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You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> European Court of Human Rights >> CROISSANT v. GERMANY - 13611/88 [1992] ECHR 60 (25 September 1992)
URL: http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1992/60.html
Cite as: 16 EHRR 135, [1992] ECHR 60, (1993) 16 EHRR 135, (1992) 16 EHRR 135
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In the case of Croissant v. Germany*,
The European Court of Human Rights, sitting, in accordance
with Article 43 (art. 43) of the Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention")** and the
relevant provisions of the Rules of Court, as a Chamber composed of
the following judges:
Mr R. Ryssdal, President,
Mr R. Bernhardt,
Mr F. Gölcüklü,
Mr F. Matscher,
Mr B. Walsh,
Mr J. De Meyer,
Mr S.K. Martens,
Mr J.M. Morenilla,
Mr F. Bigi,
and also of Mr M.-A. Eissen, Registrar, and Mr H. Petzold, Deputy
Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 27 March and
28 August 1992,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the
last-mentioned date:
_______________
Notes by the Registrar
* The case is numbered 62/1991/314/385. The first number is the
case's position on the list of cases referred to the Court in the
relevant year (second number). The last two numbers indicate the
case's position on the list of cases referred to the Court since its
creations and on the list of the corresponding originaing
applications to the Commission.
** As amended by Article 11 of Protocol No. 8 (P8-11), which came
into force on 1 January 1990.
_______________
PROCEDURE
1. The case was referred to the Court on 19 April 1991 by the
European Commission of Human Rights ("the Commission"), within the
three-month period laid down in Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47
(art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. It originated in an
application (no. 13611/88) against Germany lodged with the
Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by Mr Klaus Croissant, a
German national, on 3 December 1987.
The Commission's request referred to Articles 44 and 48
(art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Germany recognised
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46).
The object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether or
not the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State
of its obligations under Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (c) (art. 6-1,
art. 6-3-c).
2. In response to the enquiry made in accordance with
Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of the Rules of Court, the applicant stated that
he wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer
who would represent him (Rule 30). The President gave the lawyer
leave to use the German language (Rule 27 para. 3).
3. The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio
Mr R. Bernhardt, the elected judge of German nationality (Article 43
of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of
the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b)). On 23 April 1991 the President
drew by lot, in the presence of the Registrar, the names of the
seven other members, namely Mr F. Gölcüklü, Mr J. Pinheiro Farinha,
Mr B. Walsh, Mr R. Macdonald, Mr J. De Meyer, Mr S.K. Martens and Mr
F. Bigi (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4)
(art. 43). Subsequently, Mr F. Matscher and Mr J.M. Morenilla,
substitute judges, replaced respectively Mr Pinheiro Farinha, who
had resigned and whose successor had taken up his duties before the
hearing (Rules 2 para. 3 and 22 para. 1), and Mr Macdonald, who was
unable to take part in the further consideration of the case (Rules
22 para. 1 and 24 para. 1).
4. Mr Ryssdal assumed the office of President of the Chamber
(Rule 21 para. 5) and, through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of
the German Government ("the Government"), the Delegate of the
Commission and the representative of the applicant on the
organisation of the procedure (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant
to the order made in consequence, the registry received, on
13 September 1991, the applicant's memorial and, on 16 September,
the Government's. On 11 October 1991 the Secretary to the
Commission informed the Registrar that the Delegate would submit her
observations at the hearing. On 16 March 1992 he filed several
documents.
On 28 February 1992 the Chamber had decided, after
considering the observations of the Agent of the Government and the
Delegate of the Commission thereon, to reject a request by the
applicant for the hearing of witnesses.
5. In accordance with the decision of the President - who had
also given the representatives of the Government leave to plead in
German (Rule 27 para. 2) - the hearing took place in public in the
Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 23 March 1992. The Court had
held a preparatory meeting beforehand.
