In the case of Spadea and Scalabrino v. Italy (1),
The European Court of Human Rights, sitting, in accordance with
Article 43 (art. 43) of the Convention for the Protection of Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention") and the relevant
provisions of Rules of Court A (2), as a Chamber composed of the
following judges:
Mr R. Ryssdal, President,
Mr F. Matscher,
Mr L.-E. Pettiti,
Mr B. Walsh,
Mr C. Russo,
Mr S.K. Martens,
Mr A.N. Loizou,
Mr L. Wildhaber,
Mr G. Mifsud Bonnici,
and also of Mr H. Petzold, Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 23 March and 1 September 1995,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the
last-mentioned date:
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Notes by the Registrar
1. The case is numbered 23/1994/470/551. The first number is the
case's position on the list of cases referred to the Court in the
relevant year (second number). The last two numbers indicate the
case's position on the list of cases referred to the Court since its
creation and on the list of the corresponding originating applications
to the Commission.
2. Rules A apply to all cases referred to the Court before the entry
into force of Protocol No. 9 (P9) and thereafter only to cases
concerning States not bound by that Protocol (P9). They correspond to
the Rules that came into force on 1 January 1983, as amended several
times subsequently.
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PROCEDURE
1. The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of
Human Rights ("the Commission") on 7 July 1994, within the three-month
period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1,
art. 47) of the Convention. It originated in an application
(no. 12868/87) against the Italian Republic lodged with the Commission
under Article 25 (art. 25) by two Italian nationals, Mr Giovanni Spadea
and Mrs Michelangela Scalabrino, on 15 April 1987.
The Commission's request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44,
art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Italy recognised the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46). The object of the
application was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the
case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations
under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (P1-1) and Article 14 of the
Convention taken in conjunction with that Article of the Protocol
(art. 14+P1-1).
2. In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33
para. 3 (d) of Rules of Court A, the applicants stated that they wished
to take part in the proceedings. The President gave Mr Spadea leave
to present his own case, to represent Mrs Scalabrino and to use the
Italian language (Rule 27 para. 3 and Rule 30).
3. The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr C. Russo,
the elected judge of Italian nationality (Article 43 of the Convention)
(art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21
para. 3 (b)). On 18 July 1994, in the presence of the Registrar, the
President drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely
Mr F. Matscher, Mr L.-E. Pettiti, Mr B. Walsh, Mr S.K. Martens,
Mr A.N. Loizou, Mr L. Wildhaber and Mr G. Mifsud Bonnici (Article 43
in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43).
4. As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5), Mr Ryssdal, acting
through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Italian Government
("the Government"), Mr Spadea and the Delegate of the Commission on the
organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant
to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the
Government's and the applicants' memorials on 18 and 31 January 1995
respectively. The Delegate of the Commission did not submit any
written observations.
5. On 17 March 1995 the Commission produced the file on the
proceedings before it, as requested by the Registrar on the President's
instructions.
6. On this last date Mr Spadea informed the registry that he would
not be attending the hearing.
7. In accordance with the President's decision, the hearing took
place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on
21 March 1995. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand.
There appeared before the Court:
(a) for the Government
Mr G. Raimondi, magistrato, on secondment
to the Diplomatic Legal Service,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Co-Agent,
Mr V. Esposito and
Mr G. Colla, magistrati, on secondment to
the Legislation Office, Ministry of Justice, Counsel;
(b) for the Commission
Mr B. Conforti, Delegate;
The Court heard addresses by Mr Conforti, Mr Raimondi and
Mr Colla.
AS TO THE FACTS
I. CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
8. Mr Spadea, a lawyer, and Mrs Scalabrino, a university teacher,
live in Milan.
9. In April 1982 they bought two adjacent flats with the aim of
making their home there. The former owner of the flats had let them
to a Mrs B. and a Mrs Z., who paid a rent subject to public-authority
control.
10. In a writ served on 13 October 1982 the applicants gave the
tenants of the flats notice to quit when the leases expired, on
31 December 1983, and summoned them to appear before the Milan
magistrate (pretore).
11. On 22 December 1982 and 13 January 1983 the magistrate formally
confirmed the notices to quit, and fixed the date of eviction at
31 December 1984. The orders were made enforceable on 22 December 1982
and 19 January 1983.
