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European Court of Human Rights
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> European Court of Human Rights >> VAN DROOGENBROECK v. BELGIUM - 7906/77 [1982] ECHR 3 (24 June 1982)
URL: http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1982/3.html
Cite as: [1982] ECHR 3, (1982) 4 EHRR 443, 4 EHRR 443, [1982] 4 EHRR 443
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In the Van Droogenbroeck case,
The European Court of Human Rights, taking its decision in plenary
session in application of Rule 48 of the Rules of Court and composed
of the following judges:
Mr. G. WIARDA, President,
Mr. M. ZEKIA,
Mr. J. CREMONA,
Mr. W. GANSHOF VAN DER MEERSCH,
Mrs. D. BINDSCHEDLER-ROBERT,
Mr. D. EVRIGENIS,
Mr. G. LAGERGREN,
Mr. L. LIESCH,
Mr. F. GÖLCÜKLÜ,
Mr. F. MATSCHER,
Mr. J. PINHEIRO FARINHA,
Mr. E. GARCIA DE ENTERRIA,
Mr. L.-E. PETTITI,
Mr. B. WALSH,
Sir Vincent EVANS,
Mr. C. RUSSO,
Mr. R. BERNHARDT,
Mr. J. GERSING,
and also Mr. M.-A. EISSEN, Registrar, and Mr. H. PETZOLD, Deputy
Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 26 and 27 February and on 24, 25
and 27 May 1982,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the
last-mentioned date:
PROCEDURE
1. The Van Droogenbroeck case was referred to the Court by the
European Commission of Human Rights ("the Commission") and the
Government of the Kingdom of Belgium ("the Government"). The case
originated in an application (no. 7906/77) against the aforementioned
State lodged with the Commission on 16 April 1977 under Article 25
(art. 25) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention") by a Belgian national,
Mr. Valery Van Droogenbroeck.
2. Both the Commission's request and the Government's application
were lodged with the registry of the Court within the period of
three months laid down by Articles 32 par. 1 and 47 (art. 32-1,
art. 47), the former on 18 December 1980 and the latter on
5 January 1981. The request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44,
art. 48) and to the declaration whereby the Kingdom of Belgium
recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46)
(art. 46); the application referred to Article 48 (art. 48). The
purpose of the request and the application is to obtain a decision as
to whether or not the facts of the case disclose a breach by the
respondent State of its obligations under Articles 4 and 5 (art. 4,
art. 5); in particular, the Court is asked to clarify the scope of the
right, guaranteed by paragraph 4 of Article 5 (art. 5-4), to take
proceedings seeking a review of lawfulness.
3. The Chamber of seven judges to be constituted included, as ex
officio members, Mr. W. Ganshof van der Meersch, the elected judge
of Belgium nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43),
and Mr. G. Wiarda, the President of the Court (Rule 21 par. 3 (b) of
the Rules of Court). On 31 January 1981, the President drew by lot, in
the presence of the Registrar, the names of the five other members,
namely Mr. J. Cremona, Mrs. D. Bindschedler-Robert, Mr. F. Gölcüklü,
Mr. L.-E. Pettiti and Mr. B. Walsh (Article 43 in fine of the
Convention and Rule 21 par. 4) (art. 43). Mr. Pettiti was
subsequently prevented from taking part in the consideration of the
case and was replaced by Mr. D. Evrigenis, the first substitute judge
(Rules 22 par. 1 and 24 par. 1).
4. Having assumed the office of President of the Chamber
(Rule 21 par. 5), Mr. Wiarda ascertained, through the Registrar, the
views of the Agent of the Government and of the Commission's Delegate
regarding the procedure to be followed. On 3 February, he decided
that the Agent should have until 15 April 1981 to file a memorial and
that the Delegate should be entitled to file a memorial in reply
within two months from the date of the transmission of the
Government's memorial to him by the Registrar.
The Government's memorial was received at the registry on 21 April.
On 20 July, the Secretary to the Commission informed the Registrar
that the Delegate would present his observations at the hearings.
5. After consulting, through the Deputy Registrar, the Agent of the
Government and the Commission's Delegate, the President directed on
23 July that the oral proceedings should open on 20 October 1981.
6. The oral proceedings were held in public at the Human Rights
Building, Strasbourg, on 20 October. Immediately before their
opening, the Court had held a preparatory meeting.
There appeared before the Court:
- for the Government
Mr. J. NISET, Legal Adviser at the Ministry of Justice, Agent,
Mr. E. JAKHIAN, avocat, Counsel,
Mrs. N. LAUWERS, Deputy Legal Adviser at the General
Directorate of Prisons, Adviser;
- for the Commission
Mr. S. TRECHSEL, Delegate,
Mr. S. BEUSELINCK and Mr. J. VAN DAMME, avocats, assisting the
Delegate (Rule 29 par. 1, second sentence, of the Rules of Court).
The Court heard addresses by Mr. Trechsel, Mr. Beuselinck and
Mr. Van Damme for the Commission and by Mr. Jakhian for the Government,
and also their replies to questions put by it and two of its
members.
7. Following deliberations held on 21 and 22 October and on
23 November 1981, the Chamber decided under Rule 48 of the Rules of
Court to relinquish jurisdiction forthwith in favour of the plenary
Court.
By letter of 8 December, the Agent of the Government indicated that
he would not request a further hearing and the same position was
taken by the Commission's Delegate on 15 December. On the following
day, the President of the Court authorised the Agent, who had
expressed a wish to that effect in the aforesaid letter, to file a
supplementary memorial by 18 January 1982 and the Delegate to reply
in writing within three weeks from the transmission of that memorial
to him by the Registrar. On 28 January, the President extended the
first of these time-limits to 10 February. The Government's
supplementary memorial and the Delegate's reply, the latter being
accompanied by the applicant's observations, were received at the
registry on 10 and 25 February, respectively.
Having taken note of the agreement of the Agent of the Government
and the concurring opinion of the Commission's Delegate, the Court
decided on 27 February that the proceedings would continue without
resumption of the hearings (Rule 26 of the Rules of Court).
8. On various dates between 14 October and 18 March 1982, the
Registrar received from the Commission and the Government numerous
documents and items of information; they supplied some of these on
their own initiative and others in response to requests made by the
Registrar on the instructions of either the President, the Chamber
or the plenary Court.
AS TO THE FACTS
I. The particular circumstances of the case
9. The applicant is a Belgian national, born in 1940. He has no
fixed occupation.
On 29 July 1970, the Bruges criminal court (tribunal correctionnel)
sentenced him to two years' imprisonment for theft, and attempted
theft, committed with the aid of skeleton keys. The court also
ordered that he be "placed at the Government's disposal" for ten
years, pursuant to section 23 of the "Social Protection" Act of
1 July 1964 (see paragraph 19 below): it noted that
Mr. Van Droogenbroeck was a recidivist (Article 56 of the Criminal
Code) who had been sentenced by the Brussels criminal court on
9 April 1968 to two years' imprisonment for aggravated theft and who
manisfested a persistent tendency to crime.