There appeared before the Court:
(a) for the Government
Mr J. Meyer-Ladewig, Ministerialdirigent,
Federal Ministry of Justice, Agent,
Mr U. Heissler, President of the Stuttgart
Regional Court,
Mr G. Uhink, Principal Administrator, Counsel;
(b) for the Commission
Mrs G.H. Thune, Delegate;
(c) for the applicant
Mr K. Eschen, Rechtsanwalt, Counsel.
The Court heard addresses by Mr Meyer-Ladewig for the
Government, by Mrs Thune for the Commission and by Mr Eschen for the
applicant, as well as their replies to questions put by the Court.
The Government and the applicant filed several documents.
AS TO THE FACTS
I. The particular circumstances of the case
6. Mr Klaus Croissant, a German national, is a lawyer who
practises in Berlin. At the material time, he was facing criminal
proceedings in the Stuttgart Regional Court (Landgericht) in
connection with his activities as the lawyer of various members of
the "Red Army Faction" (RAF).
A. Designation of court-appointed lawyers
7. Initially he was represented by two lawyers of his choice:
Mr Baier, practising in Mannheim, and Mr Kempf, having his office in
Frankfurt. Subsequently, on 2 August 1976, they were designated, at
his request, to represent him as court-appointed defence counsel.
The applicant had, moreover, chosen three further lawyers to assist
in his defence, two of whom were French, but they did not
participate in the criminal proceedings in question here.
8. On 11 January 1978, on an application by the prosecuting
authority, the President of the Regional Court designated as third
court-appointed defence counsel, Mr Hauser, a lawyer practising in
Stuttgart.
9. Mr Croissant raised objections both to the appointment of a
third defence counsel itself and to the choice of the person
concerned. He objected in particular that Mr Hauser was a member of
the Social Democratic Party (SPD), while he was fundamentally
opposed to that party. He requested either that the decision
appointing Mr Hauser be annulled or that the latter be replaced by
Mr Künzel, who also had his office in Stuttgart.
Mr Hauser for his part asked to be relieved of his duties
in the case.
The Regional Court dismissed both applications on
1 March 1978.
On the first point it considered that it had been necessary
to appoint a third defence counsel to ensure that the trial would
take its course according to the principles laid down in the Code of
Criminal Procedure and, in any event, that the accused was
adequately represented throughout the trial, having regard to its
possible length and to the size and complexity of the case.
As to the other objection, it agreed that when selecting a
lawyer to be appointed as defence counsel the court should, as a
rule, endeavour to choose a lawyer in whom the defendant places
confidence. This rule was formulated for cases where the defendant
has no defence counsel and the court must appoint one. However, at
Mr Croissant's request, the court had appointed two defence counsel
who enjoyed his full confidence. Nevertheless, when selecting the
third court-appointed defence counsel, the court had not only taken
into consideration which lawyer would offer the best guarantees for
a proper and effective defence, having regard to the subject-matter
of the trial, the factual and legal complexity of the case and the
personality of the defendant. It had also tried to choose one in
whom the defendant would probably be able to place confidence.
Taking into account all the circumstances which were
relevant for assessing whether Mr Hauser was a suitable person to
defend Mr Croissant, the court held that the fact that Mr Hauser was
a member of the SPD did not justify revoking his appointment: in so
far as the defendant might wish the defence to make a sharp attack
on the politics of this party, the other court-appointed counsel
offered all the guarantees. Mr Hauser too had expressed the opinion
that he was in a position to appear for the defendant in spite of
their political differences.
Finally, Mr Künzel was defending one of Mr Croissant's
former employees in other proceedings and the possibility of a
conflict of interests could not be ruled out.
10. On 6 March 1978 the Stuttgart Court of Appeal
(Oberlandesgericht) upheld this decision. It recalled that,
according to the case-law of the Federal Constitutional Court
(Bundesverfassungsgericht), an appointment to act as defence counsel
could and should only be revoked when its purpose - that is, to
ensure that the accused will be adequately defended and the
proceedings properly conducted - is seriously endangered. On
similar grounds as the first-instance court, it held that
Mr Croissant had not established that this requirement was met in
respect of Mr Hauser's appointment.
