European Court of Human Rights

                      AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF

                      Application No. 31700/96
                      by Kailash Shanke TRIVEDI
                      against the United Kingdom

     The European Commission of Human Rights sitting in private on
27 May 1997, the following members being present:

           Mr.   S. TRECHSEL, President
           Mrs.  G.H. THUNE
           Mrs.  J. LIDDY
           MM.   G. JÖRUNDSSON
                 A.S. GÖZÜBÜYÜK
                 A. WEITZEL
                 J.-C. SOYER
                 H. DANELIUS
                 F. MARTINEZ
                 C.L. ROZAKIS
                 L. LOUCAIDES
                 J.-C. GEUS
                 M.P. PELLONPÄÄ
                 B. MARXER
                 M.A. NOWICKI
                 I. CABRAL BARRETO
                 B. CONFORTI
                 N. BRATZA
                 I. BÉKÉS
                 J. MUCHA
                 D. SVÁBY
                 G. RESS
                 A. PERENIC
                 C. BÎRSAN
                 P. LORENZEN
                 K. HERNDL
                 E. BIELIUNAS
                 E.A. ALKEMA
                 M. VILA AMIGÓ
           Mrs.  M. HION
           MM.   R. NICOLINI
                 A. ARABADJIEV

           Mr.   H.C. KRÜGER, Secretary to the Commission

     Having regard to Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection
of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

     Having regard to the application introduced on 20 July 1995 by
Mr. Kailash Shanke Trivedi against the United Kingdom and registered
on 3 June 1996 under file No. 31700/96;

     Having regard to the report provided for in Rule 47 of the Rules
of Procedure of the Commission;

     Having deliberated;

     Decides as follows:

THE FACTS

     The applicant is of Indian origin, born in 1950 and residing in
Grimsby.  He is a medical practitioner.  Before the Commission, he is
represented by Mr. P. Leach, solicitor of Liberty, London.

     The facts of the case, as submitted by the applicant, may be
summarised as follows.

     In 1976 the applicant arrived in the United Kingdom and was
registered as a medical practitioner.  By the end of 1992 he had some
1,300 patients on his list.  One of them was Mr. C., an elderly man
suffering from a whole range of different types of illness, including
diabetes and chronic bronchitis.  He frequently required medication and
often called the applicant to his home to administer it.

     On 2 November 1992 the applicant submitted a claim form for night
visit fees to the Humberside Family Health Services Authority
("HFHSA"). The date on which he said he had visited Mr. C. and made a
prescription for him was 28 October 1992.  He did exactly the same the
next day, on 3 November 1992 for a purported visit to Mr. C., at night
on 30 October 1992.

     On 3 December 1992 Mr. C. took five prescriptions to the local
chemist.  Each was separately dated.  Mr. C. told the chemist that he
had been given all the prescriptions on the same day.  The local
chemist became suspicious and contacted HFHSA.  The prescriptions were
exposed to forensic examinations which revealed that they had been
written in three batches in reverse date order.  On 17 December 1992
Mr. C. again went to the chemist's shop with six further prescriptions,
each bearing a different date.  The chemist reported the matter to
HFHSA.

     On 11, 17 and 29 December 1992 the applicant made further claims
for night visits to Mr. C. on 26, 28 and 30 November, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13,
17 and 26 December 1992.

     On 28 January 1993 a statement was taken from Mr. C. by an
investigating officer, in the following terms:

     "... I have been a patient of [the applicant] ... for two
     years.  He used to visit me regularly at my home but it was
     at my request.  He always told me to ring him after
     10.00pm.  Sometimes he would call at midnight and once he
     came at 1.30am. ... I rang the doctor because I was always
     running out of tablets.  He only gave me enough to last one
     week.

     One day early in December 1992, [he] came to see me during
     the night.  I had rung him because I was running out of
     tablets. When he came that night he gave me six
     prescriptions all with different dates on.  I took these
     prescriptions to [the chemist] the next day.  He gave me
     the medicines and I told him the doctor had given the six
     prescriptions at the same time.