The applicant and the ministère public (public prosecuter's
department) appealed to the Ghent Court of Appeal, which confirmed
the first instance decision on 20 October 1970. It found that the
placing at the Government's disposal was justified by the danger to
which society and Mr. Van Droogenbroeck himself would be exposed
were he to be released on completion of his sentence (door het
gevaar dat, na afloop van de straf die tegen hem uitgesproken wordt,
de invrijheidstelling van de veroordeelde voor de maatschappij en
voor hem zelf zou doen lopen). An appeal by the applicant on a point
of law was dismissed by the Court of Cassation on 19 January 1971.
10. On the completion (on 18 June 1972) of his principal sentence,
which he served at St. Giles prison, Brussels, and then at Malines,
Mr. Van Droogenbroeck did not remain in detention. It was true,
according to the medical officer specialised in psychology
(médecin-anthropologue) at Malines prison, that he was incapable of
self-criticism and had no sense of responsibility (noch
auto-kritiek, noch verantwoordelijkszin). Nevertheless, the Minister
of Justice, acting on the advice of the prison governor and
following a "policy of securing as far as possible the
rehabilitation of released prisoners", agreed to attempt to
reintegrate him into society by placing him, as from 1 August 1972,
in semi-custodial care; this involved his working as an apprentice
in a central-heating installation firm in Brussels and attending
intensive vocational training courses in a specialised institution
on Fridays and Saturdays.
11. The applicant disappeared, however, on 8 August 1972. Three days
later, on the instructions of the procureur général (public
prosecuter) attached to the Ghent Court of Appeal, he was placed on
the wanted list and, on 3 October 1972, he was arrested, pursuant to
a warrant issued by an investigating judge in connection with an
attempt to commit aggravated theft, and detained at Forest prison,
Brussels. On 17 November, he was found not guilty by the Brussels
criminal court, but on 27 November the Minister of Justice decided
to send him to Merksplas prison, in the block reserved for
recidivists placed at the Government's disposal (te doen overbrengen
naar de afdeling voor TBR - geinterneerde recidivisten te
Merksplas); this was because the Ministry's individual Cases
Department had expressed the opinion, on 27 November, that the
applicant had abused the opportunity offered to him, that he was
totally untrustworthy and that a further period of detention was
indicated (dat (hij) werkelijk misbruik heeft gemaakt van de hem
geboden kans, dat hij helemaal niet is te betrouwen en dat een
nieuwe interneringsperiode gewittigd is).
On the strength of a favourable opinion from the Recidivists Board
(see paragraph 22 below), before which Mr. Van Droogenbroeck had
appeared on 13 June 1973, the Minister of Justice decided on 22 June
to release him conditionally on 25 July, since the firm mentioned
above was prepared to re-engage him as a trainee heating technician.
12. The applicant disappeared again at the beginning of September
1973. He was arrested on 6 November and brought before the Antwerp
criminal court on a charge of aggravated theft, where he was
sentenced on 16 January 1974 to three months' imprisonment. On
4 February, on the expiration of this sentence, he was released as the
Minister had agreed to make a further attempt at his reintegration
into society, but at the end of March the agency responsible for
monitoring his rehabilitation lost trace of him. He was arrested on
21 May 1974 and, until 16 January 1975, served a sentence of eight
months' imprisonment for aggravated theft, imposed by the Brussels
criminal court on 9 August 1974; thereafter he returned to Merksplas
prison pursuant to a detention decision (te interneren) taken by
the Minister of Justice on 11 January. He left prison on
11 July 1975: two days previously and on the recommendation of the
Recidivists Board, the Minister had agreed to his conditional release
(te ontslaan), in the form of one month's renewable leave, with a view
to rehabilitation in France.
13. Mr. Van Droogenbroeck accordingly went to France, accompanied by a
member of the Prisoners' Aid committee, but the rehabilitation plan
proved impracticable and he therefore returned to Belgium. After
different setbacks in hostels, he was obliged to live alone in
Brussels, without work and completely without resources. On
10 September 1975, the Individual Cases Department, citing the risk of
recidivism, proposed that "steps be taken to detain" the applicant at
Merksplas; the Minister of Justice gave his consent on the following
day. Thereupon, Mr. Van Droogenbroeck disappeared for the third time;
the authorities placed him on the wanted list, on account of his
conduct. After hiding for some months in the Netherlands and finding
himself in dire financial straits, he gave himself up on
21 January 1976 to the police attached to the parquet du procureur du
Roi (public prosecuter's office) in Brussels. He was detained at once
in Forest prison before being sent back to Merksplas. On 2 February,
as he was unwilling to do the work offered to him, he was placed in
the cell block rather than in the recidivists block.
On 3 March 1976, the applicant appeared at his request before the
Recidivists Board, which decided to re-examine his case in
September. At its meeting on 8 September, the Board found that he
had saved nothing during his detention and that he had no prospects
of finding work outside prison. It therefore declined to recommend
his release unless and until he had saved 12,000 BF through his
prison work.
On 23 September, the applicant was transferred from Merksplas to
Louvain prison.
14. On 12 May 1976, Mr. Van Droogenbroeck, relying on section 26 of
the Act of 1 July 1964 (see paragraph 23 below), had filed with the
procureur général attached to the Ghent Court of Appeal an
application for release from the effects of the decision placing him
at the Government's disposal. The Court of Appeal refused the
application on 13 December: after rejecting the arguments which he
had based on Articles 4 par. 1, 4 par. 2, 5 par. 1 and 5 par. 4 of
the Convention (art. 4-1, art. 4-2, art. 5-1, art. 5-4),
the Court found that each time the applicant had been released, he had
yielded to impulse and committed further offences; it concluded from
this that he remained asocial (zodat hij asociaal blijft). On
15 February 1977, his appeal on a point of law was held by the Court of
Cassation to be inadmissible on the ground that he was no longer
entitled to contest before that Court - as he had attempted to do by
pleading the Convention - the validity of the decision complained of,
that decision having been final since 19 January 1971.
15. On 13 March 1977, the applicant lodged with the Louvain
procureur du Roi a complaint of arbitrary detention and, in the
alternative, of abuse of authority (abus de pouvoir). He pointed out
that since 28 February the balance on his account had been more than
12,000 BF; in addition, he alleged that the Recidivists Board, not
being mentioned in the Act of 1 July 1964, was "unlawful" and he
accused the Minister of transforming his sentence into one of
"forced labour". On 19 August 1977, the complaint was set aside as
requiring no further action.
16. On 4 May 1977, Mr. Van Droogenbroeck appeared again before the
above-mentioned Board. Noting that he had by then saved 12,868 BF
and had been detained for long enough (lang genoeg), the Board
recommended, "without much enthusiasm" (zonder veel enthousiasme),
that he be released (te ontslaan). Accordingly, on 1 June 1977, the
Minister of Justice granted him one month's renewable leave, to be
preceded by a two month period of semi-custodial care during which he
was to be accomodated at night in St. Giles prison (Brussels) but
was to work outside the prison during the daytime. However, he
disappeared on the day after his first day out and was at once
placed on the wanted list for return to the recidivists block at
Merksplas.