12. Pursuant to Legislative Decree no. 12 of 7 February 1985, which
became Law no. 118 of 5 April 1985 ("Law no. 118"), the magistrate
suspended enforcement of the evictions until 30 January 1986.
13. On 14 March 1986, Mr Spadea and Mrs Scalabrino began proceedings
to enforce the orders for possession, as the tenants had still not
complied with them. However, on each of three occasions when the
bailiff responsible for enforcement went to the flats - 9 June,
9 September and 10 October 1986 - Mrs B. and Mrs Z. refused to leave.
They were elderly ladies of modest means and had asked Milan City
Council to allocate them low-rent flats.
14. Legislative Decree no. 708 of 29 October 1986, which became Law
no. 899 of 23 December 1986, suspended the enforcement of evictions
until 31 March 1987. From that date until 31 March 1988, only the
Prefect (prefetto) was empowered, in certain cases, to grant police
assistance to enforce evictions.
15. On 14 May, 15 June, 22 September, 9 November, 10 December 1987
and 14 January 1988 the bailiff made unsuccessful attempts to enforce
the orders for possession.
16. From 8 February 1988 enforcement of evictions was again
suspended, initially until 31 December 1988, by Legislative Decree
no. 26 of 8 February 1988, which became Law no. 108 of 8 April 1988,
and then until 30 April 1989, by Legislative Decree no. 551 of
30 December 1988, which became Law no. 61 of 21 February 1989.
17. In August 1988 Mrs Z. died and the applicants regained possession
of one of the flats. Mrs B. left the other in February 1989. In the
meantime, on 22 February 1988, Mr Spadea and Mrs Scalabrino had been
obliged to buy another flat.
II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW
18. On the basis of the Commission's report, Italian legislation on
residential property leases may be summarised as follows.
Since 1947 the public authorities in Italy have frequently
intervened in residential tenancy legislation with the aim of
controlling rents. This has been achieved by rent freezes
(occasionally relaxed when the Government decreed statutory increases),
by the statutory extension of all current leases and by the
postponement, suspension or staggering of evictions.
1. As regards the statutory extension of tenancies
The last statutory extension of all current leases, with the
exception of certain cases specifically prescribed by the Law, was
introduced by Law no. 392 of 27 July 1978 and remained in force until
31 December 1982, 30 June 1983 or 31 December 1983, depending on the
dates on which the leases were signed.
It should, however, be noted that, as regards buildings used for
purposes other than housing, the statutory extension of current leases
prescribed by section 1 (9 bis) of Law no. 118 of 5 April 1985 was
declared unconstitutional in a decision (no. 108) handed down by the
Constitutional Court on 23 April 1986. In its decision the court held
that the statutory restrictions imposed on property rights under
Article 42 of the Constitution, with a view to ensuring social justice,
made it possible to regard controls imposing restrictions as
legitimate, provided that such controls were of an exceptional and
temporary nature, but that perpetuating such restrictions was
incompatible with the protection of property rights embodied in
Article 42 of the Constitution.
In its decision the Constitutional Court also pointed out that
the statutory six-month extension of leases prescribed by Law no. 118
should not be considered in isolation but within the context of tenancy
provisions as a whole. The court drew particular attention to the fact
that this extension succeeded other statutory extensions and could mark
the beginning of new restrictions on freedom of contract in this field.
Moreover, the statutory extension of leases had the effect of
prolonging contracts in which the rent, notwithstanding the increases
allowed in accordance with rises in the cost of living, were not even
approximately in line with current socio-economic conditions. Further,
the Law concerned did not give the lessor the possibility of regaining
possession of the property except in cases of absolute necessity.
The Constitutional Court also held that Law no. 118, inasmuch as
it provided for a blanket extension of current leases without taking
into consideration the particular economic circumstances of lessors and
lessees - as would have been necessary to ensure social justice -,
infringed the principle of the equality of citizens before the law
embodied in Article 3 of the Constitution.
2. As regards enforcement
Numerous provisions have established rules for the postponement,
suspension or staggering of the enforcement of judicial decisions
ordering tenants to vacate the premises they occupy (ordinanze di
sfratto).