     I can remember the [applicant] doing this once before but
     I can't remember when.  I cannot remember ringing the
     doctor or him calling on Christmas Eve.  There was no
     reason I know of to ring him on Christmas Eve.  On Boxing
     Day I went out shopping about 12.30pm and got back about
     3.00pm.  When I got back I found a prescription written by
     [the applicant] had been pushed through the letter box.  I
     did not see the doctor on Boxing Day.  I did not ring him
     up that day either."

     On 31 March 1993 the applicant was arrested and interviewed about
his visits to Mr. C.'s home, in the presence of his solicitor.  He
declined to answer any questions.

     On 20 July 1993 a further statement was taken from Mr. C. by the
investigating officer.  It reads as follows:

     "[The applicant] has a system where I had to ring him up
     after 10.00pm if I wanted to see him. ... He gave me 10
     pence to pay for the call but that was reduced to 5 pence
     towards the end. I had to call him regularly because I was
     always running out of medicines.  When I rang him it was
     always after 10.00pm.  He always came sometimes quite late
     and once at 2.00am.  I was in bed at the time.

     Every time [the applicant] visited me he left me one or
     more prescriptions for me to take to the chemist.  I did
     ask him to prescribe more medicines for me in greater
     quantities but he always told me that what he gave me was
     all I needed.

     On Christmas Day 1992 ... I came home about 8.00pm ... I
     telephoned [the applicant] twice ... but all I got was an
     answerphone giving another telephone number for another
     doctor.  I did not contact that other doctor.  I wanted
     some more tablets from [him].  I did contact him on Boxing
     Day but I did not see him.  He put a prescription through
     my letter box.

     I can say that every time I took a number of prescriptions
     to [the chemist], it was always after [the applicant] had
     given me them in one go.  So if I took 5 prescriptions it
     would be the day after [he] had given me the five all at
     once."

     On 3 August 1993 the applicant was charged with twelve counts of
false accounting under the Theft Acts of 1968 in respect of night
visits of Mr. C. in October, November and December 1992.

     On 7 November 1994, a report by a Dr. L., drafted on 5 July 1994,
was served on the applicant.  It contained the following information:

     "Mr. C. is suffering from cerebral atrophy or thinning of
     the brain. His symptoms are mental confusion and
     unsteadiness leading to frequent falls, together with
     behaviour best described as disinhibited.  His condition
     has developed over the last several months and is expected
     to become worse.  Because of the deterioration in his
     intellect he will never be able to give evidence in court."

     The trial started on 15 November 1994.  The Crown's case was that
the applicant had made claims for payments in respect of night visits
to which he was not entitled and that the night visits in question had
not in fact taken place.  The prosecution said that on two occasions
in December 1992, the applicant went to see Mr. C. in the night and
that on one of those occasions he handed to Mr. C. five prescriptions
at once and on the other occasion six.  The prescription forms made by
the applicant to Mr. C. were exposed to the forensic examination and
shown to have been written in three groups in reverse order of date.

     An important feature of the Crown's case consisted of Mr. C.'s
two statements.  At the trial, the prosecution made it clear that Mr.
C. was unable to attend court to give oral evidence and sought leave
of the court to read the statements to the jury.  The applicant's
counsel sought to exclude them on the ground that they were dangerous
in the inferences which a jury despite any direction might draw from
them, the conclusions they might face if they, in fact, considered them
and read into them a certain scenario.

     The judge admitted Mr. C.'s statements considering, inter alia:

     "The basis for their admission is to be found in the
     Criminal Justice Act 1988.  Section 23 of the Act provides
     the basis for the admission and Section 26 governs the way
     that the court ought to approach the question of admitting
     such statements.  It is conceded that the grounds required
     under Section 23 are satisfied, namely that Mr. [C.] is by
     reason of his bodily and mental condition unfit to attend.
     It is, however, Section 26 to which my attention has been
     drawn.  By that section the statement shall not be given in
     evidence without leave and this court should not give leave
     unless it is of the opinion that the statement ought to be
     admitted in the interests of justice.  In considering
     whether it is in those interests, it is the duty of this
     court to have regard, in particular, to whether it is
     likely to be possible to controvert the statement in the
     absence of the author, that its admission will result in
     unfairness to the accused.  Finally, to any other
     circumstances that appear to the court to be relevant.

