the
organisation of the proceedings (Rules 39 para. 1 and 40). Pursuant
to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the
applicant's memorial on 25 October 1996 and the Government's memorial
on 6 November 1996.
6. On 15 January and 3 February 1997 the Commission produced various
documents from the file on the proceedings before it, as requested by
the Registrar on the President's instructions.
7. On 20 January 1997 the Chamber, having regard to the views
expressed by the applicant, the Agent of the Government and the
Delegate of the Commission, decided to dispense with a hearing in the
case, having satisfied itself that the condition for this derogation
from its usual procedure had been met (Rules 27 and 40). On 22 and
30 January 1997 the Registrar received supplementary memorials from the
applicant and the Government. On 3 February 1997 the Delegate informed
the Registrar that he did not wish to submit written observations in
reply to these memorials.
AS TO THE FACTS
I. Circumstances of the case
8. The applicant is a Swedish citizen resident in Stockholm. Since
1973 he has spent a total of eight years in prison for the commission
of serious economic offences. Most recently, in October 1996 he was
sentenced to a one-year term of imprisonment for a serious
forgery offence.
9. The applicant claims that on two occasions, in April-June and
June-July 1991, he was the victim of kidnapping and extortion
perpetrated by three persons. According to the applicant, one of the
alleged perpetrators, a certain Mr L., had wanted to be paid for the
part he played with him in the commission of certain economic crimes.
10. On 25 March 1993 the public prosecutor charged L. with one count
of kidnapping on 17 April 1991, one count of aggravated extortion
committed between 17 April 1991 and June 1991 and one count of
kidnapping and aggravated extortion committed between 27 June and
3 July 1991. No proceedings were instituted against the other
two persons, one of whom had been named by the applicant as a certain
Mr P. (see paragraph 17 below).
A. Proceedings before the Stockholm District Court
11. In the criminal proceedings instituted against L. before the
Stockholm District Court (tingsrätt), the applicant requested the
court, pursuant to the provisions of chapter 22 of the
Code of Judicial Procedure (Rättegångsbalken: see paragraph 20 below),
to order L. to pay him a total of 169,350 Swedish kronor (SEK) in
compensation in respect of the following items:
(a) SEK 9,350 in material damages to his clothes;
(b) SEK 10,000 in non-pecuniary damages for injury caused to
his head;
(c) SEK 50,000 for suffering resulting from an eye injury;
(d) SEK 100,000 in non-pecuniary damages for the mental
suffering caused by the two alleged kidnappings (see paragraph 9
above).
The applicant reserved his right to present further claims in
respect of any such damage as he might suffer in the future.
B. The applicant's claim for compensation before the
Criminal Damage Compensation Board
12. On 15 April 1993 the applicant applied for compensation to the
Criminal Damage Compensation Board (Brottsskadenämnden - hereinafter
"the Board") under the Criminal Damage Act 1978 (brottsskadelagen
1978:413 - hereinafter "the 1978 Act"; see paragraphs 20-29 below).
In his application he stated that he had sought compensation for
personal injury in the amount of SEK 160,000 in the proceedings against
L. and that he had reserved his right to make any further claims
with regard to future damage. In view of the rules on prescription of
compensation claims, he submitted to the Board at that stage a claim
for compensation of SEK 160,000 along the lines stated above. He
enclosed a copy of the indictment against L.
C. The decision of the Stockholm District Court
13. On 28 April 1993 the Stockholm District Court convicted L.,
sentenced him to six years' imprisonment and ordered him to pay
SEK 144,350 in damages to the applicant. The District Court found,
inter alia, that, on the whole, the applicant could not be considered
a particularly trustworthy person in view of the fact that he had been
convicted of several economic offences (see paragraph 8 above). It
stated, however, that this fact did not in itself mean that his
allegations concerning his kidnapping and extortion were untrue and it
found the evidence to be such that the prosecution's case against L.
had been partially proven.
