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European Court of Human Rights
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> European Court of Human Rights >> DE SALVADOR TORRES v. SPAIN - 21525/93 [1996] ECHR 47 (24 October 1996)
URL: http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1996/47.html
Cite as: (1997) 23 EHRR 601, [1996] ECHR 47
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In the case of De Salvador Torres v. Spain (1),
The European Court of Human Rights, sitting, in accordance with
Article 43 (art. 43) of the Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention") and the
relevant provisions of Rules of Court A (2), as a Chamber composed of
the following judges:
Mr R. Ryssdal, President,
Mrs E. Palm,
Mr I. Foighel,
Mr R. Pekkanen,
Mr A.N. Loizou,
Mr J.M. Morenilla,
Mr L. Wildhaber,
Mr G. Mifsud Bonnici,
Mr P. Kuris,
and also of Mr H. Petzold, Registrar, and Mr P.J. Mahoney, Deputy
Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 26 April and
26 September 1996,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the
last-mentioned date:
_______________
Notes by the Registrar
1. The case is numbered 50/1995/556/642. The first number is the
case's position on the list of cases referred to the Court in the
relevant year (second number). The last two numbers indicate the
case's position on the list of cases referred to the Court since its
creation and on the list of the corresponding originating applications
to the Commission.
2. Rules A apply to all cases referred to the Court before the entry
into force of Protocol No. 9 (P9) (1 October 1994) and thereafter only
to cases concerning States not bound by that Protocol (P9). They
correspond to the Rules that came into force on 1 January 1983, as
amended several times subsequently.
_______________
PROCEDURE
1. The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission
of Human Rights ("the Commission") on 29 May 1995, within the
three-month period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 of
the Convention (art. 32-1, art. 47). It originated in an application
(no. 21525/93) against the Kingdom of Spain lodged with the Commission
under Article 25 (art. 25) on 11 January 1993 by a Spanish national,
Mr José Antonio de Salvador Torres.
The Commission's request referred to Articles 44 and 48
(art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Spain recognised the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46). The
object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts
of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its
obligations under Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (a) of the Convention
(art. 6-1, art. 6-3-a).
2. In response to the enquiry made in accordance with
Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of Rules of Court A, the applicant stated that he
wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyers who
would represent him (Rule 30). The President of the Court gave the
lawyers in question leave to use the Spanish language (Rule 27
para. 3).
3. The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio
Mr J.M. Morenilla, the elected judge of Spanish nationality (Article 43
of the Convention) (art. 43) and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the
Court (Rule 21 para. 4 (b)). On 8 June 1995, in the presence of the
Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other
seven members, namely Mr C. Russo, Mrs E. Palm, Mr R. Pekkanen,
Mr A.N. Loizou, Mr L. Wildhaber, Mr G. Mifsud Bonnici and Mr P. Kuris
(Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 5) (art. 43).
Subsequently, Mr I. Foighel, substitute judge, replaced Mr Russo, who
was unable to take part in the further consideration of the case
(Rules 22 para. 1 and 24 para. 1).
4. As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 6), Mr Ryssdal,
acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the
Spanish Government ("the Government"), the applicant's lawyers and the
Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings
(Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant to the order made in consequence,
the Registrar received the Government's memorial on 24 January 1996 and
the applicant's memorial on 25 January.
On 10 April 1996 the Commission produced various documents from
the proceedings before it, as requested by the Registrar on the
President's instructions.
5. In accordance with the decision of the President, who had also
given the Agent of the Government leave to use the Spanish language
(Rule 27 para. 2), the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights
Building, Strasbourg, on 24 April 1996. The Court had held a
preparatory meeting beforehand.
There appeared before the Court:
(a) for the Government
Mr J. Borrego Borrego, Head of the Legal Department
for the European Commission and Court of Human
Rights, Ministry of Justice and of the Interior, Agent;
(b) for the Commission
Mr F. Martínez, Delegate;
(c) for the applicant
Mr J. Piqué Vidal, abogado, Counsel,
Mr E. Rouland-Leminet, Adviser.