As to the appointment of a third defence counsel, the court
found nothing to criticise. To appoint a further defence counsel
having his office within the Regional Court's jurisdiction had been
objectively justified by reason of the length of the proceedings,
which could not be predicted accurately, and the size and complexity
of the case.
As to Mr Hauser's request to be discharged from the case,
the court found that unjustified too. Neither Mr Croissant nor
Mr Hauser maintained, nor was there anything to show, that the
relations between them were so strained or they had quarrelled in
such a way as to make a proper defence impossible.
11. Subsequently, Mr Croissant tried to secure the additional
assistance of Mr Künzel, by choosing him as defence counsel, but to
no avail. Under Article 137 para. 1 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, an accused may not be represented by more than three such
lawyers (see paragraph 20 below) and he had already retained three
counsel of his own choice (see paragraph 7 above).
At the trial, which lasted seventy-three days, the
applicant was represented by the three court-appointed defence
counsel.
B. The order to pay costs and its consequences
12. On 16 February 1979 the Stuttgart Regional Court convicted
the applicant of supporting a criminal organisation and sentenced
him to two years and six months' imprisonment; he was also barred
from practising his profession for a period of four years and
ordered to pay the costs and expenses, including those which he had
been compelled to incur himself.
On 14 November 1979 the Federal Court of Justice
(Bundesgerichtshof) dismissed Mr Croissant's appeal on points of
law.
13. On 27 December 1979 the costs office (Gerichtskasse) of the
Regional Court set the costs and expenses at DM 239,439.30,
including DM 209,683.20 for the fees and disbursements of the three
court-appointed defence counsel. In an additional bill
(Kostenrechnung) of 15 April 1981 it fixed the final amount at
DM 253,246.16, DM 218,863.17 of which represented the lawyers' fees
and disbursements. The amount payable in respect of Mr Hauser was
DM 63,012.79.
14. The applicant lodged an objection (Erinnerung) against this
assessment, which he considered to be incompatible with
Article 6 para. 3 (c) (art. 6-3-c) of the Convention. He argued
that once free legal assistance had been granted no payment could
subsequently be demanded, so that he was under no obligation to pay
the court-appointed lawyers and in particular Mr Hauser, who had
been imposed on him.
On 20 November 1986 the Regional Court dismissed the
objection; it referred to the opinion which prevailed in German
case-law and literature on the subject, which opinion had been
endorsed by the Commission in a decision of 6 May 1982 (application
no. 9365/81, Decisions and Reports 28, p. 229).
15. Mr Croissant lodged an appeal (Beschwerde) in the Stuttgart
Court of Appeal, based on the same grounds. He stressed their
particular relevance to Mr Hauser, who had been appointed against
Mr Croissant's will.
On 30 April 1987 the appeal was allowed in respect of two
minor items (DM 113,70 in total), but was dismissed as to the main
issue. The Court of Appeal held that the designation of a third
court-appointed defence counsel had corresponded to a pressing need
- ensuring an adequate defence -, on account of the scope and
complexity of the case and in view of the probable duration of the
trial. If the court, when making the appointment, had also
purported to secure that the trial would take its legal course, it
had rightly done so since that was a legitimate interest to be taken
into account as well. As to the applicant's arguments based on
Article 6 para. 3 (c) (art. 6-3-c) of the Convention, the court
endorsed the reasons given by the Regional Court. It added that the
financial means of the defendant are immaterial for deciding whether
or not the court should appoint a defence counsel. The question
whether a convicted person is able to pay only arises after the
criminal proceedings have ended.
