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European Court of Human Rights
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> European Court of Human Rights >> HIRO BALANI v. SPAIN - 18064/91 [1994] ECHR 45 (9 December 1994)
URL: http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1994/45.html
Cite as: [1994] ECHR 45, (1995) 19 EHRR 565, 19 EHRR 565
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In the case of Hiro Balani v. Spain*,
The European Court of Human Rights, sitting, in accordance with
Article 43 (art. 43) of the Convention for the Protection of Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention") and the relevant
provisions of Rules of Court A**, as a Chamber composed of the
following judges:
Mr R. Ryssdal, President,
Mr R. Bernhardt,
Mr F. Gölcüklü,
Mr R. Macdonald,
Mr C. Russo,
Mr S.K. Martens,
Mr J.M. Morenilla,
Mr F. Bigi,
Mr M.A. Lopes Rocha,
and also of Mr H. Petzold, Acting Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 24 June and on
23 November 1994,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the
last-mentioned date:
_______________
Notes by the Registrar
* The case is numbered 46/1993/441/520. The first number is the case's
position on the list of cases referred to the Court in the relevant
year (second number). The last two numbers indicate the case's
position on the list of cases referred to the Court since its creation
and on the list of the corresponding originating applications to the
Commission.
** Rules A apply to all cases referred to the Court before the entry
into force of Protocol No. 9 (P9) and thereafter only to cases
concerning States not bound by that Protocol (P9). They correspond to
the Rules that came into force on 1 January 1983, as amended several
times subsequently.
_______________
PROCEDURE
1. The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission
of Human Rights ("the Commission") on 9 December 1993, within the
three-month period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47
(art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. It originated in an
application (no. 18064/91) against the Kingdom of Spain lodged with the
Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by Mrs Rita Hiro Balani, who was
at the time an Indian national, on 30 January 1991.
The Commission's request referred to Articles 44 and 48
(art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Spain recognised the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46). The
object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts
of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its
obligations under Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention.
2. In response to the enquiry made in accordance with
Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of Rules of Court A, the applicant stated that she
wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer who
would represent her (Rule 30). The President of the Court gave the
lawyer leave to use the Spanish language (Rule 27 para. 3).
3. On 13 January 1994 the President of the Court decided that in
the interests of the proper administration of justice this case should
be heard by the Chamber already constituted to hear the case of
Ruiz Torija v. Spain (no. 39/1993/434/513 - Rule 21 para. 6). That
Chamber included ex officio Mr J.M. Morenilla, the elected judge of
Spanish nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and
Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b)).
On 24 September 1993, in the presence of the Registrar, the President
had drawn by lot the names of the other seven members, namely
Mr R. Bernhardt, Mr F. Gölcüklü, Mr R. Macdonald, Mr C. Russo,
Mr S.K. Martens, Mr F. Bigi and Mr M.A. Lopes Rocha (Article 43 in fine
of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43).
4. As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5), Mr Ryssdal,
acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Spanish
Government ("the Government"), the applicant's lawyer and the Delegate
of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings
(Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant to the order made in consequence,
the Registrar received the applicant's memorial on 21 March 1994 and
the Government's memorial on 28 March. In a letter received on
12 May the Secretary to the Commission informed the Registrar that the
Delegate would submit his observations at the hearing.
On 27 April 1994 the Commission had produced the file on the
proceedings before it, as requested by the Registrar on the President's
instructions.
5. In accordance with the decision of the President, who had also
given the Agent of the Government leave to use the Spanish language
(Rule 27 para. 2), the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights
Building, Strasbourg, on 25 May 1994. The Court had held a preparatory
meeting beforehand.
There appeared before the Court:
(a) for the Government
Mr J. Borrego Borrego, Head of the Legal Department
for Human Rights, Ministry of Justice, Agent;
(b) for the Commission
Mr F. Martínez, Delegate;
(c) for the applicant
Mr J.C. Lara Garay, abogado, Counsel.