D. The decision of the Svea Court of Appeal
14. On 2 July 1993 the Svea Court of Appeal (Svea hovrätt) reversed
the District Court's decision on the ground that the charges against
L. had not been proven, acquitted L. and rejected the applicant's claim
for compensation. The Court of Appeal found that the applicant, in
view of his criminal background, could not be deemed a trustworthy
person. It followed that the information he had provided on the events
which had given rise to the charges against L. (åtalade händelserna)
could not, in the absence of strong supporting evidence, ground L.'s
conviction, even though the applicant's evidence had been corroborated
by others whom he had told about the incidents.
The applicant did not seek leave to appeal to the Supreme Court
(Högsta domstolen) against the decision.
E. The Board's examination of the applicant's claim
15. On 12 August 1993 the applicant, referring to his application for
compensation of 15 April 1993 (see paragraph 12 above), asked the Board
to proceed with its examination of his claim, stating that he had no
insurance which would cover the damage in question. He supplied the
Board with copies of the judgments of the District Court and the
Court of Appeal.
16. On 26 August 1993 the Board rejected the applicant's compensation
claim, stating as follows:
"A condition for a grant of compensation is that damage has in
fact been caused by crime. The Board ... cannot find it
established that [the applicant] has suffered damage as a result
of crime. Consequently, compensation for damage caused by crime
cannot be awarded."
F. The Board's reconsideration of the claim
17. On 11 November 1993 the applicant requested the Board to
reconsider its decision. He argued that it was clear from the
judgments of the District Court and the Court of Appeal that he had
been the victim of a crime and that he had suffered the damage for
which he requested compensation. He had identified two of the
three persons who were allegedly involved in the offences; the fact
that the Court of Appeal had not found it proven that the only one to
be charged, L., was guilty was not a reason to doubt that he had been
the victim of crime.
In support of his request for reconsideration of the decision the
applicant submitted a copy of the investigation report concerning the
alleged kidnappings and extortions, including a medical report drawn
up on 25 February 1993 by Dr Lennart Berglin, a
Deputy Senior Physician. According to this report, on 4 July 1991 the
applicant had sought emergency care for his right eye, which he stated
had been punched. He had been operated on by Dr Berglin on 5 July 1991
and had remained hospitalised until 15 July 1991. On 26 February 1992
he underwent a further operation. Dr Berglin concluded in his report
that the applicant's eye injury could have been caused by a punch.
The applicant also submitted a transcript of the testimony given
by Crime Inspector S. at the District Court's oral hearing in the
criminal proceedings against L. Inspector S. had been the
principal investigator into the economic offences of which the
applicant had previously been convicted. He had interrogated both the
applicant and L. on a number of occasions. Inspector S. had told the
District Court, inter alia:
"I was, probably on 4 July 1991, informed [about the alleged
kidnapping of the applicant]. A colleague ... telephoned me to
say that he had been informed that [the applicant] had been
kidnapped ..., that the kidnapping had been staged by [L.] with
the help of two 'gorillas', ... and that the kidnapping had been
combined with an extortion threat against [the applicant] in the
amount of SEK 5 million.
... I then ... telephoned [the applicant], who ... denied that
he had been kidnapped ...
... I saw [the applicant] in August [1991] in connection with ...
criminal proceedings brought against him ... and noted that he
had a bruise at [one of] his eye[s]. I asked him what had
happened and he stated that he had been the victim of a robbery
committed by some persons ...
... Probably in May 1992 [the applicant] mentioned the
kidnappings when he was being interrogated as a suspect in
another case ... He stated that [they had been carried out] by
two black men and a third one, whom he did not wish to name ...
He repeated several times that one kidnapping had taken place in
April [1991] and [the other] towards the end of June [1991],
lasting until the beginning of July [1991] ...
We took [the applicant's statements] seriously ... I have come
to know [the applicant] so well that I can somehow see when he
is lying or when he is telling the truth ...
Having been asked on a number of occasions to name the
perpetrators, [the applicant] stated that he would do so, but not
right away ... In the autumn [of 1991] he named one of the
assistants [during the kidnappings], [P.] ...