16. On 23 June 1987 the Federal Constitutional Court, sitting
as a panel of three judges, refused to entertain Mr Croissant's
constitutional appeal (Verfassungsbeschwerde), taking the view that
it had no prospect of success. In the light of the Commission's
case-law, the court considered that it did not follow from
Article 6 para. 3 (c) (art. 6-3-c) of the Convention that legal
assistance was definitively provided free. It held that a convicted
person's obligation to pay costs and expenses derived from the fact
that proceedings had been brought as a result of his own conduct.
The principle of the "social state" (Sozialstaatsprinzip) and the
right to a fair trial no doubt guaranteed that, where necessary,
legal assistance be accorded to an indigent accused, but they did
not require him to be definitively dispensed from paying the fees
incurred. The law on legal costs and expenses made available other
possibilities (arrangements for payment or stay of execution) to
take effective account of the financial difficulties of the
convicted person. Finally, the Court of Appeal's conclusion
regarding the necessity of appointing Mr Hauser as the third lawyer
(see paragraph 15 above) was coherent and in any event had not been
arbitrary.
17. In 1985 the applicant had already requested an extension of
the time-limit for payment (Stundung), but this was refused by the
President of the Stuttgart District Court (Amtsgericht) on
8 February 1988. After a first appeal (Beschwerde) had failed, his
further appeal (weitere Beschwerde) was allowed on 18 August 1989,
when the Stuttgart Court of Appeal quashed the earlier decisions and
remitted the matter to the District Court. It considered that a
decision to grant such an extension was primarily intended to
facilitate the rehabilitation of a debtor who had already served his
sentence. It was accordingly necessary to take account of the
appellant's argument that a rejection of his request would force him
to make a declaration of assets (Offenbarungseid) and would hamper
his efforts to resume practising as a lawyer. It was also necessary
to bear in mind that the applicant had agreed to the inspection of
his documents and accounts by a member of the Berlin Bar, in order
to assess his income, and that the Federal Ministry of Justice had
proposed to ask him to make a confidential statement under oath
before a notary instead of a declaration of assets. Even though
granting the extension would mean in reality that a large part of
the debt would remain unpaid indefinitely, that did not justify a
refusal; in any event it was unlikely that the total amount could
ever be recovered. It was therefore necessary to reconsider the
question and to determine whether it was possible to authorise
smaller payments by instalments.
18. As a result, the President of the District Court granted
several extensions of the time-limit, on the most recent occasion
until March 1992. However, in October 1989, on his own initiative,
Mr Croissant started to pay DM 50 per month, on the condition that
this sum not be used to pay the court-appointed lawyers.
19. In 1985, 1987 and 1988 he had unsuccessfully sought to have
the debt cancelled. A fourth such request, filed on 1 October 1990,
led to an order made by the President of the Court of Appeal on
10 July 1991. Whilst dismissing the remainder of the application,
he reserved, pending the ruling of the European Court of Human
Rights, his decision on the payment of the fees and expenses of the
court-appointed lawyers.
II. The applicable domestic law
20. The following provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure
concerning assistance by defence counsel are relevant in the present
case.
Article 137
"(1) The accused (Beschuldigter) may be assisted by a
lawyer at any stage of the proceedings. He may not be
represented by more than three lawyers of his own choice.
(2) ..."
Article 140
"(1) The assistance of a defence counsel is necessary
where:
1. the trial at first instance is conducted in the
Court of Appeal or the Regional Court;
..."
Article 141
"(1) In the cases provided for in Article 140 (1) and (2),
a defence counsel shall be appointed for an accused who has
been officially charged before the court (Angeschuldigter)
and is not yet represented by counsel, as soon as the
accused is invited ... to make a statement on the
indictment.
(2) Where the necessity of a defence counsel only becomes
apparent at a later stage, one shall be appointed
immediately.
(3) ...
(4) ..."
According to the case-law of the Federal Court of Justice
and the Federal Constitutional Court, Article 141 (1) does not
preclude a court from appointing, when it holds this to be necessary
in the interests of justice, one or more defence counsel for an
accused who is already represented by one or more counsel of his own
choice.