     ...  In particular, I am satisfied that in considering the
     contents of the statement I must have particular regard to
     the quality of the evidence which it contains.  I must have
     regard to whether or not, in the absence of any other
     evidence, the case would have to be withdrawn from the jury
     and I have to look at the circumstance in which it all came
     to be made: I have to have regard to the fact that if I
     admit it the defendant will not be able to cross-examine
     and will not have opportunity to test the recollection of
     the witness on particular points.  In this case that
     includes testing, if it were so to be thought appropriate,
     when the witness has not himself ever mentioned any visit,
     that there were, in fact, visits. [The applicant's counsel]
     says that deprivation is of particular importance here.

     All those matters determine the approach that I have taken
     in this case.  The prosecution have put before me evidence
     from the general practitioner Dr. [L.] who, since January
     1993, has had Mr. [C.] as his patient. I have also received
     evidence from the consultant physician at the local
     hospital to whom Mr. [C.] was referred in 1992 and 1993.

     The extensive notes which are available have been referred
     to and all care taken to ensure that the full picture is
     brought out before me.  The prosecution have further
     adduced evidence from the [investigating officer] ... who
     took the statement from Mr. [C.].  That is material, of
     course, when I consider the quality of the evidence, since
     it is alleged or asserted by the defence that at the
     material time the witness was, or may have been, suffering
     from such a degree of mental impairment that the contents
     of these statements, even as they are at present are
     fundamentally unreliable.  To that end, the defence called
     two witnesses.  The first was a neighbour who related one
     incident in 1992 or 1993.  I am not entirely clear when,
     but I take it in the defendant's favour that it was in 1992
     which showed a lapse of memory on behalf of Mr. [C.].
     Further, and more significantly Professor [P.], a man of
     undoubted eminence in his field which is to do with the
     psychology of age and the many problems associated with
     ageing.  [He] has not seen Mr. [C.] but gave an opinion
     based on the notes and the other evidence which he was in
     court to hear.

     ... The problems he diagnosed as a GP were not ones which
     included loss of memory and loss of other faculties,
     intellectual faculties of brain and mind which, had he seen
     any signs, he would certainly have cause to be
     investigated.

     Doctor [L.] saw him in all, ... sixteen times over a period
     of four months and said: 'I saw no reason to test his
     memory.  He seemed to have purely mechanical problems.  His
     memory seemed to be entirely reliable.  He seemed to be a
     sensible chap.' ...

     Doctor [J.] saw him in April 1993 ... He found him able to
     give a clear story as regards his problems though it was
     aided by his niece who filled in one or two extra details.
     ...
     [The investigating officer] spoke to Mr. [C.] on these two
     occasions.  He asked general questions and wrote down what
     Mr. [C.] said to him.  He found no difficulty in
     understanding him.  He described him as quietly spoken,
     able to recall details.  A man who did not falter in what
     he said.  The same was the position in July. ...

     Professor [P.] ... says that this man has a well-
     established neurological disorder, severe movement disorder
     and now is showing signs of dementia.  He believes that
     these stem from damage which first began to appear.
     Physical changes may be a better way of putting it than
     damage, in February 1992 which has progressed with the
     early signs of movement disorder ...  He said that the one
     memory lapse is of some considerable significance and that
     overall in his experience which, as I say is distinguished
     and extensive, there is likely to have been some effect on
     intellect and memory.

     Upon that basis [counsel for the applicant] asks me to say
     that I cannot be satisfied that at the time this witness
     made the statement and I refer particularly to the case of
     Dempsey [98, Criminal Appeal Reports] where a similar
     situation was encountered, there is material to say that
     the quality of the evidence contained in it is compromised
     and that I should therefore exercise the discretion against
     the prosecution.