[The applicant's description of the environment and premises
where he had been kept during the kidnappings] was very accurate
as regards many details ..."
18. Both Dr Berglin's report and Crime Inspector S.'s testimony had
in essence been reproduced in the District Court's judgment.
Inspector S. had also been heard orally before the Court of Appeal,
where he had more or less repeated the same evidence he gave to the
District Court.
19. On 1 June 1994 the Board rejected the applicant's request, for
the following reasons:
"The submissions in this case in support of the request for
reconsideration are not such as to be a reason for the Board to
change its previous decision. Nor is there any other reason for
changing the decision."
II. Relevant domestic law and practice
20. Under chapter 22, section 1, of the Code of Judicial Procedure,
a private claim arising from a crime may be lodged against the suspect
or a third party in connection with the prosecution of the offence.
If it concerns an offence forming the object of public charges, the
prosecutor is under an obligation to prepare and present any such claim
as the victim may wish to make, provided that it is not
seriously inconvenient to do so and that the claim is not manifestly
unfounded (section 2). In that event, the trial court will in
principle determine the claim for compensation as well as the questions
of guilt and sentencing. This is the most frequently used course of
action for obtaining compensation for criminal damages.
A private claim against the suspect may in the alternative be
made by way of a civil action under the general rules on tort liability
contained in the Tort Liability Act 1972.
Otherwise, and at the relevant time, compensation could have been
sought from the State under the rules of the 1978 Act, which was
amended as of 1 July 1994. The 1978 Act was enacted in order to afford
crime victims a means of obtaining reparation where the identity of the
offender was unknown or where the latter had insufficient means to
compensate the victim or where insurance coverage was inadequate.
21. Section 1 of the 1978 Act read, in so far as is relevant:
"This Act regulates compensation to be paid by the State for
damage caused by crime.
The Act is applicable if the crime has been committed in
Sweden ..."
22. Section 2 of the Ordinance on Damage Caused by Crime
(brottsskadeförordningen 1978:653) read, at the time in question and
in so far as is relevant:
"... The claim [for compensation for damage caused by crime]
shall be lodged with the Criminal Damage Compensation Board.
The claim shall be supported by a police record, a
medical statement and other documents of relevance to the
[Board's] examination. If someone has been convicted of the
crime referred to in the request or if someone has been ordered
to pay damages, a copy of the judgment [to this effect] shall
also be enclosed. If no police investigation has been carried
out, other material concerning the cause of the damage shall be
submitted."
23. Section 14 of the 1978 Act provided:
"A claim for compensation for damage caused by crime shall be
filed within two years from the date of the offence. If there
are special reasons, a claim may be examined even if it has been
lodged out of time.
A claim will only be examined if the offence has been reported
to the public prosecutor or the police or if the applicant shows
a valid reason why such a report has not been made."
24. Although it was not a condition for compensation under the
1978 Act that the offender had been convicted, it was a condition that
the damage had been caused by criminal conduct and that both the
subjective and objective conditions for the offence in question had
been fulfilled.
The Board decided independently whether the conditions for
compensation under the 1978 Act had been fulfilled, including whether
a crime had been committed. Thus, in some cases the Board had been
satisfied that the conditions for compensation had been met, despite
a decision by the public prosecutor not to bring charges on the ground
of lack of evidence. In rare instances, the Board had granted
compensation even though the trial court, because of insufficient
evidence, had acquitted the accused or had dismissed the
compensation claim. Generally speaking, the standard of proof applied
by the Board was less strict than that applied by a trial court.
25. Compensation could be granted under the 1978 Act for physical
injury suffered by the victim but could, on certain conditions, also
cover damage to property. Other damage could be compensated to a
limited extent (sections 2-5 of the 1978 Act).
26. No appeal lay against a decision of the Board (section 12 of the
1978 Act). Nor was it possible to request judicial review of the
decision pursuant to the 1988 Act on Judicial Review of
Certain Administrative Decisions (Rättsprövningslagen 1988:205).