Article 142
"(1) In so far as possible, the President of the court
shall designate the lawyer to be appointed from among the
lawyers admitted to plead in a court within the same
jurisdiction. The accused shall be offered the opportunity
of indicating a lawyer of his choice within a prescribed
time-limit. Unless there are important reasons for not
doing so, the President shall appoint the lawyer indicated
by the accused.
(2) ..."
Under Articles 48 and 49 of the German Regulations on
Lawyers (Bundesrechtsanwaltsordnung), a lawyer designated as court-
appointed defence counsel is obliged to assume the defence, but may
request that the appointment be revoked when there are weighty
grounds for doing so.
Article 465
"1. The defendant shall bear the costs in so far as they
ensue from proceedings brought on account of an offence for
which he has been convicted ..."
21. The Land of Baden-Württemberg Law of 30 March 1971 on court
costs provides as follows:
Article 7
"(1) The payment of legal costs and other debts provided
for in Article 1 (1), nos. 5 to 9, of the Regulation on the
recovery of costs ... of 11 March 1937 ... may be deferred
where their immediate payment would cause exceptional
hardship to the person liable to pay and if such a
deferment does not jeopardise the debt ...
(2) The debts referred to in paragraph 1 may be partly or
wholly remitted :
1. if this seems appropriate in the pursuit of
aims serving the public good;
2. where payment entails exceptional hardship for
the person liable to pay;
3. where this is equitable on other specific
grounds.
The same applies in regard to the reimbursement or
crediting of sums already paid.
(3) The competent Minister shall take the decision provided
for in paragraphs 1 and 2. In certain categories of cases
he may delegate this power, in whole or in part, to
subordinate authorities."
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION
22. Mr Croissant lodged his application with the Commission on
3 December 1987. He relied on Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (c)
(art. 6-1, art. 6-3-c) of the Convention and complained that he had
been ordered to pay the fees and expenses of three court-appointed
lawyers.
23. The Commission declared the application (no. 13611/88)
admissible on 8 December 1989. In its report of 7 March 1991
(Article 31) (art. 31), it expressed the opinion that there had been
no violation either in respect of the fees and expenses of Mr Baier
and Mr Kempf (unanimously) or in respect of those of Mr Hauser
(seven votes to four). The full text of its opinion and of the two
separate opinions contained in the report is reproduced as an annex
to this judgment*.
_______________
* Note by the Registrar: for practical reasons this annex will
appear only with the printed version of the judgment (volume 237-B
of Series A of the Publications of the Court), but a copy of the
Commission's report is available from the registry.
_______________
FINAL SUBMISSIONS TO THE COURT
24. The applicant asked the Court to find the fact that he was
required to pay the costs of two lawyers appointed by the court with
his consent and a third appointed essentially to ensure the
continuance of the trial to be contrary to Article 6 para. 3 (c)
(art. 6-3-c).
For their part, the Government invited the Court to find:
"... that, in this case, the Federal Republic of Germany has not
violated Article 6 (art. 6) of the Convention."
AS TO THE LAW
A. Introduction
25. Mr Croissant alleged a violation of Article 6 (art. 6) of
the Convention. The paragraphs of that Article on which he relied
- 3 (c) in conjunction with 1 (art. 6-3-c, art. 6-1) - provide as
follows:
"1. In the determination of ... any criminal charge against
him, everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by [a]
... tribunal ..."
"3. Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the
following minimum rights:
...
(c) to defend himself in person or through legal assistance
of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to
pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the
interests of justice so require;
..."