17. On 22 September 1977, Mr. Van Droogenbroeck was caught in the
act of stealing in Bruges and arrested. On 9 December, he was
sentenced to three month's imprisonment by the Bruges criminal court
and, on completing that sentence on 21 December, was sent back to
Merksplas. The Ministry of Justice had found, on 19 December, that
the applicant's return to detention did not require a fresh
Ministrial decision since he had evaded detention on 8 June 1977
(aangezien betrokkene zich op 8. 6. 77 heeft onttrokken aan zijn
internering, is geen ministeriële beslissing nodig om hem opnieuw te
interneren).
The case was re-examined by the Recidivists Board on 3 May 1978, but
the matter was adjourned until September. On 13 September, the Board
pointed out that, on account of his systematic refusal to work,
Mr. Van Droogenbroeck had saved only 2,437 BF and it therefore
proposed that he not be granted renewable leave until he had saved
12,000 BF. On 3 October, the Minister gave instructions to that effect;
he also stipulated that the applicant's release should be subject to a
series of condition similar to those previously laid down by the
Minister, namely submitting to the "guidance" of the Brussels Social
Rehabilitation Office, working regularly, not changing employer or
address without that Office's consent, refraining from excessive
consumption of alcohol and not associating with former criminals.
It proved impossible to implement this decision, since
Mr. Van Droogenbroeck failed to satisfy any of the conditions attached
thereto. On 14 March 1979, he appeared once more before the
Recidivists Board, which confirmed the advice it had tendered on
13 September 1978.
18. On 16 September 1979, the applicant lodged with the procureur
général attached to the Ghent Court of Appeal a second application
based on section 26 of the Act of 1 July 1964 (see paragraph 23
below). This application was granted on 18 March 1980: after
considering the submissions to the contrary on the part of the
ministère public and although the Court rejected, as in 1976, the
arguments based on the Convention, it held that there were by then
reasons for releasing Mr. Van Droogenbroeck from the effects of the
decision placing him at the Government's disposal. He was set free
on the same day, but shortly afterwards was again deprived of his
liberty, the Brussels criminal court and the Ghent Court of Appeal
having sentenced him on 10 September 1980 and 3 June 1981 to one
month's and to one year's imprisonment for aggravated theft, though
without applying to him the Social Protection Act.
II. The legislation in issue
A. The placing of recidivists and habitual offenders at the
Government's disposal
19. The placing of recidivists and habitual offenders at the
Government's disposal was substituted for the placing under special
police supervision that had been provided for in the Criminal Code
of 8 June 1867; it was introduced by section 24 to 28 of the
"Social Protection" Act of 9 April 1930 and is today the subject
of sections 22 to 26 (Chapter VII) of the Social Protection in
respect of Mental Defectives and Habitual Offenders Act of
1 July 1964 ("the 1964 Act").
According to Belgian case-law, being placed at the Government's
disposal is to be classified as a penalty and not as a security
measure; this has various consequences in law (Court of Cassation,
4 April 1978, Pasicrisie 1978, I, pp. 858-862; 17 June 1975, ibid.
1975, I, pp. 998-999; 11 December 1933, ibid. 1934, I, p. 96). Under
sections 22 and 23 of the 1964 Act, the placing at the Government's
disposal is added on to a principal penalty involving deprivation of
liberty imposed at the same time, becomes operative on the
expiration of that penalty and applies for a period fixed by the
Act, namely twenty years, ten years, or from five to ten years,
according to the nature of the case.
A person who has committed one indictable offence (crime) after
another must be placed at the Government's disposal (section 22),
whereas in other cases - such as the applicant's - it is a matter for
the court's discretion (section 23): the latter rule applies where a
non-indictable offence (délit) has followed an indictable or a
non-indictable offence (Articles 56 and 57 of the Criminal Code),
where an indictable offence has followed a non-indictable offence and
to the case of "anyone who, having committed in the previous fifteen
years at least three offences each involving a penalty of imprisonment
for a non-indictable offence (emprisonnement correctionnel) of at
least six months, is shown to manifest a persistent tendency to
crime". In the latter cases, "particulars of the proceedings in
respect of the offences which cause the individual concerned to be
classified as a recidivist have to be included in the current
prosecution file" and the court concerned must give "specific and
precise" reasons for ordering the penalty in question (section 24 and
Court of Cassation, 3 January 1962, Pasicrisie 1962, I, pp. 525-526).
20. If a recidivist is sentenced to a further principal penalty of
imprisonment, the effects of any prior order placing him at the
Government's disposal are suspended until that sentence has been
served. Such was the result, in the present case, of the judgments
of 16 January 1974, 9 August 1974 and 9 December 1977 (see
paragraphs 12 and 17 above). The new sentence of imprisonment may
itself be accompanied by a further order placing the individual
concerned at the Government's disposal, the latter penalty to be
served after the expiry of the first order, but as regards
Mr. Van Droogenbroeck this course was not followed by the Antwerp,
Brussels and Bruges criminal courts or the Ghent Court of Appeal in
1974, 1977, 1980 and 1981 (see paragraphs 12, 17 and 18 above).
21. According to the Court of Cassation, the penalty of being placed
at the Government's disposal - which can be the subject of a full
appeal or of an appeal to the Court of Cassation on a point of law -
and the principal penalty form an "inseparable whole" and the
former penalty, like the latter, constitutes a deprivation of
liberty (4 April 1978, Pasicrisie 1978, I, pp. 858-862; 17 June
1975, ibid. 1975, I, pp. 998-999; 3 January 1962, ibid. 1962, I,
pp. 525-526; 22 July 1955, ibid. 1955, I, pp. 1270-1271,
19 September 1939, ibid. 1939, I, p. 384; 11 December 1933, ibid.
1934, I, p. 96). Under section 25 of the 1964 Act, "recidivists and
habitual offenders who are at the Government's disposal shall, if
necessary, be detained in an establishment specified by Royal Decree"
- in the instant case the establishment being Merksplas, which had
been designated for males not suffering from any mental illness
(Royal Decree of 8 February 1952).
As is indicated by the phrase "if necessary", the Act confers on
the Government - here, the Minister of Justice - a wide measure of
discretion in deciding how the penalty shall be implemented, the
choice lying between detention, semi-custodial care, and remaining
at liberty under supervision or on probation. The Minister may
conditionally release the person concerned either at the end of the
principal sentence - failing which he will be detained - or during
the course of detention; he may also revoke conditional release at a
later date.
The Minister of Justice takes various decisions in accordance with a
procedure which is laid down, in part, by Ministrial Decrees.
Conditional release usually occurs:
- whilst the principal penalty is being served, on a report from the
"medical officer specialised in psychology" and the governor of
the establishment where the convicted person is held (see
paragraph 10 above);
- during detention, on a recommendation by the Recidivists Board
(see paragraph 11, 12 and 16 above and paragraph 22 below).
A decision to revoke conditional release (see paragraph 11, 12, 13
and 17 above) is generally taken by the Minister in the light of a
report from the officer responsible for the "guidance" of the
person concerned, or of an recommendation by the procureur général
attached to the Court of Appeal within whose district the placing at
the Government's disposal was ordered. These reports and
recommendations will cover the manner in which the person in
question is observing the prescribed conditions, his means of
subsistence, his work, his conduct and the risk of recidivism on his
part. If, however, he is in the process of serving a further
sentence of imprisonment, revocation is normally based on reports
from the "medical officer specialised in psychology" and the
governor of the establisment; these reports will contain information
on the nature of the offences for which the sentence was imposed,
the offender's criminal record, his personality, his moral
character, his family and occupational situation and his future
prospects.