27. The Board set up under the 1978 Act was composed of a
chairperson, two vice-chairpersons and three other members, all of whom
were appointed by the Government for a limited period (section 15 of
the Ordinance with Instructions for the Board (Förordningen 1988:984
med instruktion för brottsskadenämnden)). It was a requirement that
the chairperson, the vice-chairpersons and their substitutes be lawyers
("vara lagfarna") and have experience as judges (section 13 of the
1978 Act). The remaining three members did not need to be lawyers, but
one of them had to be a representative of the insurance business.
The Board's independence was guaranteed by chapter 11, Article 7,
of the Instrument of Government (Regeringsformen), which provision
implies that neither the Government nor Parliament could intervene or
influence the manner in which the Board dealt with an individual case.
28. The rules governing the procedure before the Board were similar
to those found in the Code of Judicial Procedure (Rättegångsbalken) and
the Administrative Procedure Act 1971 (Förvaltningsprocesslagen
1971:291). Thus, for instance, the rules on disqualification of
members of the Board from dealing with a case (sections 11-12 of the
Administrative Act 1986 (Förvaltningslagen 1986:223) were similar to
those applying to members of the ordinary courts (chapter 4,
section 13, of the Code of Judicial Procedure) and the
administrative courts (section 41 of the Administrative Procedure Act).
Although the Board in principle determined cases on the basis of the
case file, a party to the proceedings had the possibility to make oral
arguments before the Board, if the latter considered it expedient
(Section 14 of the Administrative Act 1986). A party was entitled to
have access to all written documents in a case, unless non-disclosure
was required by a strong public or private interest under the
Secrecy Act 1980 (Sekretesslagen 1980:100). In such a case the party
concerned should be informed of the contents of such facts in order to
enable him to protect his rights, provided this could be done without
serious harm to those interests which are protected by secrecy. No
case could be decided on before the parties had been informed of all
the evidence adduced and had been given an opportunity to submit
observations in reply.
Subject to the provisions in the Secrecy Act 1980, all documents
submitted to the Board were accessible to the public.
29. Under the new legislation adopted on 1 July 1994
(see paragraph 20 above), a new public body has been established for
the examination of compensation requests, i.e. the Authority for
Victims of Crime (Brottsoffermyndigheten). Within that authority a
board examines cases of particular interest or cases that are otherwise
of particular importance.
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION
30. In his application to the Commission dated 5 November 1993
(no. 23196/94), the applicant complained of a violation of Article 6
para. 1 of the Convention (art. 6-1) in that he could not have a
civil right to compensation pursuant to the Criminal Damage Act 1978
determined by a court.
31. The Commission (Second Chamber) unanimously declared the
application admissible on 22 February 1995. In its report of
18 October 1995 (Article 31) (art. 31) the Commission expressed the
opinion (unanimously) that there had been no violation of Article 6
para. 1 (art. 6-1). The full text of the Commission's opinion is
reproduced as an annex to this judgment (1).
_______________
Note by the Registrar
1. For practical reasons this annex will appear only with the printed
version of the judgment (in Reports of Judgments and
Decisions 1997-IV), but a copy of the Commission's report is obtainable
from the registry.
_______________
FINAL SUBMISSIONS TO THE COURT
32. In their memorials to the Court, the Government invited the Court
to conclude that Article 6 of the Convention (art. 6) was not
applicable and, in any event, that there had been no violation thereof
in the present case.
33. The applicant, for his part, requested the Court to find that
Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) was applicable and that there had been a
violation of this provision (art. 6-1) and to award him just
satisfaction under Article 50 of the Convention (art. 50).
AS TO THE LAW
ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 PARA. 1 OF THE CONVENTION (art. 6-1)
34. The applicant complained that under Swedish law he did not have
the possibility of having his claim for compensation under the 1978 Act
determined by a court. He alleged that there had therefore been a
violation of Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention (art. 6-1) which, in
so far as is relevant, reads:
"In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ...,
everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing ... by an
independent and impartial tribunal established by law ..."