A first suspension was introduced by Legislative Decree no. 795
of 1 December 1984. The provisions set forth therein were incorporated
in Legislative Decree no. 12 of 7 February 1985, which became Law
no. 118 of 5 April 1985. It covered the period from 1 December 1984
to 30 June 1985. This legislation also provided for the staggered
resumption of forcible evictions on 1 July 1985, 30 September 1985,
30 November 1985 or 31 January 1986, depending on the date on which the
judgment recording the end of the lease had become enforceable.
Section 1 (3) of Law no. 118 stipulated that such suspensions
were not applicable if repossession of the premises had been ordered
because arrears of rent were owed. Similarly, no suspension could be
ordered in the following cases:
(a) where, after conclusion of the contract, the lessor required
the property for his own use or for that of his spouse or his children
or grandchildren, for residential, commercial or professional purposes,
or where a lessor who intended to use the premises for one of the
above-mentioned purposes (a) offered the tenant similar accommodation
at a rent which he could afford and which was not more than 20% higher
than the previous rent and (b) undertook to pay the costs of the
tenant's removal (Article 59, first subsection, paragraphs 1, 2, 7 and
8, of Law no. 392 of 27 July 1978 ("Law no. 392")); and
(b) where, inter alia, a lessor urgently needed to regain
possession of his flat as accommodation for himself, his children or
his ascendants (Article 3, first paragraph, sub-paragraphs 1, 2, 4 and
5, of Legislative Decree no. 629 of 15 December 1979, which became Law
no. 25 of 15 February 1980 ("Law no. 25")).
A second suspension was introduced by Legislative Decree no. 708
of 29 October 1986, which became Law no. 899 of 23 December 1986.
It covered the period from 29 October 1986 to 31 March 1987 and
in sections 2 and 3 provided for the same exceptions as the provisions
in the preceding legislation.
Law no. 899 of 23 December 1986 also established that the Prefect
was competent to determine the criteria for authorising police
assistance in evicting recalcitrant tenants, after consulting a
committee including representatives of both tenants and landlords.
Section 3 (5 bis) of Law no. 899 of 23 December 1986 also
provided for the automatic suspension until 31 December 1987 of
forcible evictions of tenants entitled to subsidised housing.
A third suspension was introduced by Legislative Decree no. 26
of 8 February 1988, which became Law no. 108 of 8 April 1988. It first
covered the period from 8 February 1988 to 30 September 1988 and was
subsequently extended from the latter date to 31 December 1988.
A fourth suspension was introduced by Legislative Decree no. 551
of 30 December 1988, which became Law no. 61 of 21 February 1989, and
covered the period up to 30 April 1989. In regions suffering from
natural disasters the suspension remained in force until
31 December 1989.
With the exception of urgent cases, this Law also provided that
police assistance in enforcing evictions would only be authorised in
gradual stages over a period of forty-eight months from 1 January 1990
and set up a prefectoral committee responsible for deciding which cases
required police intervention most urgently.
All the aforementioned laws and decrees also contained provisions
relating to the financing of subsidised housing and to housing
benefits.
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION
19. Mr Spadea and Mrs Scalabrino applied to the Commission on
15 April 1987. They complained of
(a) an unjustified interference with their right of property
(Article 1 of Protocol No. 1) (P1-1);
(b) the fact that applying the legislation in issue had entailed
discrimination between owners of residential property and tenants, and
between owners of residential property and owners of non-residential
property (Article 14 of the Convention read in conjunction with
Article 1 of Protocol No. 1) (art. 14+P1-1); and
(c) the fact that the way the Prefect exercised his discretionary
powers between 31 March 1987 and 8 February 1988 had not been subject
to any form of review satisfying the requirements of Article 6
para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention.
20. On 5 April 1993 the Commission declared the application
(no. 12868/87) admissible as regards the first two complaints and
dismissed as manifestly ill-founded the complaint under Article 6
para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention. In its report of 9 May 1994
(Article 31) (art. 31), it expressed the opinion that there had been
no violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (P1-1) (twenty-one votes
to two) or of Article 14 of the Convention taken in conjunction with
Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (art. 14+P1-1) (twenty-two votes to one).
The full text of the Commission's opinion and of the two dissenting
opinions contained in the report is reproduced as an annex to this
judgment (1).
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1. Note by the Registrar: for practical reasons this annex will appear
only with the printed version of the judgment (volume 315-B of Series A
of the Publications of the Court), but a copy of the Commission's
report is obtainable from the registry.