     It seems to me that there is a quite coherent and
     consistent picture of this man observed by those who were,
     in fact, on the ground seeing him face-to-face over a
     substantial period of time.  I do not myself think that
     helpful, as it very often is that in cases of this kind,
     there is any substitute for such face-to-face observation.
     The general practitioner struck me as a cautious and
     careful practitioner.  Doctor [J.] ... was also careful and
     thorough and I am satisfied their observations are, indeed,
     to be relied upon.  I am satisfied that at the material
     time, though Mr. [C.] was handicapped and though he was as
     Doctor [J.] put it, 'at the lower end of the scale when one
     looks at the degree to which people are affected by the
     aging process', he nevertheless, was in a condition to make
     a statement that he knew he was making and that was to the
     best of his recollection at the time as accurate as he
     could make it, in response to the matters he was asked to
     consider.  There is nothing, it seems to me, about the
     quality of this evidence which gives rise to such concern
     that would lead me to exercise the discretion I have to
     exclude the reading of that statement. ...

     As to the arguments I think I need to look at the nature of
     them in order to deal with them. [Counsel for the
     applicant] has said that the defendant is deprived of the
     opportunity of cross-examining.  Of course, that is true in
     this case, as in every case, but, in particular, of putting
     to Mr. [C.] the case which is the defendant's, to explain
     not Mr. [C.]'s evidence but the evidence of the examination
     of the documents.

     I pause to interject that that shows that a series of
     prescriptions were written beginning with the last date in
     time and going backwards.  The plain inference to be drawn
     is they were concocted in that way to cover nonoccurring
     visits.  Mr. [C.] does not say that on a particular day the
     doctor did or did not visit save for one instance and on
     that he said two separate things which is to the
     defendant's advantage.

     The defendant has every opportunity to give uncontroverted
     evidence, therefore, about the reason for writing out
     prescriptions in that way on one day.  About writing them
     in reverse order.  It seems to me that the defence, though
     certainly not given the opportunity of raising matters with
     Mr. [C.], may well in any event be in a better, are in a
     better position than they would be if he were here to give
     evidence.  Had that matter been put to him, were he able to
     deal with it, his answers might, in fact, be quite damaging
     to the defendant.  One does not know, but one can foresee
     it happening, as one has seen it in other cases.

     There is no particular direct evidence, as I say, on the
     question of dates and the number of prescriptions differed
     at any one time.  All that seems to me to be matters which
     are not, on analysis, harmful to the defendant.  There is
     therefore nothing that seems to me appropriate to take into
     account as raising risks of unfairness for the defendant.
     So for those reasons, I do not consider that there is
     substance in the objections [counsel for the applicant]
     makes along those lines.

     In all the circumstances, therefore, it seems to me, that
     I can properly exercise the discretion I have under Section
     26, having had in mind the risks and, of course, the risk
     of any injustice to allow the statement to be read, or
     statements to be read."

     Mr. C.'s statements were then read to the jury.

     The applicant gave evidence at the trial.  He explained that
Mr. C. lived by himself and he was not a well man.  Apart from diabetes
the applicant said he had high blood pressure, heart problems, a blood
disorder, anaemia and asthma, and he often asked the applicant to come
at night.  Whenever he did so the applicant said he went.  He recorded
these visits, according to his account, on separate pieces of paper.
He also took claim forms with him, and he gave evidence about specific
occasions when he wrote prescriptions.  He conceded in evidence that
the entry for 30 October 1992 appeared before the one for 28 October
1992, but he said he might have made a mistake when he was filling in
his records.

     The applicant also gave evidence of particular visits to Mr. C.
during November 1992.  He said that it was on a visit on 2 December
1992 that Mr. C. told him that he had lost all the prescriptions that
he had been given at the end of November 1992.  The applicant said that
he had made out duplicates.  That point was no doubt of consequence
since the prescriptions had apparently been given on various dates in
the previous ten days or so, and yet the prescriptions were being
replaced at the end of that period, when that period had expired for
which the tablets were presumably being prescribed.  He said that he
also saw Mr. C. on various dates in the early part of December 1992,
and on 16 December 1992.  Mr. C. told him that he had once again lost
all the earlier prescriptions, and so once again he made out duplicates
of the six prescription forms from information in his records.