The Court heard addresses by Mr Martínez, Mr Piqué Vidal and
Mr Borrego Borrego.
AS TO THE FACTS
I. Particular circumstances of the case
6. The applicant, Mr de Salvador Torres, was born in 1928 and is
resident in Barcelona.
7. In June 1966, in his capacity as head administrator of a
public hospital in Barcelona (Hospital Clínico y Provincial), the
applicant made an agreement with a bank to the effect that interest on
deposits would be paid at a higher rate than that applicable by law.
The applicant arranged for payment into his personal account of the
excess amounts corresponding to the difference between the legal rate
of interest and that of the additional interest (extratipos) paid by
the bank on the sums deposited.
Between 1966 and 1983 a total sum of 147,614,565 pesetas were
thus transferred to the applicant.
8. In 1983 criminal proceedings were brought against the
applicant. By a decision of 16 March 1984 (auto de procesamiento),
Barcelona investigating judge no. 2 found that the facts established
by him disclosed the offence of embezzlement of public funds
(malversación de caudales públicos) under Article 394 para. 4 of the
Criminal Code (see paragraph 15 below), carried out not by a
civil servant stricto sensu but by a person entrusted with funds
belonging to a public institution (Article 399 of the Criminal Code -
see paragraph 16 below). The applicant was subsequently committed for
trial in the Barcelona Audiencia Provincial.
The public prosecutor and the hospital, acting as a
private prosecutor, lodged submissions which essentially endorsed the
findings of the investigating judge and requested, inter alia, that the
applicant be sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment.
State Counsel (Abogado del Estado), appearing also as a
private prosecutor on behalf of the State finances, submitted that the
facts of the case constituted the offence of corruption of a
civil servant.
9. In a judgment of 12 September 1988, the Audiencia Provincial,
held that, although the applicant fell into the category provided for
in Article 399, the sums embezzled by him were not "public funds" and,
accordingly, Article 394 para. 4 was not applicable. It further held
that, owing to his particular personal status in the hospital, the
applicant could not be considered a civil servant stricto sensu. It
therefore dismissed the charges of corruption. The applicant was
nonetheless convicted of the offence of simple embezzlement
(apropiación indebida) under Article 535 (see paragraph 17 below) and
sentenced to eighteen months' imprisonment pursuant to Articles 528
and 529 para. 7 of the Criminal Code (see paragraphs 18 and 19 below).
The Audiencia Provincial did not find any aggravating circumstance of
general application (see paragraph 21 below).
10. The public prosecutor and the hospital appealed on points of
law. They described the amounts in question as public funds and again
requested the applicant's conviction for the offence of embezzlement
of public funds under Articles 394 para. 4 and 399 of the
Criminal Code. In his submissions, the public prosecutor stressed the
fact that the Audiencia Provincial had clearly acknowledged that the
applicant was a person entrusted with funds belonging to a
public institution for the purposes of Article 399.
11. The applicant did not appeal, thereby accepting the facts as
established by the Audiencia Provincial, their legal classification and
the sentence.
12. In two subsequent decisions of 21 March 1990, the Supreme Court
(Tribunal Supremo) found that, although the sums embezzled could be
considered public, the offence under Article 394 para. 4 did not apply
since the hospital was not legally entitled to those sums. Contrary
to the Audiencia Provincial, the Supreme Court further held that:
"... In any event, it is true that, even if Article 394 of the
Criminal Code (embezzlement of public funds) cannot be applied,
the fact remains that the accused Mr de Salvador is a
civil servant and that he took advantage of his position in
order to commit the offence of which he was found guilty.
Therefore, ... the aggravating circumstance in Article 10
para. 10 must be applied. To put it in a graphic manner: if
the offence of embezzlement of public funds cannot apply due
to the lack of the objective element, the aggravating
circumstance must apply given the offender's legal position."