The Court heard addresses by the above-mentioned
representatives.
AS TO THE FACTS
I. The circumstances of the case
6. Mrs Rita Hiro Balani was at the material time an Indian
national; she subsequently obtained Spanish nationality. She lives in
Madrid.
7. In 1985 the Japanese company "Orient Watch Co. Ltd" - which
specialised in the manufacture and distribution of clocks - filed an
application in the Madrid no. 8 First-Instance Court for the removal
of the Spanish trade mark "Orient H.W. Balani Málaga" (no. 544.606)
from the industrial property register. The trade mark in question
concerned "all types of clocks" and had been registered by the
applicant's husband in 1970. It had at a later stage been transferred
to her name. The plaintiff company claimed that, by virtue of the
Paris Convention (see paragraph 14 below), the registration in Japan
in 1951 of its trade name had conferred on it the ownership of that
designation in all the countries which were parties to that Convention
- including Spain - and therefore protected it from the subsequent
lodging of any identical or similar trade mark.
8. Mrs Hiro Balani adduced several submissions to contest the
application. They were based on the following considerations:
1. The period of three years within which the cancellation of
trade mark no. 544.606 could have been sought had expired and
the trade mark was consequently "established".
2. Any action was time-barred.
3. The trade name relied on by the plaintiff company was not
a genuine one.
4. A trade mark "Creacions Orient", for imitation articles,
that had been registered in 1934 under no. 97.541 and
transferred to the applicant's name in 1984, had priority.
9. By a judgment dated 9 May 1988, the Madrid Audiencia
Territorial, the court with jurisdiction for this type of dispute (see
paragraph 15 below), accepted the contention that Mrs Hiro Balani's
mark was "established" and dismissed the plaintiff's application. It
did not rule on the merits of the applicant's other submissions.
10. The plaintiff company appealed on points of law. In a judgment
of 30 April 1990 the Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo) held that the
contested trade mark was not "established" because its registration was
void and quashed the decision of the Audiencia Territorial. Giving
a ruling on the merits of the dispute (see paragraph 18 below), the
Supreme Court expressly rejected the submissions based on the allegedly
non-genuine character of the trading name and the general time bar and
allowed the application. However, it made no reference to the
applicant's submission that the trade mark "Creacions Orient",
registered in Spain in 1934, should have priority over the trading name
"Orient" registered in Japan in 1951.
11. The applicant filed an amparo appeal (see paragraph 19 below)
in the Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional). It was declared
inadmissible on 29 October 1990 on the ground that the various
complaints adduced did not raise constitutional issues. On the matter
of the submission relating to the priority of the trade mark "Creacions
Orient", the Constitutional Court expressed the following view:
"... as this issue was not put forward as a ground of
appeal, the Chamber [of the Supreme Court] could hardly be
expected to address it directly. Moreover, there is extensive
case-law from this Court to the effect that the Constitution
does not require courts to give a specific reply to all the
arguments of the parties but only their claims. In the
instant case [the applicant's] submission was rejected when
the appeal on points of law filed by the plaintiff against the
first-instance judgment was allowed."
As decisions of the Constitutional Court finding an appeal
inadmissible may be reconsidered only on an application by State
counsel, a further appeal lodged by Mrs Hiro Balani was likewise
declared inadmissible on 8 November 1990.
II. Relevant domestic law
12. The rules governing trade marks and trade names which were in
force at the material time were set out in the Industrial Property
Regulation (Estatuto de la Propiedad Industrial, "EPI") of
26 July 1929, approved by the Royal Legislative Decree of
30 April 1930. The enactment in 1988 of a new law on trade marks did
not affect the applicability of that regulation to the facts of the
present case.