22. The Board for Recidivists who have been placed at the
Government's Disposal and are in Detention ("the Recidivists
Board") was established by a Ministerial Decree of 12 March 1946
which was modified and supplemented on 20 May 1949 and
11 March 1968. The Board is composed of a judge or retired judge, who
acts as chairman, the medical director or retired medical director of
the Prison Psychological Service (Service d'anthropologie) and a
senior official of the Prison Social Service. A representative of the
Ministry of Justice attends meeting of the Board and the Prisoners'
Aid Committees or the Social Rehabilitation Offices may be invited to
send a representative - who is entitled to speak and vote (Decree of
20 May 1949) - to those meetings at which the Board is to discuss the
position of detainees who have been or are to be placed under their
supervision.
The Board is convened by its chairman at least once every two
months. It is required to supply the Minister of Justice with an
opinion - which is not binding - "on the advisability of releasing
recidivists and habitual offenders who are in detention ... and on
the conditions" which should be attached to their release.
Offenders may apply to appear before the Board either at the meeting
before the expiry of the first six months of their detention, if it
began as soon as they has finished serving their principal sentence,
or at the first meeting held after their return to detention, in
cases where the Minister has revoked a decision granting conditional
release (see paragraph 13 above). They will be heard again at the
meeting before the expiry of the first six months of their
detention, if it six months, fixed by the Recidivists Board (see
paragraph 11, 12, 13, 16 and 17 above).
Although the texts are silent on the point, a detainee will be heard
without the assistence of a lawyer and without being able to inspect
the prison file which contains, inter alia, the results of the
social enquiry. The Board's Secretary will communicate to him at
once the opinion adopted by the Board at the end of its discussions.
If the opinion is favourable, the matter will be referred to the
Minister for decision. The Minister may also give directions for
release at any time, without consulting the Board in advance.
The governors of the establishments involved inform the persons
concerned of Ministerial decisions that they be released. Such
decisions will be subject to conditions which will be recorded in a
booklet and will always include an obligation to submit to
supervision arranged by the Social Rehabilitation Offices or the
Prison Social Service.
23. Under section 26 of the 1964 Act, individuals placed at the
Government's disposal pursant to sections 22 and 23 may apply to the
procureur général attached to the Court of Appeal within whose
district the decision was rendered to be released "from the effects
of the decision". If, as in the present case, the offender has been
placed at the Government's disposal for not more than ten years,
such an application "can be made three years after completion of
the [principal] sentence" (see paragraph 14 above) and, thereafter,
"every three years" (see paragraph 18 above); these periods are
increased to five years "in the other cases". The procureur
général "shall make such enquiries as he sees fit, add the results
to the case-file and lay it, with his submissions, before a criminal
chamber of the Court of Appeal; the Chamber shall give a reasoned
judgment after hearing the person concerned, who shall have the
assistance of a lawyer".
24. The practice followed in implementing the Acts of 1930 and 1964
has developed considerably over the years. Initially, offenders were
not released until after a period of detention which varied
according to the categories in which they ware placed. Today, on the
other hand, where it is the first time that the measure has been
ordered and the individual is not very dangerous, the authorities'
general rule is to release him on trial once the principal sentence
has been served, subject to detaining him if he commits another
offence or fails to observe one of the prescribed conditions and is
out of work and without means of subsistence. Moreover, detention
for a long period is now exceptional: according to the Government,
the offender will in practice be conditionally released - unless
there is a serious danger to society - as soon as there is a real
possibility of rehabilitation.
25. According to Articles 62 and 63 of the General Prison Rules
(Royal Decree of 21 May 1965), read in conjunction with Article 95,
persons sentenced to a penalty for a non-indictable offence (peine
correctionnelle) and then detained pursuant to section 25 of the
1964 Act, as was Mr. Van Droogenbroeck, may be required to do prison
work.
B. Existence of remedies in respect of allegedly unlawful
deprivation of liberty
26. The Government maintained that several remedies were available
to the applicant :
(i) instituting or causing to be instituted a prosecution for
arbitrary detention;
(ii) referring to the Ghent Court of Appeal any dispute between
himself and the ministère public regarding the execution of the
judgment of 20 October 1970;
(iii) applying to that Court of Appeal for release from the effects
of the measure imposed on him;
(iv) applying to the President of the court of first instance in his
capacity of juge des référés (judge hearing urgent applications);
(v) bringing an action based directly on Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4)
of the Convention.
On the third point, the Court refers to paragraphs 14, 18 and
23 above, and, on the fifth, to paragraph 55 below.
27. As regards the first point, anyone who maintains that he has
been unlawfully deprived of his liberty, either by a private
individual or by a public official, is entitled under Belgian law
either to file a complaint, with or without the joinder of a claim
for damages (constitution de partie civile), or to bring the matter
before a criminal court by means of a direct summons (Articles 147
and 434 to 436 of the Criminal Code; Articles 63, 182 and 609 of the
Code of Criminal Procedure; see paragraph 15 above).
28. As regards the second point, the Ghent Court of Appeal held, in
1897 and 1914, that disputes between the ministère public and a
convicted person regarding the execution of a sentence could be
referred to the court which passed it, but these are isolated
decisions which have not been confirmed by other judgments.
29. As regards the fourth remedy mentioned above, the Court confines
itself for the moment to noting that under Articles 584 and 1039 of
the 1967 Judicial Code it falls to the President of the court of
first instance to give a ruling, in the capacity of juge des référés
- that is to say, on a "provisional" basis, if the matter is
urgent, and without prejudice to the "merits" -, if so requested
by anyone claiming to be the victim of, for example, an
administrative act constituting a "voie de fait" (manifest
illegality). This remedy is available "in all matters, except
those which are excluded by law from the competence of the courts".
The case-law cited by the Government in this connection is analysed
at paragraph 54 below.
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION
30. On 2 January 1974, Mr. Van Droogenbroeck had lodged a first
application (no. 6989/75) which the Commission declared inadmissible
on 5 March 1976 on account of failure to exhaust domestic remedies.
In his second application, dated 16 April 1977 (no. 7906/77), he
maintained that he was held in servitude and forced to work,
contrary to paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 4 of the Convention
(art. 4-1, art. 4-2). He further alleged that his deprivation of liberty,
which in his view had been ordered by the Minister of Justice and not
by a court, contravened paragraph 1 of Article 5 (art. 5-1) and that
he had not been able to seek a judicial review of the lawfulness of
his various periods of detention, as was required by paragraph 4 of
the same Article (art. 5-4). Finally, he complained of an
interference with his freedom of expression, guaranteed by Article 10
(art. 10), contending that he was on two occasions subjected to
disciplinary sanctions for having protested against the Recidivists
Board's recommendations.
31. On 5 July 1979, the Commission rejected the last complaint as
being manifestly ill-founded (Article 27 par. 2) (art. 27-2) and
declared the remainder of the application admissible.
In its report of 9 July 1980 (Article 31 of the Convention) (art. 31),
the Commission expressed the opinion that there had been a violation
of paragraph 4 of Article 5 (art. 5-4) (unanimously), but not of
paragraph 1 (art. 5-1) (ten votes to two) or of Article 4 (art. 4)
(unanimously).