The Supreme Court therefore quashed the judgment being appealed
and convicted the applicant of the offence of simple embezzlement with
the aggravating circumstance that he had taken advantage of the public
nature of his position in performing the duties entrusted to him
(Article 10 para. 10 of the Criminal Code - see paragraph 21 below).
In doing so, the Supreme Court considered that a request to apply this
aggravating circumstance could be inferred from the public prosecutor's
submissions (see paragraph 10 above). In the exercise of its powers
(see paragraph 22 below), the Supreme Court sentenced the applicant to
five years' imprisonment, the maximum term of imprisonment for the
offence of embezzlement under the rules for the determination of
sentence set forth in Article 61 para. 2 of the Criminal Code
(see paragraph 20 below).
13. Mr de Salvador Torres filed an amparo appeal in the
Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional). He asserted that he
had not been informed of all the components of the charge against him
and that, accordingly, his right to a fair trial had been violated
(Article 24 of the Constitution - see paragraph 14 below).
By a decision (auto) dated 20 July 1992, the appeal was
declared inadmissible on the ground that it did not disclose any
relevant issues of constitutional law. The Constitutional Court found
that the applicant was well aware that the charges against him
presupposed not only that the offender's position was equivalent to
that of a civil servant, but also that he had taken advantage of that
position in the commission of the offence. He had therefore had the
possibility to address that issue throughout the proceedings and his
defence rights had not been forfeited.
II. Relevant domestic law and practice
A. The Constitution
14. According to Article 24 of the Constitution:
"1. Everyone has the right to effective protection by the
judges and courts in the exercise of his rights and his
legitimate interests and in no circumstances may there be any
denial of defence rights.
2. Likewise, everyone has the right ... to be informed of
the charge against him, to have a ... trial ... attended by all
the safeguards, to adduce the evidence relevant to his defence,
....
..."
B. The Criminal Code
1. The offence of embezzlement of public funds (malversación
de caudales públicos)
15. By Article 394 of the Criminal Code:
"Any civil servant who embezzles or suffers others to embezzle
public funds or other property entrusted to his care by virtue
of his office shall be liable to:
...
4. a term of imprisonment ranging from twelve years and
one day to twenty years (reclusión menor) if the amount
embezzled exceeds 2,500,000 pesetas.
...
In all cases, the offender shall also be permanently
disqualified from public office."
16. By Article 399, the foregoing provision also applies to:
"... those entrusted, in any capacity whatsoever, with funds
... belonging to provincial or municipal authorities or to
educational establishments or charitable organisations, and to
administrators or depositories of funds ... deposited by a
public authority, even if they belong to individuals".
According to the case-law, the offender must not only be a
civil servant or a person entrusted with sums belonging to a
public institution, he or she must also have taken advantage of that
position.
2. The offence of simple embezzlement (apropiación indebida)
17. By virtue of Article 535:
"Anyone who, to the detriment of others, appropriates or
embezzles money, assets or any other personal property,
entrusted to his care as depository, agent or administrator,
or in any other capacity carrying the obligation to deliver or
return the property, or denies having received such property
shall be liable to the penalties laid down in Article 528 ...
..."
18. Article 528, in so far as relevant, provides as follows:
"...
A person convicted of this offence shall be liable to a term
of imprisonment ranging from one month and one day to
six months (arresto mayor) if the sum involved exceeds
30,000 pesetas. If there are found to be two or more of the
aggravating circumstances provided for in Article 529 below or
one especially aggravating circumstance, the person convicted
shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment ranging from
six months and one day to six years (prisión menor) ...
Where only one of the aggravating circumstances referred to in
Article 529 is found to be established, the term of
imprisonment shall be in the range of the maximum sentence
available (grado máximo) [from four months and one day to
six months]."
19. By Article 529:
"The following circumstances shall be deemed to be aggravating
circumstances for the purposes of the preceding Article:
...
7. Where the offence is particularly serious in terms of the
sum embezzled."