A. Protection of trade marks and trade names
1. Priority of registration
13. The registration in Spain of a trade mark or a trade name
confers on its holder standing to bring proceedings in the civil and
criminal courts against those who infringe his right (Articles 6 and
7 EPI). The priority of rights deriving from a trade mark or a trade
name takes effect from the filing of the application for registration
in the industrial property register (Article 12 EPI).
The holder of a registered trade name has the same rights as
those conferred on the holder of a trade mark (Article 207 EPI). He
may, inter alia, seek the removal from the register of any mark
(Article 268 EPI) whose similarity with the trade name might give rise
to an error or create confusion in the market (Article 124
para. 1 EPI). In order to make such a finding of incompatibility, the
court will examine not only the phonetic or graphic similarity of the
two competing designations; it will also consider whether the protected
products belong to the same commercial sector.
2. The Paris Convention
14. The Paris Convention for the protection of industrial property
of 20 March 1883, as amended in Stockholm on 14 July 1967 - which
version was ratified by Spain on 13 December 1971 -, provides that a
trade name registered in one of the countries of the Union is to be
protected in all the other countries of the Union without necessity of
deposit or registration (Article 8). Since such a trade name is
entitled to the same protection as if it had been registered in Spain,
its holder may seek the removal from the register of any Spanish mark
registered after the trade name in question and incompatible with it.
B. Applications for the removal of trade marks from the register
1. At first instance
15. Article 270 EPI makes provision for a special procedure for
applying for the removal of a trade mark from the official register.
The first-instance court prepares the file and transmits it to the
Audiencia Territorial, which seeks the opinion of the legal department
of the industrial property register and holds a hearing.
2. In the Supreme Court
16. Judgments given at first instance by the Audiencia Territorial
concerning the removal of trade marks from the register may be
challenged only by an appeal on points of law to the Supreme Court
(Article 270 para. 12 EPI).
The complaints concerning the impugned judgment must be
expressed in the form of grounds for cassation (motivos de casación -
Article 1707 of the Code of Civil Procedure), of which there are a
limited number, for instance failure to comply with essential
procedural requirements and violation of the law (Article 1692, nos. 3
and 4 of the Code of Civil Procedure).
17. Argument is presented on the submissions declared admissible,
at a public hearing if all the parties so request or if the court
considers it necessary. The respondent may appear and plead for the
dismissal of the appeal and the confirmation of the impugned judgment
(Articles 1711 in fine and 1713 of the Code of Civil Procedure).
18. Except in respect of purely formal or procedural matters, the
Chamber which allows an appeal submission does not merely quash the
judgment. It must rule on the merits of the case, taking account of
all the arguments adduced by the parties in the course of the
proceedings (Article 1715 para. 1, third paragraph, of the Code of
Civil Procedure).
C. The obligation to give reasoned judgments
19. Under Article 120 para. 3 of the Constitution, "judgments shall
always contain a statement of the grounds on which they are based and
be delivered in public". As an aspect of the effective protection of
individuals by the judiciary and the courts, recognised as a
fundamental right by Article 24 para. 1 of the Constitution, the
obligation to state the reasons for judicial decisions may be the
subject of an individual appeal to the Constitutional Court (recurso
de amparo).
20. According to Article 359 of the Code of Civil Procedure:
"Judgments must be clear and precise and must address
specifically the applications and other claims made in the
course of the proceedings; they must find for or against the
defendant and rule on all the disputed points which have been
the subject of argument.
Such points must be dealt with separately in the judgment."
When a court gives a decision on the merits it must therefore
rule on all the submissions adduced by the parties, otherwise the
judgment will be flawed for failure to give an adequate statement of
the grounds (incongruencia omisiva). However, according to the
case-law, the court is not under a duty to deal expressly in its
judgment with each of the submissions made by the parties where its
decision to allow one of the claims entails by implication the
rejection of the submission in question.
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION
21. Mrs Hiro Balani applied to the Commission on 30 January 1991.
Relying on Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention, she
complained that she had not had a fair hearing in so far as the Supreme
Court had not addressed in its judgment all the submissions made by her
in the first-instance proceedings.