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FINAL SUBMISSIONS TO THE COURT BY THE GOVERNMENT
21. In their memorial the Government asked the Court to declare the
application inadmissible for failure to exhaust domestic remedies and
in the alternative to hold that there had been no breach of either
Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 or Article 14 (P1-1, art. 14) of the
Convention.
AS TO THE LAW
I. SCOPE OF THE CASE
22. In addition to Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (P1-1) and Article 14
of the Convention read in conjunction with that Article of the Protocol
(art. 14+P1-1), the applicants relied before the Court on Article 6
para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention.
In the Court's view, however, the latter complaint is outside the
scope of the case as defined by the Commission's decision on
admissibility (see, among other authorities, mutatis mutandis, the
Brincat v. Italy judgment of 26 November 1992, Series A no. 249-A,
p. 10, para. 16).
II. THE GOVERNMENT'S PRELIMINARY OBJECTION
23. The Government pleaded, as they had done before the Commission,
non-exhaustion of domestic remedies. Mr Spadea and Mrs Scalabrino had
neglected to challenge the constitutionality of the impugned
legislative provisions in the magistrate's court. Moreover, they had
omitted to challenge in the administrative courts the Prefect's
decisions on the granting of police assistance to enforce eviction.
24. With regard to the first limb of the objection, the Court
reiterates that in the Italian legal system an individual is not
entitled to apply directly to the Constitutional Court for review of
the constitutionality of a law. Only a court trying the merits of a
case has the right to make a reference to the Constitutional Court, at
the request of a party or of its own motion. Accordingly, such an
application cannot be a remedy whose exhaustion is required under
Article 26 (art. 26) of the Convention (see, mutatis mutandis, the
Brozicek v. Italy judgment of 19 December 1989, Series A no. 167,
p. 17, para. 34, and the Padovani v. Italy judgment of
26 February 1993, Series A no. 257-B, p. 19, para. 20).
The second limb of the objection does not stand up to examination
either. Under section 59 of Law no. 392, section 3 of Law no. 25 and
section 1 of Law no. 118, the suspension of forcible evictions does not
apply, inter alia, where the landlord urgently needs to recover his
property in order to live in it with his family or where the tenant
owes arrears of rent (see paragraph 18 above). Only in such a
situation is the Prefect empowered to grant police assistance. As
Mr Spadea and Mrs Scalabrino did not satisfy the conditions laid down
in the above-mentioned provisions, they could not apply to the Prefect
for police assistance or, in the event of his refusing it, to the
administrative courts in order to challenge his decision. It follows
that such a remedy would have had no prospects of success.
25. In short, the objection must be dismissed.
III. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 1 OF PROTOCOL No. 1 (P1-1)
26. According to the applicants, the fact that for a prolonged period
it had been impossible for them to recover their two flats, owing to
the implementation of emergency legislative provisions on residential
property leases, had infringed their right to the peaceful enjoyment
of their possessions, enshrined in Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (P1-1),
which provides:
"Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful
enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his
possessions except in the public interest and subject to the
conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of
international law.
The preceding provisions (P1-1) shall not, however, in any way
impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems
necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the
general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other
contributions or penalties."
A. The applicable rule
27. Article 1 (P1-1) guarantees in substance the right of property.
It comprises three distinct rules. The first, which is expressed in
the first sentence of the first paragraph (P1-1) and is of a general
nature, lays down the principle of peaceful enjoyment of property. The
second rule, in the second sentence of the same paragraph (P1-1),
covers deprivation of possessions and makes it subject to certain
conditions. The third, contained in the second paragraph (P1-1),
recognises that the Contracting States are entitled, amongst other
things, to control the use of property in accordance with the general
interest, by enforcing such laws as they deem necessary for the
purpose. However, the rules are not "distinct" in the sense of being
unconnected: the second and third rules are concerned with particular
instances of interference with the right to peaceful enjoyment of
property. They must therefore be construed in the light of the general
principle laid down in the first rule (see, among other authorities,
the Mellacher and Others v. Austria judgment of 19 December 1989,
Series A no. 169, pp. 24-25, para. 42).