3. Aggravating circumstances
20. In order to determine the sentence, where a particular offence
is punished with a term of imprisonment, this can be divided in
three identical periods (grados): minimum, medium and maximum. If a
court finds that no mitigating circumstances and only one aggravating
circumstance can be established, it shall impose a medium or
maximum sentence. Where more than one aggravating circumstances are
established, the maximum sentence shall be imposed (Article 61).
21. Aggravating circumstances can be specific to a particular
offence (see, for example, paragraph 19 above) or of a general nature.
Article 10 of the Criminal Code describes the aggravating
circumstances which can be applied to any offence:
"The following are aggravating circumstances:
...
10. the fact that the offender has taken advantage of
the public nature of his or her position."
C. The Supreme Court's powers
22. Where the Supreme Court finds that an appealed decision is in
breach of the law, it will quash it and set it aside and render a new
decision on the merits. In doing so, the only restriction on the court
is not to pass a heavier sentence than the one which would correspond
to the prosecutor's request (Article 902 of the
Code of Criminal Procedure).
23. As with any court, the Supreme Court has the power to depart
from the legal classification given by the prosecution provided that:
(a) the criminal intent in the offence found applicable is
essentially identical to that in the offence as charged
("delitos homogéneos" - for instance homicide and
parricide);
(b) no different facts are taken into consideration;
(c) the new classification leads to the imposition of a
sentence that is less severe than that requested by the
prosecution.
These powers have been considered constitutional by the
Constitutional Court in, among others, its judgments of
23 November 1983 (105/83), 17 July 1986 (104/86) and 29 October 1986
(134/86).
The new legal classification may involve the finding of
aggravating circumstances that are implicit in the original
characterisation (Supreme Court, Criminal Chamber, judgment of
13 June 1984, Repertorio de Jurisprudencia Aranzadi no. 3553, p. 2708).
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION
24. Mr de Salvador Torres applied to the Commission on
11 January 1993. He relied on Article 6 of the Convention (art. 6),
complaining that he had not been afforded a fair hearing in so far as
he was never formally charged with the aggravating circumstance found
to be established in his final sentence.
25. The Commission declared the application (no. 21525/93)
admissible on 27 June 1994. In its report of 21 February 1995
(Article 31) (art. 31), it expressed the unanimous opinion that there
had been a violation of Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (a), taken together,
(art. 6-1+6-3-a) of the Convention. The full text of the Commission's
opinion is reproduced as an annex to this judgment (1).
_______________
Note by the Registrar
1. For practical reasons this annex will appear only with the printed
version of the judgment (in Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-V),
but a copy of the Commission's report is obtainable from the registry.
_______________
FINAL SUBMISSIONS TO THE COURT
26. At the hearing the Government requested the Court to find that
no violation of the Convention had taken place.
The applicant, for his part, sought a finding of a breach of
the Convention and a pecuniary compensation for the damage allegedly
suffered and the legal costs incurred.
AS TO THE LAW
ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 PARA. 3 (a) OF THE CONVENTION
(art. 6-3-a)
27. Mr de Salvador Torres alleged that the fact that he had been
convicted of an offence with an aggravating circumstance with which he
had never been expressly charged constituted a violation of
Article 6 para. 3 (a) of the Convention (art. 6-3-a) which, in so far
as relevant, reads:
"Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following
minimum rights:
(a) to be informed promptly, ... and in detail, of the nature
and cause of the accusation against him;"
28. The Commission shared the applicant's view. Noting that that
provision (art. 6-3-a) should be examined in the broader context of a
fair trial under Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1), it considered that, for
the purpose of preparing his or her defence, a person charged with a
criminal offence is entitled to be informed not only of the material
facts on which the accusation is based but also of the precise legal
classification given to these facts. Since the finding of an
aggravating circumstance led to a heavier sentence being imposed, the
applicant should have been formally notified that such a finding was
possible in his case.