A. Applicability of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1)
35. The applicant maintained that a right to compensation devolved
on victims of a crime under the Criminal Damage Act 1978
(see paragraph 12 above) and that this right should be construed as a
civil right within the meaning of Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention
(art. 6-1) having regard to the case-law of the Court. He contended
that the evidence of Dr Berglin and Crime Inspector S. was sufficient
to prove that he had been the victim of a crime. The Board had
rejected his claim on the basis of the Court of Appeal's decision to
acquit L. However, this decision did not amount to a finding that he
had not been the victim of a criminal act; nor did it exclude the fact
that the two other suspects whom he had mentioned to the police had
also been involved.
36. The Government contended that the 1978 Act did not give claimants
a right to compensation. Even if it could be construed in this sense
any such right could not be considered to be of a civil nature within
the meaning of Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention (art. 6-1) having
regard to the aim of the legislation. More importantly, there could
not be said to be any genuine and serious dispute over the applicant's
alleged right to compensation since he had not presented any new
evidence to the Board which proved he had been the victim of a crime.
37. The Commission for its part concluded that the 1978 Act was
sufficiently precise in its wording to give claimants satisfying the
conditions therein a right to criminal injuries compensation and that
this right was of a civil character having regard to its individual and
pecuniary nature. On the other hand and for the reasons stated by the
Government, the Commission found that there was no serious and genuine
dispute over the applicant's civil right to compensation.
38. The Court recalls that the applicability of Article 6 para. 1
(art. 6-1) under its "civil head" requires the existence of a dispute
("contestation" in the French text) over a "right" which can be said,
at least on arguable grounds, to be recognised under domestic law.
That dispute must be genuine and serious; it may relate not only to the
existence of a right but also to its scope and to the manner of its
exercise. Furthermore the outcome of the proceedings must be directly
decisive for the right in question (see the Masson and Van Zon
v. the Netherlands judgment of 28 September 1995, Series A no. 327-A,
p. 17, para. 44; the Acquaviva v. France judgment of 21 November 1995,
Series A no. 333-A, p. 14, para. 46).
39. Having regard to these principles, the Court considers in the
first place that there was a dispute over the applicant's alleged right
to compensation under the 1978 Act. He lodged a claim with the Board
and that claim was rejected on the grounds that he did not satisfy
the essential condition defined in the Act for an award of
compensation, namely, that he had suffered damage as a result of a
crime (see paragraph 16 above). His eligibility under the Act was
accordingly in dispute.
Nor can it be said with certainty that the dispute over his
entitlement to compensation was not a genuine and serious one having
regard to the respective functions of the Board and of the
domestic courts. The fact that the Court of Appeal acquitted L. for
lack of evidence was not conclusive as to whether or not the applicant
had in fact been the victim of a criminal act. It was for the Board
to adjudicate on that quite separate issue having regard to the
specific functions assigned to it under the 1978 Act, to the standard
of proof which it required claimants to satisfy and to the information
which the applicant had placed before it.
In the Court's view a claim submitted to a tribunal for
determination must be presumed to be genuine and serious unless there
are clear indications to the contrary. Although the applicant may not
have adduced any new evidence before the Board to substantiate his
allegation that he had suffered personal injury as a result of a crime,
this in itself is not sufficient to rebut such a presumption. In
particular, it could not be said that the applicant's claim was
frivolous or vexatious or otherwise lacking in foundation.
40. The Court also notes that the question whether a right to
criminal injuries compensation existed under the 1978 Act or whether
the Act simply gave rise to a claim to an ex gratia discretionary
payment must be answered with reference to the provisions of that Act.
It is to be noted that the Act defined in clear, regulatory terms the
conditions and procedures which a claimant had to comply with before
compensation could be awarded by the Board. Accordingly, a claimant
who complied with those conditions and procedures had a right to be
awarded compensation under the Act.