22. The Commission declared the application (no. 18064/91)
admissible on 30 March 1993. In its report of 15 October 1993
(Article 31) (art. 31), the Commission expressed the unanimous opinion
that there had been a violation of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1). The
full text of the Commission's opinion is reproduced as an annex to this
judgment*.
_______________
* Note by the Registrar. For practical reasons this annex will appear
only with the printed version of the judgment (volume 303-B of
Series A of the Publications of the Court), but a copy of the
Commission's report is obtainable from the registry.
_______________
FINAL SUBMISSIONS TO THE COURT
23. At the hearing the Government requested the Court to hold that
"the Kingdom of Spain [had] fulfilled its obligations deriving from the
Convention".
The applicant asked the Court to "find that the Spanish State
[had] violated paragraph 1 of Article 6 (art. 6-1) of the Convention".
AS TO THE LAW
I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 PARA. 1 (art. 6-1) OF THE
CONVENTION
24. According to the applicant, the total failure of the Supreme
Court to address in its judgment the submission based on the priority
of her trade name "Creacions Orient" (see paragraph 10 above) breached
Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention, which provides as
follows:
"In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ...,
everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by [a] ...
tribunal ..."
25. The Commission in substance accepted this view. It added that
the silence of the Supreme Court in this matter could give rise to
doubts as to the scope of the examination conducted by that court.
26. According to the Government, on the other hand, the priority
claim was entirely irrelevant. "Creacions Orient" protected imitation
articles, whereas the action was directed at securing the removal from
the register of a trade mark for watches. This had been the opinion
not only of the legal department of the industrial property register
in the report that it had submitted in the first-instance court (see
paragraph 13 above), but also of the Supreme Court itself. The latter
court, on an appeal lodged by the applicant in connection with another
action brought by the same company whereby it had sought the removal
from the register of the trade mark for watches "Orient", had delivered
a judgment on 30 March 1989 in which it rejected briefly but expressly
the submission based on the priority of "Creacions Orient". The
Supreme Court had based its finding in this respect on the difference
between the products for which that mark had been registered and those
sold under the trade name of the Japanese company.
Mrs Hiro Balani could therefore have been in no doubt as to the
futility of her submission and the consequent inevitability of its
dismissal. This was shown by the fact that, simultaneously to the
proceedings in issue, the applicant had applied to the industrial
property register to have the protection of the mark "Creacions Orient"
extended to cover clocks and watches.
27. The Court reiterates that Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) obliges
the courts to give reasons for their judgments, but cannot be
understood as requiring a detailed answer to every argument (see the
Van de Hurk v. the Netherlands judgment of 19 April 1994, Series A
no. 288, p. 20, para. 61). The extent to which this duty to give
reasons applies may vary according to the nature of the decision. It
is moreover necessary to take into account, inter alia, the diversity
of the submissions that a litigant may bring before the courts and the
differences existing in the Contracting States with regard to statutory
provisions, customary rules, legal opinion and the presentation and
drafting of judgments. That is why the question whether a court has
failed to fulfil the obligation to state reasons, deriving from
Article 6 (art. 6) of the Convention, can only be determined in the
light of the circumstances of the case.
28. In the present case Mrs Hiro Balani contested the action for
the removal of her trade mark from the register, inter alia, by a
submission based on the priority of another mark that she owned. This
submission was made in writing before the first-instance court and was
formulated in a sufficiently clear and precise manner. An official
certificate was submitted with it as evidence. The Supreme Court,
which quashed the first-instance decision and gave a new ruling on the
merits, was bound, under the applicable procedural law (see
paragraph 18 above), to review all the submissions made during the
proceedings, at least in so far as they had been "the subject of
argument" (see paragraph 20 above), and even if they were not expressly
repeated in the appeal on points of law.