29. The Government, for their part, contended that the applicant
must always have known that his position as head administrator of a
public hospital could give rise to the finding of the aggravating
circumstance in Article 10 para. 10 of the Criminal Code
(see paragraph 21 above). They observed that the provisions on which
the charges of embezzlement of public funds against him were based
(Articles 394 para. 4 and 399 of the Criminal Code - see paragraphs 15
and 16 above) required that the offender be a civil servant or an
administrator of funds belonging to a public institution who had taken
advantage of his or her position in committing the offence.
As to the fact that the applicant's sentence of imprisonment
was increased from eighteen months to five years as a result of the
finding of the aggravating circumstance, the Government pointed out
that, under Spanish law, the Supreme Court's sentencing powers are
limited only by the maximum penalty requested by the prosecutor
(see paragraph 22 above), which was fifteen years in the present case.
30. The Court notes that from the outset the investigating judge
characterised the facts as established by him as falling within the
definition of the offence of embezzlement of public funds
(see paragraph 8 above). This legal classification was endorsed by the
public prosecutor and the private prosecutor acting on behalf of the
hospital, and they both maintained it throughout the proceedings
(see paragraphs 8 and 10 above). In Spanish law, the offence of
embezzlement of public funds requires that the offender be either a
civil servant or an administrator of funds in a public institution,
that he should have taken advantage of his position in committing the
offence and that the sums embezzled be "public funds"
(see paragraphs 15 and 16 above).
31. It further notes that the applicant never disputed the fact
that, in his capacity as head administrator of a
Barcelona public hospital, he fell within the category of those
"entrusted ... with funds belonging to the provincial or
municipal authorities or to educational establishments or charitable
organisations", or that of administrators or depositories of funds
deposited by a public authority (Article 399 of the Criminal Code -
see paragraph 16 above). In fact, the file of the case shows that this
was common ground between the parties (see paragraphs 9 and 11 above).
In that capacity, the applicant was clearly occupying a position of a
public nature.
Neither the Audiencia Provincial nor the Supreme Court
characterised the sums embezzled as "public funds". Both applied the
more general offence of simple embezzlement. However, whereas the
Audiencia Provincial found that no aggravating circumstance of a
general character applied in this case (see paragraph 9 above), the
Supreme Court considered that the fact - as established by the
Audiencia Provincial and uncontested by the applicant - that
Mr de Salvador Torres had taken advantage of his position as
head administrator of a public institution aggravated the offence. In
the exercise of its powers (see paragraphs 22 and 23 above), the
Supreme Court imposed a sentence which, though heavier than that of the
Audiencia Provincial, was well below that requested by the prosecutors
at the outset and maintained throughout the proceedings
(see paragraphs 8 and 10 above).
32. The Court observes that unlike Articles 394 and 399 of the
Criminal Code, Article 10 para. 10 requires only that the offender
should have taken advantage of the "public nature of his position"
(carácter público). It is evident that the Supreme Court, in finding
that there was an aggravating circumstance, was referring to this
factor (see paragraph 12 above and, mutatis mutandis, the
Gea Catalán v. Spain judgment of 10 February 1995, Series A no. 309,
p. 11, para. 29).
33. In sum, as expressed by the Constitutional Court in its
decision of 20 July 1992 (see paragraph 13 above), the public nature
of the applicant's position was an element intrinsic to the original
accusation of embezzlement of public funds and hence known to the
applicant from the very outset of the proceedings. He must accordingly
be considered to have been aware of the possibility that the courts -
that is, the Audiencia Provincial and the Supreme Court - would find
that this underlying factual element could, in the less severe context
of simple embezzlement, constitute an aggravating circumstance for the
purpose of determining the sentence.
Therefore, the Court finds no infringement of the applicant's
right under Article 6 para. 3 (a) (art. 6-3-a) to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation against him.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY
Holds that there has been no violation of Article 6 para. 3 (a)
of the Convention (art. 6-3-a).
Done in English and in French, and delivered at a public
hearing in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 24 October 1996.
Signed: Rolv RYSSDAL
President
Signed: Herbert PETZOLD
Registrar