The report contains one dissenting opinion.
SUBMISSIONS MADE BY THE GOVERNMENT TO THE COURT
32. In their memorial of April 1981 and in their supplementary
memorial of February 1982, the Government submitted:
"that it may please the Court to hold that in the applicant's case
there has been no violation of any provision of the European
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms."
AS TO THE LAW
I. THE ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 PAR. 1 (art. 5-1)
33. In so far as it is applicable in the present case,
Article 5 par. 1 (art. 5-1) of the Convention reads:
"Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one
shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in
accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:
(a) the lawful detention of a person after conviction by a competent
court;
..."
Sub-paragraphs (b) to (f) are clearly not relevant; besides, none of
them was relied on by the Government.
34. As regards paragraph 1 (a) (art. 5-1-a), there is no dispute as to
the "competence" of the "court" which ordered the measure complained
of, namely the Ghent Court of Appeal by its judgment of
20 October 1970 (see paragraph 9 above).
The same is true of the question whether any deprivation of liberty
occurred. In this connection, it should be recalled that according
to Belgian case-law the placing of recidivists and habitual
offenders at the Government's disposal is to be classified as a
penalty involving deprivation of liberty; this is so irrespective of
the form which implementation of the order may take in a given case
or at a gi1ven time, be it detention, semi-custodial care, or
remaining at liberty under supervision or on probation (see
paragraphs 19 and 21 above - Court of Cassation, 4 April 1978,
Pasicrisie 1978, I, p. 861). However, the Court will take into
account solely the first of such forms, this being the only one of
which Mr. Van Droogenbroeck complained. In view of the particulars
supplied by the Commission's Delegate at the hearings of
20 October 1981, the Court will confine its examination to the periods
of detention which were the subject of Mr. Van Droogenbroeck's
application no. 7906/77 (see paragraph 30 above), namely those running
from 21 January 1976 to 1 June 1977 and from 21 December 1977 to
18 March 1980 (see paragraphs 13-18 above).
35. The Court has to determine whether those periods of detention
occured "after conviction" by the Ghent Court of Appeal.
Having regard to the French text, the word "conviction", for the
purposes of Article 5 par. 1 (a) (art. 5-1-a), has to be understood
as signifying both a "finding of guilt" after "it has been established
in accordance with the law that there has been an offence" (see the
Guzzardi judgment of 6 November 1980, Series A no. 39, p. 37,
par. 100), and the imposition of a penalty or other measure involving
deprivation of liberty. These conditions are satisfied in the instant
case.
The word "after" does not simply mean that the "detention" must
follow the "conviction" in point of time: in addition, the
"detention" must result from, "follow and depend upon" or occur
"by virtue of" the "conviction" (see the X v. the United Kingdom
judgment of 5 November 1981. Series A no. 46, p. 17, par. 39; the
Engel and others judgment of 8 June 1976, Series A no. 22, p. 27,
par. 68).
36. According to the applicant, the deprivations of liberty
complained of stemmed not from a sentence imposed by a "competent
court" but from decisions taken by the Minister of Justice.
The respondent State, on the other hand, maintained that detention
occured "by operation of law" following the judicial decision
placing a recidivist at the Government's disposal and represented
"the principal method of implementing" such a decision: it was
only release that required "a Ministerial decision". The "task
entrusted to the Minister ... by the Act of 1 July 1964" was said
to be confined "to determining the modalities for the execution of
a sentence involving deprivation of liberty", for example "by
suspending", on such conditions as he determined, "the detention
entailed by such a penalty ... or by revoking a decision to grant
conditional release taken by him". Accordingly, so it was argued,
"by not deciding to release, the Minister does not decide to
detain".
37. This is a controversial point in Belgian law. The Government
based themselves to a large extent on a passage in the drafting
history of the predecessor of the 1964 Act, the Act of 9 April 1930
("placing at the Government's disposal is detention in an
establishment designated by Royal Decree", Pasinomie 1930, p. 88,
column 2), but there are other passages to a different effect
("placing at the Government's disposal is independent of the
detention which it may entail": Chambre des représentants,
1927-1928 session, document no. 11). The Commission's Delegate
pointed out that the argument was inconsistent with the letter of
section 25 of the 1964 Act (see paragraph 21 above: "if
necessary") and, above all, with the recent administrative practice
of the Ministry of Justice, since approximately two-thirds of the
recidivists and habitual offenders who are placed at the
Government's disposal remain at liberty (see paragraph 24 above,
paragraph 16 of the Commission's report and the verbatim record of
the hearings on the morning of 20 October 1981).
Even when an offender is not set free after serving his initial
sentence - something which did not occur in the instant case and is
nowadays exception -, this is apparently the result of Ministerial
instructions to the effect that he should be detained. At any rate,
that such is the position emerges from paragraph 6 of a circular of
20 December 1930, which was supplied by the Government ("Convicted
persons who have been placed at the Government's disposal after
expiration of their sentence must be the subject of a notification
to the Minister of Justice so that the question of their detention
may be considered"), and from the summary of the facts appearing in
one of the Commission's decisions (1 October 1975, application no.
6697t/74, R. V. v. Belgium, which was subsequently joined to
Mr. Van Droogenbroeck's first application, no. 6989/75). Besides, it
is understandable that express instructions of this kind are needed
whenever the transfer of an individual who has to leave another prison
for Merksplas is to be effected.
In any event, the Ministerial decisions of 11 January and
11 September 1975 revoking the conditional release granted to
Mr. Van Droogenbroeck did order that he be "detained" (see
paragraphs 12-13 above).
38. Be that as it may, one must look beyond the appearances and the
language used and concentrate on the realities of the situation (see
notably, mutatis mutandis, the Deweer judgment of 27 February 1980,
Series A no. 35, p. 23, par. 44).
This is a matter in which the Government enjoy a wide measure of
discretion. Case-law and practice certainly confirm the meaning
suggested by the text of section 25 of the 1964 Act ("if
necessary") and the actual phrase "placing at disposal". In a
judgment of 4 April 1978, the Belgian Court of Cassation observed
that "execution of the penalty" in question "is to a large extent
a matter for the discretion" of the Minister of Justice (Pasicrisie
1978, I, p. 861). One finds that far less fetters are imposed on
Ministerial decisions by a court's decision to apply the Social
Protection Act than in the analogous area of the system of placing
vagrants "at the Government's disposal" (Act of 27 November 1891;
see the De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp judgment of 18 June 1971, Series A
no. 12, pp. 24-25, par. 37, and pp. 33-34, par. 61). In short, to
adopt the language used by the Commission's Delegate, "the court
decision does not order the detention" of recidivists and habitual
offenders: it "authorises" it.
39. In these circumstances, the Court has to consider whether there
was a sufficient connection, for the purposes of Article 5 (art. 5),
between the last-mentioned decision and the deprivation of liberty at
issue.