28. Like the Commission, the Court notes that in this case there was
neither a de facto expropriation nor a transfer of property. At all
times the applicants retained the possibility of alienating their
property and were paid the rents regularly. As the implementation of
the measures in question meant that the tenants continued to occupy the
flats, it undoubtedly amounted to control of the use of property.
Accordingly, the second paragraph of Article 1 (P1-1) is applicable.
B. Compliance with the conditions in the second paragraph (P1-1)
29. The second paragraph (P1-1) reserves to States the right to enact
such laws as they deem necessary to control the use of property in
accordance with the general interest.
Such laws are especially common in the field of housing, which
in our modern societies is a central concern of social and economic
policies.
In order to implement such policies, the legislature must have
a wide margin of appreciation both with regard to the existence of a
problem of public concern warranting measures of control and as to the
choice of the detailed rules for the implementation of such measures.
The Court will respect the legislature's judgment as to what is in the
general interest unless that judgment is manifestly without reasonable
foundation (see the Mellacher and Others judgment previously cited,
pp. 25-26, para. 45).
1. Aim of the interference
30. The applicants argued that the laws in issue had no legitimate
aim; in substance, the sole cause of the shortage of low-rent housing,
which had affected - and still affect - the larger Italian cities in
particular, was the respondent State's ill-considered housing policy.
The Government were not entitled to justify the emergency legislation
by invoking the general interest.
Drawing a parallel between the explanations given by Italy before
the Convention institutions in regard to compliance with the
"reasonable time" requirement (Article 6 para. 1) (art. 6-1) and those
concerning the present case, the applicants asked the Court to reject
the latter on the ground that here too the State's slowness and inertia
were unacceptable.
31. Like the Commission, the Court observes that the legislative
provisions suspending evictions during the period from 1984 to 1988
were prompted by the need to deal with the large number of leases which
expired in 1982 and 1983 and by the concern to enable the tenants
affected to find acceptable new homes or obtain subsidised housing.
To have enforced all evictions simultaneously would undoubtedly
have led to considerable social tension and jeopardised public order.
As the applicants' allegation that the State's housing policy was
ill-considered is based solely on the persistent shortage of low-rent
housing, their parallel with Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) cannot be
accepted. Whereas Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) requires proceedings
to be conducted speedily, Governments are under no such obligation in
the field of subsidised housing.
32. In conclusion, the impugned legislation had a legitimate aim in
the general interest, as required by the second paragraph of
Article 1 (P1-1).
2. Proportionality of the interference
33. As the Court stressed in the Mellacher and Others judgment
previously cited (p. 27, para. 48), the second paragraph of Article 1
of Protocol No. 1 (P1-1) must be construed in the light of the
principle laid down in the first sentence of the Article (P1-1).
Consequently, an interference must strike a fair balance between the
demands of the general interest of the community and the requirements
of the protection of the individual's fundamental rights (see, among
other authorities, the Sporrong and Lönnroth v. Sweden judgment of
23 September 1982, Series A no. 52, p. 26, para. 69). The concern to
achieve this balance is reflected in the structure of Article 1 (P1-1)
as a whole (ibid.), and therefore also in its second paragraph (P1-1).
There must be a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the
means employed and the aim pursued (see the James and Others v. the
United Kingdom judgment of 21 February 1986, Series A no. 98, p. 34,
para. 50).
34. The applicants contended that the interference in question was
disproportionate. They admitted that the tenants were entitled to
extra social protection, on account of their age and income, but they
could not accept having for many years had to bear the consequences of
the Italian State's housing policies, which they considered misguided.
Instead of freezing rents and extending the validity of existing leases
until 1983, only to realise finally that evictions would have to be
suspended and staggered, the Italian authorities should have adopted
measures to bring suitable flats at reasonable prices onto the housing
market.
35. In the Government's submission, while it was true that the
applicants had not recovered their property until August 1988 and
February 1989, the interference they complained of could not be
considered disproportionate, given that the public authorities had
always endeavoured, in such a sensitive field, to strike a fair balance
between the relevant interests.
36. The Court notes that housing shortages are an almost universal
problem of modern society.
In order to deal with this problem, the Italian Government
adopted a series of emergency measures designed firstly to control rent
increases through rent freezes mitigated by occasional rises and
secondly to extend the validity of existing leases. The situation in
Italy became more complex when the industrialisation of the large
northern cities sucked in people from the most disadvantaged regions
and from rural areas in general.