His complaint was directed against the order requiring him
to reimburse to the State the fees and disbursements of the three
counsel officially appointed by the Stuttgart Regional Court to
defend him, namely Mr Baier and Mr Kempf, at his request, and
Mr Hauser, against his wishes ("the reimbursement order"). He
submitted that this order:
(a) in so far as it related to the three counsel, violated
the right of a defendant without sufficient means to pay for legal
assistance to be given it free if the interests of justice so
required, it being implicit that the costs thereof could not
subsequently be recovered from him; and
(b) in so far as it related to Mr Hauser, raised the even
more important issue of an accused's right to choose his own
counsel, such right being an essential element in the notion of fair
trial under Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) as well as being explicitly
confirmed by Article 6 para. 3 (c) (art. 6-3-c).
The Government contested these allegations. The Commission
expressed the opinion that there had been no violation.
26. The applicant's submissions involve a series of
interrelated issues, not all of which, in fact, fall within the
compass of the case before the Court.
His general complaint regarding the reimbursement order
raises the question whether it is compatible with Article 6 (art. 6)
for the State to seek to recover from an accused, after he has been
convicted, the fees and disbursements of one or more defence counsel
who were appointed by the competent court on the ground that the
interests of justice so required and who, in accordance with its
order, provided him during his trial with assistance for which they
did not charge him at the time. An analysis of this complaint
reveals that attention must be given to both the initial appointment
itself and the subsequent reimbursement order. The former raises
- irrespective of the accused's means - issues under Article 6
(art. 6), especially as regards the meaning of the phrase "to defend
himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing";
it will therefore be examined first, for if the appointment was
incompatible with Article 6 (art. 6), the same would apply to a
decision to recover the costs occasioned thereby.
B. The appointment of the lawyers
27. The applicant did not contest that German law empowered and
obliged the Regional Court to appoint, even against his own wishes,
one or more lawyers to defend him if the interests of justice so
required. Whilst not disputing that this condition was met as
regards the nomination of Mr Baier and Mr Kempf, the applicant
maintained that it was not as regards the nomination of Mr Hauser.
The requirement that a defendant be assisted by counsel at
all stages of the Regional Court's proceedings (Article 140 of the
Code of Criminal Procedure; see paragraph 20 above) - which finds
parallels in the legislation of other Contracting States - cannot,
in the Court's opinion, be deemed incompatible with the Convention.
Again, the appointment of more than one defence counsel is
not of itself inconsistent with the Convention and may indeed be
called for in specific cases in the interests of justice. However,
before nominating more than one counsel a court should pay heed to
the accused's views as to the number needed, especially where, as in
Germany, he will in principle have to bear the consequent costs if
he is convicted. An appointment that runs counter to those wishes
will be incompatible with the notion of fair trial under
Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) if, even taking into account a proper
margin of appreciation, it lacks relevant and sufficient
justification.
28. The applicant submitted that the nomination of a third
defence counsel in his case was unnecessary and lacked relevant and
sufficient justification since its main aim was to convenience the
court by ensuring that his trial proceeded without interruptions or
adjournments.
The Court is not convinced by this argument. In the first
place, avoiding interruptions or adjournments corresponds to an
interest of justice which is relevant in the present context and may
well justify an appointment against the accused's wishes. Moreover,
the nomination of Mr Hauser had additional aims. It was based,
according to the Regional Court's decision of 1 March 1978 (which
was upheld by the Stuttgart Court of Appeal), on the need to ensure
that Mr Croissant was adequately represented throughout his trial,
having regard to its probable length and to the size and complexity
of the case; the Regional Court stressed that its selection of
Mr Hauser was grounded on its view that he possessed the
qualifications called for by those special features (see
paragraphs 9-10 above).
29. Whilst the appointment of Mr Baier and Mr Kempf obviously
does not raise any problems as regards the applicant's right to be
defended by counsel of his own choosing, the appointment of
Mr Hauser does. The applicant emphasised that although the Regional
Court knew that he had no confidence in Mr Hauser when it nominated
him, the courts had refused to replace him by the lawyer proposed by
the applicant (see paragraph 9 above).