     According to the applicant, he did see Mr. C. on Boxing Day.  On
that occasion he said he prescribed a pain killer for him. He carried
claim forms about with him and filled them in as required.  He said
that was why some of the forms had earlier dates towards the end than
those at the beginning of the forms.  He transferred the details onto
his own patients' records and left his receptionist to fill in other
details on the claim forms.  Once that had been done he threw away the
pieces of paper on which he had originally recorded his visits.

     On the applicant's behalf, two of his patients were called.  Both
of them described the applicant as being a very good, caring,
considerate and reliable doctor.

     At the end of the prosecution case, the charges in relation to
30 October and 16 December 1992 were dismissed by the judge on the
basis that even on the prosecution case it was clear that visits had
been made on those days.  An application by counsel for the applicant
that the final charge relating to 26 December 1992 also be dismissed
was rejected.  The basis of that application was that the only evidence
against the applicant in relation to this date came from Mr. C. who had
not given oral evidence and whose statements were inconsistent one with
the other on the question of whether he telephoned the applicant on
that day or not.  The judge rejected the application on the grounds
that there was evidence from Mr. C. in respect of the final charge and
it was up to the jury what they made of the inconsistency in his
statements.

     On 18 November 1994 the Grimsby Crown Court convicted the
applicant on ten counts of false accounting.  On 19 December 1994 the
Court ordered him to perform 160 hours of community service on each
count concurrent and in addition to pay the sum of £5,000 towards costs
of the prosecution.

     In July 1995 the applicant appealed to the Court of Appeal on the
basis, inter alia, that Mr. C's evidence should not have been read to
the jury.

     On 13 July 1995 the Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant's
appeal on the grounds that the trial judge had approached the question
of Mr. C.'s evidence properly.  The Court found inter alia:

     "The Crown applied for the statements to be read and there
     was a considerable amount of evidence given on the voir
     dire about Mr. [C.]'s state of mind at the time when the
     statements were made as well, of course, as evidence which
     related to his being unfit to attend court.  The relevant
     cases were referred to the judge and he took account of
     them in giving his ruling.  The judge concluded that there
     was nothing about the quality of the evidence which gave
     such concern as would lead the court to exercise its
     discretion to exclude the statements and accordingly he
     admitted them.

     There was a submission of no case to answer made in
     relation to three counts, which succeeded in relation to
     two of them, but not in relation to count 12 which ...
     related to the visit which the [applicant] said he had made
     to Mr. [C.] on Boxing Day.  The judge ruled that that
     matter should be left to the jury.

     It is to be noted that his reference to Boxing Day in the
     second statement did differ in one respect from his
     reference to Boxing Day in the first statement, because
     whereas in the first he said he did not contact the doctor
     at all on that day, in the second he said that he did.  But
     in both ... he said that he did not see the doctor on that
     day, in which case, if it were true, the doctor would not
     have qualified in respect of that date for any fee for
     visiting Mr. [C.].

     What is said on behalf of the [applicant] is that the
     judge's account of why Mr. [C.]'s evidence should be
     admitted did not show a proper understanding of its
     significance or potential significance.

     The criticism made is that although it might be true to say
     that the statements were not central to proof of dishonesty
     they did make some reference to it which, in the context of
     dishonesty, might have been prejudicial to the doctor.  It
     was also contended that the comment on the vital issue
     'whether or not a visit was made, they are silent', is
     subject to a qualification in relation to Boxing Day
     because, as we have just pointed out, both statements said
     that there was no visit made on Boxing Day, which was the
     direct subject of count 12 in the indictment.
     The prosecution did indicate in opening what use they
     proposed to make of Mr. [C.]'s statements, and [counsel for
     the applicant] submits that even if one only considers them
     in relation to count 12 of the indictment, to the extent
     that they facilitated proof of that count, they might have
     told heavily against the [applicant] because if the jury
     found him guilty upon that count, why, they might the more
     readily find him guilty on the remaining counts.