41. The Court, like the Commission, is also of the opinion that
the right asserted by the applicant can be categorised as a "civil"
right within the meaning of Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention
(art. 6-1). It is to be noted in this respect that the right invoked
by the applicant was intended to confer on him a pecuniary benefit in
the form of compensation.
42. For the above reasons the Court finds that Article 6 para. 1 of
the Convention (art. 6-1) is applicable in the instant case. It
remains to be considered whether the Board which adjudicated on the
applicant's claim satisfied the requirements of a tribunal as laid down
in that Article (art. 6-1).
B. Compliance with Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1)
43. The applicant emphasised that the Board's decision-making
procedures fell short of those required of a court or tribunal within
the meaning of Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention (art. 6-1). He
complained that oral proceedings were in fact a rare occurrence and
that hearings were not open to the public. Furthermore, the Board only
gave routine and cursory consideration to the claims before it and the
minutes of the Board's sessions indicated that his own claim suffered
from such treatment. Finally, the decisions of the Board were not
properly reasoned and there was no opportunity to appeal against them.
44. The Government stressed that the Board exercised its powers in
an independent and impartial manner on the basis of legal rules and
established procedures including the procedural requirements of the
Administrative Act 1986. The applicant was entitled under that Act to
present his claim orally before the Board but since he never requested
this he should be considered to have waived his right. The procedure
used was fair and in many respects very similar to that followed by a
Court of Appeal or by an Administrative Court of Appeal when deciding
cases on the basis of the case file alone. Case files were carefully
prepared by the secretariat prior to their submission to the Board for
formal consideration; nor was it possible to draw any conclusions from
the minutes of the Board's sessions as to the precise amount of time
devoted to a case file.
45. The Court recalls that for the purposes of Article 6 para. 1
(art. 6-1) a tribunal need not be a court of law integrated within the
standard judicial machinery. It may, like the Board at issue, be set
up to deal with a specific subject matter which can be appropriately
administered outside the ordinary court system. What is important to
ensure compliance with Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) are the guarantees,
both substantive and procedural, which are in place (see the
Lithgow and Others v. the United Kingdom judgment of 8 July 1986,
Series A no. 102, pp. 72-73, para. 201).
46. The applicant has not disputed that the Board in its composition
and operation satisfied the requirements of independence and
impartiality, nor that it had jurisdiction to examine and decide with
binding effect on all questions of fact and law relevant to the
applicant's claim for criminal injuries compensation (see, among many
other authorities, the Belilos v. Switzerland judgment of
29 April 1988, Series A no. 132, p. 29, para. 64).
47. As to the applicant's complaint about the decision-making
procedures of the Board, it is to be noted that section 14 of the
Administrative Act 1986 expressly provided for the possibility of an
oral hearing (see paragraph 28 above). It is significant that the
applicant was aware of the fact that the Board seldom had recourse
to oral hearings and for this reason he could have been expected to
request a hearing if he considered it important that one be held either
when lodging his claim or when requesting the Board to reconsider its
decision to reject it. He did not do so. It may thus reasonably be
considered that he waived his right to a hearing before the Board
(see the Håkansson and Sturesson v. Sweden judgment of
21 February 1990, Series A no. 171-A, p. 21, para. 67; and the
Schuler-Zgraggen v. Switzerland judgment of 24 June 1993, Series A
no. 263, pp. 19-20, para. 58). Furthermore, it does not appear that
there were any reasons of expediency which would have required the
Board itself to convene the applicant since it had before it his
complete case file. The Board could properly determine in the absence
of a hearing whether or not the elements in the file established that
the applicant had been the victim of a criminal act either at the hands
of L. or of the two other suspects whom he mentioned to the police.
For the same reason the Court cannot accept either the applicant's
arguments that his claim was only given scant and routine
consideration. Furthermore, the reasons given by the Board were
sufficient in the circumstances to justify its rejection of the
applicant's claim and its subsequent confirmation of that rejection.