The Court notes that it is not its task to examine whether the
submission based on the priority ratione temporis of "Creacions Orient"
was well-founded; it falls to the national courts to determine
questions of that nature. It confines itself to observing that it is
not necessary to conduct such an examination in order to conclude that
the submission was in any event relevant. If the national court had
held the submission to be well-founded, it would of necessity have had
to dismiss the plaintiff's action.
It is therefore necessary to establish whether in the present
case the silence of the Supreme Court can reasonably be construed as
an implied rejection. The question whether the Japanese company could
assert its right to its trade name "Orient Watch Co. Ltd" vis-à-vis the
holder of a prior right to the mark "Creacions Orient" is, as a matter
of law and logic, different from the question whether the later mark
"Orient H.W. Balani Málaga" was compatible with that trade name. It
therefore required a specific and express reply. In the absence of
such a reply, it is impossible to ascertain whether the Supreme Court
simply neglected to deal with the submission based on the prior right
to the mark "Creacions Orient" or whether it intended to dismiss it
and, if that were its intention, what its reasons were for so deciding.
Neither the applicant's request to have the list of articles covered
by the entry in the industrial property register extended, nor the fact
that the legal department of the industrial property register had
stated the view in its report to the first-instance court that the
submission should be dismissed, nor yet the fact that, according to the
Government, the Supreme Court had already expressed the same opinion
in a decision in proceedings involving the same parties in an identical
context makes any difference to this finding. There has therefore been
a violation of Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1).
II. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 50 (art. 50) OF THE CONVENTION
29. Under Article 50 (art. 50),
"If the Court finds that a decision or a measure taken by a
legal authority or any other authority of a High Contracting
Party is completely or partially in conflict with the
obligations arising from the ... Convention, and if the
internal law of the said Party allows only partial reparation
to be made for the consequences of this decision or measure,
the decision of the Court shall, if necessary, afford just
satisfaction to the injured party."
A. Non-pecuniary damage
30. Mrs Hiro Balani claimed 750,000 pesetas in compensation for the
non-pecuniary damage that she had allegedly sustained.
The Government considered that a finding of a violation of the
Convention would constitute sufficient satisfaction.
The Delegate of the Commission left the matter to the
discretion of the Court.
31. The Court takes the view that the applicant may have suffered
non-pecuniary damage, but that the present judgment affords her
sufficient satisfaction in this respect.
B. Costs and expenses
32. Mrs Hiro Balani also sought the reimbursement of
997,050 pesetas in respect of the costs and expenses incurred in the
Constitutional Court and before the Convention institutions.
The Government regarded this claim as excessive.
The Delegate of the Commission left this question to be
determined by the Court.
33. Having regard to the criteria it applies in this field, the
Court awards the amount claimed in its entirety.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT
1. Holds by eight votes to one that there has been a violation of
Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) of the Convention;
2. Holds unanimously that the present judgment constitutes in
itself sufficient just satisfaction in respect of the alleged
non-pecuniary damage;
3. Holds unanimously that the respondent State is to pay the
applicant, within three months, 997,050 (nine hundred
ninety-seven thousand and fifty) pesetas for costs and
expenses.
Done in English and in French, and delivered at a public
hearing in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 9 December 1994.
Signed: Rolv RYSSDAL
President
Signed: Herbert PETZOLD
Acting Registrar
In accordance with Article 51 para. 2 (art. 51-2) of the
Convention and Rule 53 para. 2 of Rules of Court A, the dissenting
opinion of Mr Bernhardt is annexed to this judgment.
Initialled: R. R.
Initialled: H. P.
DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BERNHARDT
I am unable to follow the majority in this case, essentially
for the same reasons expressed in my dissenting opinion in the case of
Ruiz Torija v. Spain. In the present case, the Spanish Supreme Court
was hardly under the obligation to answer expressly a question which
it had already answered on another occasion (see paragraphs 10, 11
and 28 of the judgment).