     The summing-up is criticised for the way in which the judge
     handled Mr. [C.]'s statements.  He said ... that the jury
     had had no opportunity to see Mr. [C.] in the witness box,
     adding: 'When you do see a witness you often get a better
     idea of their reliability, their accuracy and their
     honesty. Secondly you have not seen him tested under cross-
     examination.  Often you get an even clearer idea. ... So
     when you consider his statement you cannot pay as much
     attention to it as you would if it had been given from the
     witness box.  The weight you attach to it is, therefore,
     less than would be the case in respect of evidence given by
     a witness who was here.'

     [Counsel for the applicant] criticises those references
     because they were made without further reference to the
     burden of proof, as to which the judge had already directed
     the jury.  He submits that references to weight may not be
     expected to mean much to a jury unless it is related to the
     question of burden of proof.  It seems to us that the
     significance the jury was invited to place upon the fact
     that they did not have the opportunity of seeing Mr. [C.]
     for themselves was self-evident.  Not only were they unable
     to assess him as a man, but also they were unable to see
     him tested in cross-examination.  The judge then read the
     statements.  It was plain that the evidence in relation to
     Boxing Day depended on Mr. [C.] and that his evidence as to
     that was not corroborated.

     An important part of [counsel's for the applicant]
     submissions about Mr. [C.] is the medical evidence because
     the judge, as we have indicated, ruled in favour of the
     Crown that notwithstanding that evidence the statements
     should be admitted.  The reason why his statements were
     read to the jury was the same as the reason given by the
     judge, to which we said we would refer, for Mr. [C.] not
     being called as a witness.  It ... reads as follows: 'In
     January 1993 Mr. [C.] was suspected of having Parkinson's
     disease.  Following a variety of falls he was admitted to
     Fairfield Lodge, an old people's home on March 25th, 1993
     where he has remained until this day.  It is now believed
     that he suffers from a degenerative condition called pseudo
     bipolar palsy rendering him unfit to travel.'

     That is criticised, as we understand it, because it does
     not go far enough or tell the jury enough about Mr. [C.]'s
     medical condition.  The purpose of it was, of course, to
     explain why he was not in court.  It was not intended to go
     any further than that.  No application was made to the
     judge, on behalf of the [applicant], to entertain evidence
     about Mr. [C.]'s medical condition at the time when he made
     the statements which were read to the jury, or at the time
     of the incidents referred to in those statements or at all.

     The judge's conclusion about Mr. [C.]'s evidence not being
     open to criticism, because in the judge's phrase it was 'as
     accurate as he could make it', is made on the footing that
     that took no sufficient account of the real objection to
     his evidence, which was that his memory was defective at
     the time, at any rate by the time that the statements were
     taken from him, and that therefore they ought not to be
     allowed to be read in circumstance where his evidence could
     not be tested in cross-examination.  Before reaching that
     or any such conclusion the judge had, in the course of a
     lengthy ruling, carefully reviewed the medical evidence.
     ...
     After his review of the judge's ruling [counsel for the
     applicant], by way of reply, took us to the evidence
     actually given by Dr. [J.], Dr. [L.] and Professor [P.].
     They made, whether in cross-examination or otherwise, from
     time to time various acknowledgements that in some respects
     Mr. [C.]'s memory might have been to some extent impaired.
     But that may be more or less true of many, if not most,
     witnesses, whether for physical or other reasons.  The
     question was whether, at the time when the statements were
     taken from Mr. [C.], there was sufficient criticism
     available to be made of them as would make it unfair for
     them to be adduced in the absence of the man who had
     originally given them.  The judge, in the exercise of his
     discretion, was entitled to conclude that the criticisms to
     be made of Mr. [C.] and his memory were not such as made it
     appropriate to exclude his evidence.  The judge came to
     that conclusion after an exhaustive enquiry into Mr. [C.]'s
     condition, including his memory at the material time, and
     it was a discretion with which, in the circumstances, this
     court will not interfere.  The discretion whether to admit
     that evidence was, in our judgment, properly taken by the
     judge after consideration not merely of the witnesses but,
     as we have remarked, of the authorities relevant to the
     introduction of statements in these circumstances.  It is
     said that Mr. [C.]'s evidence was prejudicial, but none of
     it went directly to the allegation that the [applicant] had
     claimed for visits that he never made except in so far as
     it referred to the absence of a visit on Boxing Day, which
     we have already mentioned.  As [prosecution counsel] has
     said in his written submissions, those statements did not
     specify how frequently the [applicant] visited Mr. [C.]'s
     house.  They shed no light on how batches of prescriptions
     were written in reverse order of dates, as each was torn
     from the top of a pad of forms.  It was necessary for the
     Crown to adduce the [C.] evidence, not so much in proof of
     dishonesty but in the light of the [applicant]'s largely
     'no comment' police interviews, to describe the background
     in which prescriptions were written and then claims were
     made, whether legitimately or not.