This question must receive an affirmative reply since the Minister's
discretion is exercised within a framework set both by the Act and
by the sentence pronounced by the "competent court". In this
respect, the Court notes that, according to Belgian case-law, a
judgment which sentences the person concerned to imprisonment and, by
way of a supplementary or accessory penalty, places him at the
Government's disposal pursuant to section 22 or section 23 of the
1964 Act constitutes "an inseparable whole" (see paragraph 21
above; Court of Cassation, 17 June 1975, Pasicrisie 1975, I,
p. 999). There are two components to the judgment: the first is a
penalty involving deprivation of liberty which the offender must
undergo for a period specified in the court decision, and the second
is the placing of the offender at the Government's disposal, the
execution of which may take different forms ranging from remaining
at liberty under supervision to detention.
The choice between these forms of execution is a matter for the
discretion of the Minister of Justice. Nevertheless he does not
enjoy an unlimited power in making his decision: within the bounds
laid down by the Act, he must assess the degree of danger presented by
the individual concerned and the short- or medium-term prospects of
reintegrating him into society.
40. In fact, sight must not be lost of what the title and general
structure of the 1964 Act, the drafting history and Belgian case-law
show to be the objectives of this statute, that is to say not only
"to protect society against the danger presented by recidivists and
habitual offenders" but also "to provide [the Government] with the
possibility of endeavouring to reform [them]" (Court of Cassation,
11 December 1933, Pasicrisie 1934, I, p. 99). Attempting to achieve
these objectives requires that account be taken of circumstances
that, by their nature, differ from case to case and are susceptible of
modification. At the time of its decision, the court can, in the
nature of things, do no more than estimate how the individual will
develop in the future. The Minister of Justice, for his part, is
able, through and with the assistance of his officials, to monitor
that development more closely and at frequent intervals but this
very fact means that with the passage of time the link between his
decisions not to release or to re-detain and the initial judgment
gradually becomes less strong. The link might eventually be broken
if a position were reached in which those decisions were based on
grounds that had no connection with the objectives of the
legislature and the court or on an assessment that was unreasonable
in terms of those objectives. In those circumstances, a detention
that was lawful at the outset would be transformed into a
deprivation of liberty that was arbitrary and, hence, incompatible
with Article 5 (art. 5) (see, notably, the above-mentioned
X v. the United Kingdom judgment, Series A no. 46, p. 19, par. 43).
Such a situation did not obtain in the present case. The Belgian
authorities showed patience and trust towards Mr. Van Droogenbroeck:
notwithstanding his conduct, they gave him several opportunities to
mend his ways (see paragraphs 10, 11, 12 and 16 above). The manner
in which they exercised their discretion respected the requirements
of the Convention, which allows a measure of indeterminacy in
sentencing and does not oblige the Contracting States to entrust to
the courts the general supervision of the execution of sentences.
41. Before the Commission (see paragraphs 27 in fine and 57 of the
report), the applicant also contended that his detention was neither
"lawful" nor effected "in accordance with a procedure prescribed
by law", within the meaning of Article 5 par. 1 (art. 5-1), arguing
that the Minister of Justice had appropriated to himself a power which
section 25 of the 1964 Act conferred on the Government as a whole.
On this point the Court, like the Commission, confines itself to
observing that in Belgium - as in other Contracting States - it is
traditional for the execution of sentences and other measures
pronounced by criminal courts to fall within the province of the
Minister of Justice. The Court sees no reason to doubt that that
Minister was, by virtue of the general principles of Belgian public
law concerning the attribution and the allocation of powers, an
appropriate authority to act in Mr. van Droogenbroeck's case.
42. There has accordingly been no violation of Article 5 par. 1
(art. 5-1).
II. THE ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 PAR. 4 (art. 5-4)
43. The applicant also complained that when he was detained
he was unable to take any proceedings satisfying the requirements of
paragraph 4 of Article 5 (art. 5-4), which reads:
"Everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention
shall be entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his
detention shall be decided speedily by a court and his release
ordered if the detention is not lawful."
The Court has to examine this complaint although there was no breach
of paragraph 1 (art. 5-1); on this point, it refers to its case-law,
and in particular to its De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp judgment of
18 June 1971 (Series A no. 12, pp. 39-40, par. 73).
A. The Government's principal plea
44. The Government argued in the first place that the proceedings
conducted in 1970 and 1971 before the Bruges criminal court, the
Ghent Court of Appeal and the Court of Cassation (see paragraph 9
above) met the requirements of Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4). They
relied, inter alia, on the following passage in the above-mentioned
judgment of 18 June 1971 (ibid., p. 40, par. 76):
"At first sight, the wording of Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4) might
make one think that it guarantees the right of the detainee always to
have supervised by a court the lawfulness of a previous decision which
has deprived him of his liberty. ... Where [that] decision ... is one
taken by an administrative body, there is no doubt that
Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4) obliges the Contracting States to make
available to the person detained a right of recourse to a court; but
there is nothing to indicate that the same applies when the decision
is made by a court at the close of judicial proceedings. In the
latter case the supervision required by Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4) is
incorporated in the decision; this is so, for example, where a
sentence of imprisonment is pronounced after "conviction by a
competent court" (Article 5 par. 1 (a) of the Convention)
(art. 5-1-a)." (see also the above-mentioned Engel and others
judgment, Series A no. 22, p. 32, par. 77).
45. However, as the Court has recently pointed out, this passage
"speaks only of 'the decision depriving a person of his liberty'; it
does not purport to deal with an ensuing period of detention in
which new issues affecting the lawfulness of the detention might
subsequently arise" (see the above-mentioned X v. the United
Kingdom judgment, Series A no. 46, p. 22, par. 51). Besides,
the De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp judgment had taken into account, under
Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4), not only the initial decisions to detain
the three applicants for vagrancy (Series A no. 12, pp. 40-43,
par. 74-80) but also the procedure for the examination of their
requests for release to the extent that they raised questions
concerning the lawfulness of the continuation of their detention
(ibid., pp. 43-44, par. 81-84).
The "detention" of vagrants falls within sub-paragraph (e) of
Article 5 par. 1 (art. 5-1-e) and the same applies to the "detention"
of persons of unsound mind. However, "the reasons initially warranting
confinement of this kind may cease to exist", a fact from which the
Court drew a consequence of some importance:
"... it would be contrary to the object and purpose of Article 5
(art. 5) ... to interpret paragraph 4 ... as making this category of
confinement immune from subsequent review of lawfulness merely
provided that the initial decision issued from a court. The very
nature of the deprivation of liberty under consideration would appear
to require a review of lawfulness to be available at reasonable
intervals." (see the Winterwerp judgment of 24 October 1979 and the
above-mentioned judgment in the case of X v. the United Kingdom,
Series A no. 33, p. 23, par. 55, and no. 46, pp. 22-23, par. 52)
46. The argument of the respondent State ran as follows. The placing
of recidivists and habitual offenders at the Government's disposal
presented none of the features that called for the application of
these precedents. It amounted to a deprivation of liberty ordered by
a court of law for a prescribed period. It would not be valid unless
objective conditions, which were exhaustively listed in sections 22
and 23 of the 1964 Act and were, in principle, not susceptible of
modification with the course of time, were met on the day when the
penalty was imposed; its validity could not be brought into question
by any subsequent event. The measure thus authorised by the
legislature, utilised by the courts and implemented by the Minister
of Justice in pursuance of his role of "individualising this
penalty" was certainly based on the need to protect society against
the activities of recidivists and habitual offenders, but neither
Belgian law nor the Convention stipulated that detention could
continue only if a danger to society would persist in the event of
the individual's release. The Commission's opinion to the contrary
confuses lawfulness with appropriateness, two radically different
concepts, and would mean that every convicted criminal ought to be
entitled to contest at some point of time the appropriateness of his
detention, a position that did not obtain in any country.