48. While it is true that the decisions reached by the Board were
final and not subject to appeal either to a higher administrative
authority or to a court of law, it is to be noted from the above
considerations that the Board complied for the purposes at hand with
the requirements which Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) prescribes in
respect of a tribunal. This in itself is sufficient in the particular
circumstances of this case for the Court to conclude that Article 6
para. 1 (art. 6-1) was complied with, it being recalled that this
Article (art. 6-1) does not guarantee a right of appeal (see the
Tolstoy Miloslavsky v. the United Kingdom judgment of 13 July 1995,
Series A no. 316-B, pp. 78-79, para. 59).
C. Conclusion
49. The Court concludes that the applicant had access to a tribunal
for the determination of his civil right to compensation under the
1978 Act. Accordingly there has been no breach of Article 6 para. 1
of the Convention (art. 6-1).
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT
1. Holds by seven votes to two that Article 6 para. 1 of the
Convention (art. 6-1) was applicable in the present case;
2. Holds unanimously that there has been no violation of Article 6
para. 1 (art. 6-1).
Done in English and in French, and delivered at a public hearing
in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 1 July 1997.
Signed: Rolv RYSSDAL
President
Signed: Herbert PETZOLD
Registrar
In accordance with Article 51 para. 2 of the Convention
(art. 51-2) and Rule 55 para. 2 of Rules of Court B, the following
separate opinions are annexed to this judgment:
(a) concurring opinion of Mr Walsh;
(b) concurring opinion of Mr De Meyer;
(c) partly concurring and partly dissenting opinion of
Mr Ryssdal and Mrs Palm.
Initialled: R. R.
Initialled: H. P.
CONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE WALSH
The Swedish legislation in question does not exclude the
possibility of public hearings. A public hearing was not refused as
it was never asked for. In fact every oral hearing is in practice a
public hearing. The applicant had waived an oral hearing in addition
to not asking for a public hearing. In my view he had in effect waived
a public hearing. Additionally it is to be noted that under
Swedish law all such case files and the decisions thereon are available
to the public (see the Sutter v. Switzerland judgment of
22 February 1984, Series A no. 74, p. 6).
CONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE DE MEYER
(Translation)
1. With much regret I have to dissociate myself from the Court's
reasoning concerning the applicability of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1).
The Court once again puts the cart before the horse in stating
that the "right" at issue must be one "which can be said, at least on
arguable grounds, to be recognised under domestic law", that the
"dispute must be genuine and serious", and that "the outcome of the
proceedings must be directly decisive for the right in question" (1).
_______________
1. Paragraph 38 of the judgment.
_______________
These points are among the ones that fall to be decided by the
domestic courts. In the present case this was done, as described in
the judgment, by the Criminal Damage Compensation Board.
Every person asserting a right is entitled to have that right
determined in the domestic legal order by a tribunal satisfying the
requirements associated with the proper administration of justice. For
the purposes of Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention (art. 6-1), it is
for that tribunal, not for our Court, to consider whether or not the
right in question is "arguable", whether or not the dispute is "serious
and genuine" and whether or not the outcome of the proceedings is
"directly decisive for the right in question". The only task for our
Court is to check whether or not the person concerned had access to
such a tribunal and whether or not that tribunal did comply with the
said requirements (2).
_______________
2. See also my separate opinion in the Pudas v. Sweden case,
27 October 1987, Series A no. 125-A, p. 21, and in the Allan Jacobsson
v. Sweden case, 25 October 1989, Series A no. 163, p. 24.
_______________
In so far as the judgment requires that the right in question be
one "recognised under domestic law", I would, as Mr Lagergren did
twelve years ago, observe that the applicability of Article 6 para. 1
(art. 6-1) does not depend on whether or not an asserted "privilege or
interest" is classified or described in the domestic legal system as
a "civil right" or a "right" at all, and that it is indeed not
acceptable that, in relation to one and the same factual situation, the
issue be determined differently in different States, or at different
times within the same State (3). The fact that an asserted "right"
does not appear to be recognised under domestic law does not deprive
the person asserting it of his or her right to have his or her case
heard in accordance with the principles laid down in Article 6
para. 1 (art. 6-1).