It is true that Article 6 para. 3 (c) (art. 6-3-c) entitles
"everyone charged with a criminal offence" to be defended by counsel
of his own choosing (see the Pakelli v. Germany judgment of
25 April 1983, Series A no. 64, p. 15, para. 31). Nevertheless, and
notwithstanding the importance of a relationship of confidence
between lawyer and client, this right cannot be considered to be
absolute. It is necessarily subject to certain limitations where
free legal aid is concerned and also where, as in the present case,
it is for the courts to decide whether the interests of justice
require that the accused be defended by counsel appointed by them.
When appointing defence counsel the national courts must certainly
have regard to the defendant's wishes; indeed, German law
contemplates such a course (Article 142 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure; see paragraph 20 above). However, they can override
those wishes when there are relevant and sufficient grounds for
holding that this is necessary in the interests of justice.
30. In its decision of 1 March 1978, the Regional Court
stressed that it had selected Mr Hauser because it considered that,
having regard to the subject-matter of the trial, the complexity of
the factual and legal issues involved and the defendant's
personality, he offered the best guarantees of an adequate defence.
Furthermore, it found that the reason advanced by the applicant for
his being unable to place confidence in Mr Hauser was not valid; in
this connection, it also had regard to the fact that the applicant
himself had chosen the other two court-appointed lawyers (see
paragraph 9 above). The Stuttgart Court of Appeal, which upheld the
Regional Court's decision, added that Mr Hauser had been appointed
because, unlike those two lawyers, he had his office within the
Regional Court's jurisdiction (see paragraph 10 above); this would
have had advantages, having regard to the expected length of the
trial, in the event that they had been unable to attend. The
appointment was also, the Court notes, in accordance with German law
(Article 142 of the Code of Criminal Procedure; see paragraph 20
above).
Finally, in the opinion of the Regional Court there were
valid reasons - namely a possible conflict of interests between
Mr Croissant and one of his former employees - for refusing to
designate Mr Künzel (see paragraph 9 above).
The grounds on which the national courts based their
appointment of Mr Hauser and their rejection of the reasons advanced
by the applicant in favour of its revocation are, in the Court's
view, relevant and sufficient.
31. Furthermore, the Government maintained - and this was
confirmed by Mr Croissant's counsel at the Court's hearing - that
Mr Hauser took an active part in the defence and was closely
involved with the other two counsel in planning the strategy to be
adopted. Accordingly, his designation cannot be said to have
adversely affected the applicant's defence.
32. To sum up, the appointment of the three lawyers in question
cannot be held to have been incompatible with the requirements of
paragraphs 3 (c) and 1 of Article 6 (art. 6-3-c, art. 6-1), taken
together.
C. The reimbursement order
33. Unlike the rights embodied in other provisions of
Article 6 para. 3 (art. 6-3) (for example, sub-paragraph (e)
(art. 6-3-e) - see the Luedicke, Belkacem and Koç v. Germany
judgment of 28 November 1978, Series A no. 29, pp. 16-17, para. 40),
the right to free legal assistance conferred by sub-paragraph (c)
(art. 6-3-c) is not absolute; such assistance is to be provided only
if the accused "has not sufficient means to pay".
34. The applicant's complaints in this respect (see
paragraph 25 (a) above) are formulated as though Mr Baier, Mr Kempf
and Mr Hauser had been appointed pursuant to a grant of free legal
assistance within the meaning of Article 6 para. 3 (c) (art. 6-3-c).
However, that is not so. Under German law, whether one or more
counsel should be appointed to defend an accused is a matter that is
determined solely in the light of the requirements of the interests
of justice, the question whether he has sufficient means to pay for
legal assistance of his own choosing being wholly immaterial at that
stage of the proceedings (see paragraph 15 above). Accordingly, the
present case does not involve the question whether Article 6
(art. 6) in all circumstances prevents the State from subsequently
seeking to recover the cost of free legal assistance given to a
defendant who lacked sufficient means at the time of the trial.
35. This does not, however, dispense the Court from examining
whether Article 6 (art. 6) has been violated in other respects.