47. The Court recalls that the scope of the obligation undertaken by
the Contracting States under paragraph 4 of Article 5 (art. 5-4)
"will not necessarily be the same in alle circumstances and as regards
every category of deprivation of liberty" (see the above-mentioned
X v. the United Kingdom judgment, Series A no. 46, p. 22, par. 52).
It has not overlooked the fact that in the present case the detention
at issue was covered only by sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 1
(art. 5-1-a) and not by sub-paragraph (e) (art. 5-1-e), as in the
Winterwerp and the De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp cases, or by both of
those sub-paragraphs taken together, as in the case of X v. the United
Kingdom (ibid., pp. 17-18, par. 39).
Nevertheless, in this context the nature and purpose of a given type
of "detention" are of more importance than is the place which it
occupies in the structure of the Convention. The system of placing
recidivists and habitual offenders at the Government's disposal was
established with specific objectives in mind. The position taken by
the Court of Cassation is that the measure in question, although
assimilated to a penalty, is designed not only to protect society
but also to provide the executive with an opportunity of
endeavouring to reform the individuals concerned (see paragraph 40
above). Except in the case of the commission of one indictable
offence after another (section 22 of the Act), the court ordering
the penalty must give reasons for its decision (section 24) and
must, in particular, indicate "in specific and precise terms" why
it considers that the accused, who in the eyes of the law is
classified as a recidivist, manifests "a persistent tendency to
crime", within the meaning of section 23 of the Act (Court of
Cassation, 3 January 1962, Pasicrisie 1962, I, p. 526; see
paragraph 9 above). In practice, the court's decision provides the
Minister of Justice "with initial authority for detention for a period
... whose actual duration" - "from nothing to ten years" - is striking
for it relatively indeterminate character and will vary, in principle,
according to the treatment required by the offender and the demands of
the protection of society (paragraph 64 of the Commission's report and
final decision of 5 July 1979 on the admissibility of the
application). The detention which may be entailed by a placing at the
Government's disposal occurs only "if necessary" (section 25 of the
Act), words which the Court of Cassation has taken as synonymous with
the phrase "if the protection of society so requires" (4 April 1978,
Pasicrisie 1978, I, p. 861).
As the Commission pointed out in paragraph 66 of its report, this
system is fundamentally different from that - on which the Court
does not have to express an opinion on this occasion - of the
conditional release of prisoners sentenced by a court to a period of
imprisonment imposed by the court as being appropriate to the case.
The discretion enjoyed by the Minister of Justice under the 1964 Act
implies that he should, throughout the period of application of the
measure, direct his mind to the need to deprive or continue to
deprive the person concerned of his liberty or to the absence or
disappearance of such a need. "Persistent tendency to crime" and
"danger to society" are essentially relative concepts and they
involve monitoring the development of the offender's personality and
behaviour in order to adapt his situation to favourable or
unfavourable changes in his circumstances. To a certain extent this
was recognised both by the Belgian legislature when it made it
possible for the Court of Appeal to grant release from the effects of
the initial judgment (section 26 of the Act; see paragraph 23 above)
and by the Government when they set up the Recidivists Board and
associated "medical officers specialised in psychology" with the
decisions taken by the Minister (see paragraphs 21 and 22 above).
It must therefore be asked whether the very logic of the Belgian
system does not require subsequent judicial review, at reasonable
intervals, of the justification for the deprivation of liberty.
If one were to consider such justification to have been established
once and for all at the moment of conviction, this would amount, in a
way, to a presumption that the detention would produce no useful
result.
48. Admittedly, the Belgian Court of Cassation, in a judgment of
4 April 1978, rejected this argument in favour of the theory of
"incorporated supervision" (Pasicrisie 1978, I, p. 862; and see
paragraph 44 above). However, for the purposes of Article 5 par. 4
(art. 5-4), the "lawfulness" of an "arrest or detention" has to be
determined in the light not only of domestic law but also of the text
of the Convention, the general principles embodied therein and the aim
of the restrictions permitted by Article 5 par. 1 (art. 5-1) (see,
mutatis mutandis, the above-mentioned X v. the United Kingdom,
judgment, Series A no. 46, p. 25, par. 57, to be read in conjunction
with the above-mentioned Winterwerp judgment, Series A no. 33, p. 17,
par. 39, and pp. 19-20, par. 45).
Quite apart from conformity with domestic law, "no detention that
is arbitrary can ever be regarded as 'lawful'" for the purposes of
paragraph 1 (art. 5-1) (see, amongst others, the above-mentioned
X v. the United Kingdom judgment, Series A no. 46, p. 19, par. 43).
This is the limit which the Minister of Justice must not exceed
in the exercise of the wide discretion he enjoys in executing, or
implementing, the initial court decision. This requirement is
rendered all the more compelling by the seriousness of what is at
stake, namely the possibility that the individual may be deprived of
his liberty for up to ten years (section 23 of the Act) or even longer
(section 22). This type of detention would no longer be in conformity
with the Convention if it ceased to be based on reasons that are
plausible and consistent with the objectives of the Social Protection
Act; for the purposes of Article 5 (art. 5), it would become
"unlawful". It follows that the individual concerned must be entitled
to apply to a "court" having jurisdiction to determine whether or not
there has been a violation of that kind; this possibility must be open
to him during the course of his detention - once a certain period has
elapsed since the detention began and thereafter at reasonable
intervals (see, mutatis mutandis, the above-mentioned X v. the United
Kingdom judgment, Series A no. 46, pp. 22-23, par. 52) - and also at
the moment of any return to detention after being at liberty.
49. It is true that Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4) does not guarantee a
right to judicial control of such scope as to empower the court, on
all aspects of the case, including questions of pure expediency, to
substitute its own discretion for that of the decision-making
authority. The review should, however, be wide enough to bear on those
conditions which, under the Convention, are essential for the "lawful"
detention of a person pursuant to Chapter VII of the 1964 Act; this is
all the more so because, with the exception of the status of
recidivist or habitual offender itself, the conditions initially
justifying that detention may change to such an extent that they cease
to exist (see, mutatis mutandis, the above-mentioned X v. the United
Kingdom judgment, Series A nr. 46, p. 25, par. 57-58).
In the instant case, the Convention required an appropriate procedure
allowing a court to determine "speedily", on application by
Mr. Van Droogenbroeck, whether the Minister of Justice was entitled to
hold that detention was still consistent with the object and purpose
of the 1964 Act (ibid.). For the purposes of Article 5 par. 4
(art. 5-4), this was not simply a question of expediency but one that
bore on the very "lawfulness" of the deprivation of liberty at issue.