_______________
3. See his separate opinion in the Ashingdane v. the United Kingdom
case, 28 May 1985, Series A no. 93, p. 27, and also his separate
opinion, joined by Mr Macdonald, in the case of Lithgow and Others
v. the United Kingdom, 8 July 1986, Series A no. 102, p. 80.
_______________
There can, of course, be no doubt that in the present case the
"right" asserted was a "civil" right.
Any right which a citizen (civis) may feel entitled to assert,
either under national law or under supranational or international law,
has indeed to be considered as a "civil" right within the meaning of
Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention (art. 6-1), which enshrines a right
which is so prominent that "there can be no justification for
interpreting [it] restrictively" (4).
_______________
4. Moreira de Azevedo v. Portugal judgment of 23 October 1990,
Series A no. 189, p. 16, para. 66. See also my concurring opinion in
the Kraska v. Switzerland case, 19 April 1993, Series A no. 254-B,
p. 54.
_______________
These are my reasons for finding that Article 6 para. 1
(art. 6-1) was applicable in the present case.
2. The Court reiterates in the present judgment that Article 6
para. 1 (art. 6-1) "does not guarantee a right of appeal" (5).
_______________
5. Paragraph 48 of the judgment.
_______________
I can accept that "in the particular circumstances of this case"
there was no need for an appeal.
There may, however, be other "circumstances", in which, in view
of the seriousness of what was at stake, or for some other reason, the
right to a fair trial must be deemed to imply a right of appeal.
In the present case what was at stake was of some importance.
However, the decisions of the Criminal Damage Compensation Board
concerning the applicant's claim themselves came after those taken by
the District Court and by the Court of Appeal in respect of the same
claim and the same questions of law and fact (6). Before the Board the
applicant had sought to obtain from the State what he had not obtained
from L. in the ordinary courts. Moreover, the Board, after its initial
decision to reject the claim, had reconsidered it at the applicant's
request (7).
_______________
6. Paragraphs 11, 13 and 14 of the judgment.
7. Paragraphs 16, 17 and 19 of the judgment.
_______________
The applicant's claim for compensation was thus examined by
three different tribunals and even twice by one of them. There was no
need for a further appeal.
PARTLY CONCURRING AND PARTLY DISSENTING OPINION
OF JUDGES RYSSDAL AND PALM
1. We have voted with our colleagues in finding no violation of
Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention (art. 6-1) in the present case but
have based ourselves on a different reasoning. We do not agree that
the provision (art. 6-1) was applicable to the proceedings under
consideration.
2. The Criminal Damage Act 1978 lays down the conditions on which
compensation may be paid by the State for damage caused by crime. It
is undisputed that, under this Act, compensation may be granted even
if the perpetrator has not been convicted or identified. However, it
is a condition that it be established that a crime has been committed.
3. It is important to note that Mr Gustafson's claim to the
Criminal Damage Compensation Board concerned the same personal injury
in respect of which he had previously sought compensation in the
criminal proceedings against L. (see paragraphs 11-15 of the judgment).
Furthermore, in acquitting L. and rejecting the applicant's
compensation claim, the Court of Appeal laid stress on its finding that
the applicant could not be regarded as a trustworthy person and that
it followed from this that the information provided by him as to the
events which had given rise to the charges against L. could not, in the
absence of strong supporting evidence, ground his conviction
(see paragraph 14 of the judgment). Thus, it transpires from the
Court of Appeal's judgment that that court did not find it established
that the applicant was a victim of criminal offences, which was also
the conclusion subsequently reached by the Board in two successive
decisions (see paragraphs 16 and 19 of the judgment).
4. In our view, the above findings clearly suggest that the
applicant's attempt to pursue his application before the Board, without
invoking any relevant evidence which had not been adduced before the
District Court or the Court of Appeal, could not be regarded as
involving the determination of a serious and genuine dispute for the
purposes of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1). Accordingly, Article 6
para. 1 (art. 6-1) was not applicable in the applicant's case and has
therefore not been violated.