     The judge was right to reflect that if Mr. [C.] had been
     called he might, when cross-examined, have remembered
     matters adverse to the [applicant], although there was
     evidence from Professor [P.] that Mr. [C.] was suffering
     from severe episodic memory loss, which might affect the
     reliability of his statements.  There was the evidence
     also, to which we have referred, from his general
     practitioner and another physician, as well as from the
     officer who took the statements, that Mr. [C.] was able to
     communicate effectively, answer questions and give a clear
     account of himself.  With the decision to admit Mr. [C.]'s
     evidence, accordingly, we decline to interfere.

     In a one-line submission [counsel for the applicant], in
     conclusion, contended that there was no sufficient evidence
     to leave to the jury on count 12.  It seems to us quite
     plain that in both his statements Mr. [C.] was saying that
     he received no visit on Boxing Day from the doctor.  The
     result of that was, as the judge declared when he ruled
     upon the submission of no case, that it was a matter for
     the jury whether, in the light of such explanations as the
     [applicant] saw fit to give, they were satisfied that he
     made no call upon that particular day in respect of which,
     however, he had seen fit to make a claim."

     The applicant was advised by a leading and junior counsel that
there was no basis upon which the case could be appealed to the House
of Lords.


COMPLAINTS

1.   The applicant complains that his rights under Article 6 paras. 1
and 3 (d) of the Convention have been violated in that the evidence of
Mr. C. was not produced in his presence at a public hearing and,
moreover, he was given no adequate and proper opportunity to question
Mr. C. or challenge his evidence. Neither himself nor his
representative was present when Mr. C.'s statements were made.

     The applicant claims that at his committal for trial, no
indication whatsoever had been given to him that Mr. C. would not be
attending the trial to give oral evidence.  Had any such indication
been given, the applicant would have exercised his right to call on
Mr. C. to give oral evidence at the committal proceedings.

     The applicant also criticises the trial judge's ruling on the
question of whether, at the time Mr. C.'s statements were taken, his
memory was defective and whether for that reason alone, the statements
ought not to be put before the jury.

2.   The applicant also submits that he was given no opportunity to
consider Dr. L.'s report when it was prepared (5 July 1994) because it
was not disclosed to him until 7 November 1994, four months after it
had been written and only eight days before the trial began.  He argues
that the unjustifiable delay by the prosecution in disclosing Dr. L.'s
report to him deprived him of considering that possibility.


THE LAW

1.   The applicant complains that he did not have a fair trial as he
was convicted mainly on the basis of statements made by a witness who
did not attend his trial.  The statements of the witness were read out
at the hearing and therefore the applicant was not given the
opportunity to examine or have examined the witness against him.  He
invokes Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (d) (Art. 6-1, 6-3-d) of the
Convention which reads in so far as relevant:

     "1.   In the determination of ... any criminal charge against
     him, everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by an
     independent and impartial tribunal ...
     ...

     3.    Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following
     minimum rights:
     ...
     (d)   to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to
     obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf
     under the same conditions as witnesses against him; ..."