In this context the Court recalls that under German law an
accused who is acquitted is, irrespective of his means, under no
obligation to pay either the court costs or the fees of the court-
appointed lawyers; all these items are borne by the State. On the
other hand, a convicted person is in principle always bound to pay
the fees and disbursements of his court-appointed lawyers, this
being held to be a normal consequence of the conviction.
It is only in the enforcement procedure that follows the
final judgment that the financial situation of the convicted person
plays a role; in this respect, it is immaterial whether he had
sufficient means during the trial, only his situation after the
conviction being relevant.
36. Such a system would not be compatible with Article 6
(art. 6) of the Convention if it adversely affected the fairness of
the proceedings. However, it cannot be said that the system
generally produces such a result or did so in the present case. As
already stated, the appointment of the three defence counsel was
compatible with the requirements of Article 6 (art. 6) (see
paragraph 32 above). Accordingly, it is not incompatible with that
provision that the applicant is liable to pay their fees. The
national courts were entitled to consider it necessary to appoint
them and the amounts claimed for them are not excessive.
37. Finally, it is not necessary to decide the question
whether, under a system like the German one, it would be compatible
with Article 6 para. 3 (c) (art. 6-3-c) of the Convention for the
State to continue to seek full or partial reimbursement of expenses
after the convicted person has established, in the enforcement
proceedings, that he lacks sufficient means to bear the costs of his
defence.
In this respect, the Government noted that, in accordance
with the standard practice followed in the Land of
Baden-Württemberg, a costs debtor who has a source of income will be
granted a remission of costs only after he has made some payment
towards them; where the costs are high, the greater part of them
will often be remitted.
Taking into account the recent decisions of the Presidents
of the Stuttgart Court of Appeal and District Court (see
paragraphs 18-19 above), there is no reason to doubt that, should
the applicant be able to establish that he cannot afford to pay the
entire amount, the relevant legislation and practice will be applied
(see paragraph 21 above). In this respect the Court considers it
admissible, under the Convention, that the burden of proving a lack
of sufficient means should be borne by the person who pleads it.
38. The Court concludes that the reimbursement order is not
incompatible with Article 6 para. 3 (c) (art. 6-3-c). On this point
too, there has been no violation of Article 6 (art. 6).
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT
1. Holds unanimously that the obligation for the applicant to
pay the fees of the first two court-appointed lawyers did
not violate Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (c) (art. 6-1,
art. 6-3-c);
2. Holds by eight votes to one that the appointment of the
third such lawyer and the obligation for the applicant to
pay that lawyer's fees did not violate the said provisions
either.
Done in English and in French, and delivered at a public
hearing in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on
25 September 1992.
Signed: Rolv RYSSDAL
President
Signed: Marc-André EISSEN
Registrar
In accordance with Article 51 para. 2 (art. 51-2) of the
Convention and Rule 53 para. 2 of the Rules of Court, the separate
opinion of Mr De Meyer is annexed to this judgment.
Initialled: R.R.
Initialled: M.-A.E.
DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE DE MEYER
(Translation)
I have no difficulty in finding, in common with my fellow
judges, that the Stuttgart Regional Court did not violate any of the
applicant's fundamental rights in deciding that a third defence
counsel should be appointed for him.
With reference to the choice of defence counsel, however, I
consider that Mr Croissant was entitled to refuse the assistance of
a lawyer in whom he had no confidence, just as the court was
entitled to refuse, for valid reasons, to appoint the lawyer
suggested by the applicant.
It appears that no efforts were made to secure the
appointment as third defence counsel of a lawyer in whom
Mr Croissant had confidence and in respect of whom there were no
valid grounds to prevent the court appointing him. Moreover, it has
not been shown that it was not possible to find a lawyer who
complied with both these requirements.
In such circumstances it is not permissible that
Mr Croissant should be obliged to reimburse the State for
Mr Hauser's fees.