37. In 1982 and 1983, when the last statutory extension, brought in
by Law no. 118, expired, the Italian State considered it necessary to
resort to emergency provisions to postpone, suspend or stagger the
enforcement of court orders requiring tenants to vacate the premises
they occupied. However, these measures provided for exceptions under
which, among other things, landlords who urgently needed to recover
their property or who were owed arrears of rent could obtain police
assistance to enforce eviction.
38. In order to determine whether these provisions were proportionate
to the aim it was sought to achieve - protecting the interests of
tenants on low incomes and avoiding the risk of any prejudice to public
order - the Court, like the Commission, considers it necessary to
ascertain whether, in the instant case, the tenants of Mr Spadea and
Mrs Scalabrino were treated in such a way that a balance was maintained
between the relevant interests.
39. The only reason for the evictions was that the leases on the
flats had expired; none of the exceptions to the suspension of
enforcement applied to the applicants. In addition, Mrs B. and Mrs Z.,
who were elderly ladies of modest means, had asked Milan City Council
to allocate them low-rent flats.
40. Admittedly, the applicants had to buy another flat and did not
recover their property until one of the tenants died and the other left
of her own accord (see paragraph 17 above).
However, regard being had to the legitimate aim pursued, the
legislative measures adopted by the Italian State and criticised by the
applicants cannot be considered disproportionate in view of the margin
of appreciation permitted under the second paragraph of Article 1 of
Protocol No. 1 (P1-1).
3. Conclusion
41. The Court accordingly concludes that, by adopting emergency
measures, the Italian legislature was reasonably entitled to consider,
having regard to the need to strike a fair balance between the
interests of the community and the right of landlords, and of the
applicants in particular, that the means chosen were appropriate to
achieve the legitimate aim pursued. It takes the view that the
restriction on Mr Spadea's and Mrs Scalabrino's use of their flats
resulting from the provisions in question was not contrary to the
requirements of the second paragraph of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1
(P1-1). There has therefore been no breach of that Article (P1-1).
IV. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 14 OF THE CONVENTION, READ IN
CONJUNCTION WITH ARTICLE 1 OF PROTOCOL NO. 1 (art. 14+P1-1)
42. Article 14 (art. 14) of the Convention provides:
"The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in [the]
Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground
such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origin, association with a national
minority, property, birth or other status."
43. The applicants maintained that Article 14 of the Convention, read
in conjunction with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (art. 14+P1-1), had
been breached by the legislation in issue, in so far as it protected
tenants to the detriment of landlords, and above all the owners of
non-residential property to the detriment of owners of residential
property.
44. The Government agreed with the Commission, which had found no
violation of Article 14 (art. 14).
45. The Court points out in the first place that, according to its
case-law, Article 14 (art. 14) will be breached where, without
objective and reasonable justification, persons in "relevantly" similar
situations are treated differently. For a claim of violation of this
Article (art. 14) to succeed, it has therefore to be established, inter
alia, that the situation of the alleged victim can be considered
similar to that of persons who have been better treated (see the Fredin
v. Sweden (no. 1) judgment of 18 February 1991, Series A no. 192,
p. 19, para. 60).
46. With regard to the first part of the complaint, the Court notes
that it raises the question whether the emergency measures complained
of were proportionate to their aim, a point already considered in
connection with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (P1-1) (see
paragraphs 33-41 above).
As for the difference in treatment vis-à-vis the owners of
non-residential property, the Court considers that the distinction
drawn between these two classes of person for the purpose of enforcing
evictions was objective and reasonable given the aim of the legislation
- to protect tenants during a serious housing shortage - and the use
made of the properties, one category being let as housing and the other
used mainly as commercial premises.
47. In conclusion, there has been no breach, in the instant case, of
Article 14 of the Convention read in conjunction with Article 1 of
Protocol No. 1 (art. 14+P1-1).
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY
1. Dismisses the Government's preliminary objection;
2. Holds that there has been no breach of Article 1 of
Protocol No. 1 (P1-1) ;
3. Holds that there has been no breach of Article 14 of the
Convention read in conjunction with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1
(art. 14+P1-1).
Done in English and in French, and delivered at a public hearing
in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 28 September 1995.
Signed: Rolv RYSSDAL
President
Signed: Herbert PETZOLD
Registrar