     As the guarantees in paragraph 3 of Article 6 (Art. 6-3) of the
Convention are specific aspects of the general concept of a fair trial
set forth in paragraph 1, the Commission will consider the complaint
under the two provisions taken together (cf. Eur Court HR, Asch v.
Austria judgment of 26 April 1991, Series A no. 203, p. 10, para. 25).

     The Commission recalls that the admissibility of evidence is
primarily a matter for regulation by national law and that, as a rule,
it is for the national courts to assess the evidence before them, the
task of the Convention organs being to ascertain whether the
proceedings considered as a whole, including the way in which evidence
was taken, were fair (ibidem, p. 10, para. 26).

     The Commission further recalls that, according to its own case-
law and that of the European Court of Human Rights, all evidence must
normally be produced in the presence of the accused at a public hearing
with a view to adversarial argument.  This does not mean, however, that
the statement of a witness must always be made in court and in public
if it is to be admitted in evidence; in particular, this may prove
impossible in certain cases.  The use of statements obtained at a pre-
trial stage is not in itself inconsistent with paragraphs 3 (d) and 1
of Article 6 (Art. 6) of the Convention, provided that the rights of
the defence have been respected. As a rule, these rights require that
the defendant be given an adequate and proper opportunity to challenge
and question a witness against him, either when he was making his
statements or at a later stage of the proceedings (ibidem, p. 10,
para. 27).

     In the present case the Commission notes that before deciding to
admit the statements of Mr. C. into evidence the trial judge conducted
a detailed inquiry into Mr. C's condition, including his memory at the
material time.  After hearing oral evidence as well as submissions by
both sides in the absence of the jury, the judge concluded that there
was nothing about the quality of the statements of Mr. C. which gave
such concern as would lead the court to exercise its discretion to
exclude them from evidence.

     The Commission further observes that Mr. C.'s statements were not
the only evidence in the case to show that the applicant had claimed
for visits to Mr. C. which had not occurred.  In particular, strong
support for the prosecution case was provided by the prescription forms
made out by the applicant for Mr. C. which were subjected to forensic
examination and which were shown to have been written in three groups
in reverse order of date.  Moreover, as the trial judge noted, in the
absence of oral evidence from Mr. C., the applicant had the opportunity
to give uncontroverted evidence about the reason for preparing the
prescriptions in that form.

     The Commission further notes that not only was counsel for the
applicant given a full opportunity to comment on the statements of
Mr. C. to the jury with a view to casting doubt on his credibility or
reliability, but in his summing-up the trial judge expressly warned
members of the jury that they should attach less weight to the
statements of Mr. C., which had not been tested in cross-examination,
than to the evidence of witnesses who had been heard orally before the
court.

     Having regard to the above the Commission is of the opinion that
the admission in evidence of Mr. C.'s statements did not fail to
respect the rights of the defence and that the proceedings considered
as a whole were fair within the meaning of Article 6 (Art. 6) of the
Convention.

     It follows that this part of the application is manifestly ill-
founded within the meaning of Article 27 para. 2 (Art. 27-2) of the
Convention.

2.   The applicant also claims that he was given no opportunity to
consider Dr. L.'s report when it was prepared (5 July 1994) because it
was not disclosed to him until 7 November 1994, four months after it
had been written and only eight days before the trial began.  He argues
that the unjustifiable delay by the prosecution in disclosing Dr. L.'s
report to him deprived him of considering that possibility.

     The Commission is not required to examine the question whether
the applicant exhausted domestic remedies in regard to this complaint
as it is inadmissible for other reasons.  The Commission notes that
even if the report in question was drafted on 5 July 1994, the
applicant received it on 7 November 1994, which was a week before the
trial.  In these circumstances, the applicant had a sufficient time to
prepare his defence at the trial in this point.

     It follows that this part of the application is manifestly ill-
founded within the meaning of Article 27 para. 2 (Art. 27-2) of the
Convention.

     For these reasons, the Commission, by a majority,

     DECLARES THE APPLICATION INADMISSIBLE.


    H. C. KRÜGER                                 S. TRECHSEL
     Secretary                                    President
 to the Commission                            of the Commission