B. The Government's alternative plea
50. The Government pleaded in the alternative that several remedies
satisfying the requirements of Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4) would have
been available to the applicant, namely:
(i) instituting or causing to be instituted a prosecution for
arbitrary detention;
(ii) referring to the Ghent Court of Appeal any dispute between
himself and the ministère public regarding the execution of the
judgment of 20 October 1970;
(iii) applying to that Court of Appeal for release from the effects
of the measure imposed on him;
(iv) applying to the President of the court of first instance in his
capacity of juge des référés (judge hearing urgent applications);
(v) bringing an action based directly on Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4).
At the hearings of 20 October 1981 and in their supplementary
memorial of February 1982 (paragraphs 44-45), the Government
withdrew their claim that Mr. Van Droogenbroeck could, in addition,
have lodged with the Conseil d'Etat a plea that the decision to
detain him was a nullity.
Neither does the Recidivists Board (see paragraphs 22 above) fall to
be considered in connection with Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4). The
Board is not a "court" within the meaning of the Convention, does not
afford to detainees who appear before it the guarantees of judicial
procedure determine the "lawfulness" of the "detention" of the
individuals concerned or, a fortiori, to "order" the release of such
of them whose deprivation of liberty it may consider "unlawful"
(see, notably, the above-mentioned X v. the United Kingdom judgment,
Series A no. 46, p. 23, par. 53, and p. 26, par. 61, and the Ireland
v. the United Kingdom judgment of 18 Januari 1978, Series A no. 25,
p. 76, par. 200).
51. The object of the first remedy mentioned by the Government (see
paragraphs 26 and 50 above) is a finding not only that the detention
is unlawful but also that an offence has been committed, ex
hypothesi in the case of detention of a recidivist or habitual
offender, by a civil servant, a public official or the governor of a
prison establishment (Article 147 of the Criminal Code and
Article 609 of the Code of Criminal Procedure), in other words a
finding of personal guilt. In addition, the "court" (if any) hearing
the case - assuming that the proceedings were terminated "speedily" -
could at most convict the offender; it could not itself "order" the
victim's release. Finally, the action might remain without effect if
the accused sheltered behind the defence of "orders from the competent
authority" (Article 70 of the Criminal Code), that is to say the
Minister of Justice.
52. As regards the second alleged remedy, the Ghent Court of Appeal
did in fact hold, in 1897 and 1914, that disputes between the
ministère public and a detainee concerning the execution of a penal
sentence could be referred to the court which passed it (see
paragraph 28 above; paragraphs 35, 39 and 71 in fine of the
Commission's report; paragraph 53 of the Government's memorial).
However, as the Government admitted in reply to a question from the
Court, those old judgments have remained isolated decisions and have
not been confirmed by later jurisprudence. In any event, they did
not concern the system of social protection. They cannot therefore
be relied on as establishing the existence of a remedy as required
by Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4).
53. The third remedy invoked, the application for release from the
effects of the measure in question, provided for by section 26 of
the 1964 Act (see paragraph 23 above), undoubtedly involves
proceedings before a "court" and is accompanied by the guarantees
of judicial procedure; however, when the person concerned is at
liberty, what he will be seeking by means of such an application
will be the complete cancellation of the sentence placing him at the
Government's disposal. It is therefore the measure in its entirety
which will be reviewed and not just the question of detention, and
the issue will be not so much the "lawfulness" of the detention as
"the expediency of early termination of the penalty" imposed by a
judgment which is no longer open te appeal (paragraph 33 of the
Government's supplementary memorial, and Court of Cassation,
15 February 1977 - paragraph 14 above). As the Commission
(paragraph 74 in fine of the report) and the applicant (written
observations of February 1982) pointed out, the Court of Appeal would
not be in a position to "make a distinction between the deprivation of
liberty and such measures of guidance, assistance or supervision" as
might still be necessary, "even if the current behaviour of the
individual concerned were no longer in any way such as to justify in
law continuation of the detention". Moreover, the intervals of three,
or even five, years that must elapse between two applications to the
court appear too long to be regarded as "reasonable" for the purposes
of Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4) (see paragraph 48 above). The Court
notes incidentally that the examination of Mr. Van Droogenbroeck's
applications took seven months on the first occasion (12 May -
13 December 1976, see paragraph 14 above) and six months on the second
(16 September 1979 - 18 March 1980, see paragraph 18 above), a fact
that sits ill with the notion of "speedily".
54. According to the Government, the juge des référés
(see paragraph 29 above) represents "the last bastion, if one were
needed, of individual freedoms" in the Belgian legal system. An
application may be made to him when the matter is urgent and on the
basis of the general jurisdiction conferred on him by Article 584 of
the Judicial Code to give "a provisional ruling ... in all matters
except those which are excluded by law from the competence of the
courts".
The juge des référés clearly has the characteristics of a "court" for
the purposes of Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4). It would also appear to
be within the very nature of his function to give a ruling "speedily"
and, although he gives only a "provisional" decision, it is one that
is "immediately enforceable, notwithstanding any possible appeal"
(paragraph 56 of the Government's memorial).
The extent of his jurisdiction is expressed in wide terms and the
drafting history of, and the official statement of reasons
accompanying, the Judicial Code indicate that it includes all cases,
civil, administrative and penal, within the competence of the
courts, save those for which a special procedure is laid down under
substantive or procedural criminal law. According to the information
before the Court, the exception mentioned at the end of Article 584
relates to matters which are the prerogative of the executive, but
would not prevent his finding that given acts on the part of such
authorities were unlawful.
The Court also recognises the particular importance to be attached
to the case-law cited by the Government. It notes, in particular,
that on 22 February, 20 May and 14 August 1980, the Brussels juge
des référés "enjoined" the defendant, the Belgian State, to
"release forthwith" persons whose detention he considered to be
"unlawful" (Journal des Tribunaux, 1980, pp. 578-580). However,
the orders in question post-date both the return to detention
(21 December 1977) and, with the exception of the earliest of them,
the release of Mr. Van Droogenbroeck (18 March 1980). Furthermore,
whilst these orders concerned measures that deprived persons of
their liberty, they did not relate to the 1964 Act: the first and
third were in respect of the placing of non-Belgian subjects at the
Government's disposal under the legislation on the control of
aliens; the second, against which the Belgian State has lodged an
appeal, was in respect of the revocation of conditional release.
The same does not apply to a more recent order *: on 16 November 1981,
the Brussels juge des référés held that he had jurisdiction to hear an
application inviting him to direct the release of an individual
detained, pursuant to section 14 of the 1964 Act, in the psychiatric
wing of a prison; he decided, however, that the circumstances of the
case were such that a provisional order should not be made.
On the other had, on 10 July 1981 the President of the Nivelles court
of first instance held that he did not have jurisdiction to order the
restitution of a wireless transmitter and aerial which had been seized
on 3 June 1981 following a complaint by the Telegraph and Telephone
Office *. This decision was confirmed by the Brussels Court of Appeal
on 18 January 1982; it referred to both Belgian and French case-law,
pre-dating the Judicial Code, and held that "a civil court, and hence
the juge des référés, has no jurisdiction over steps taken in the
course of criminal investigations" *.
_______________
* Note by the registry: These decisions appear to be unreported at
the date of adoption of the present judgment.
_______________
In the light of the foregoing considerations, recourse to the juge
des référés does not, in the opinion of the Court, satisfy the
requirements of Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4) of the Convention in
the present case for the following reasons.
In the first place, this is a matter which at present turns on
issues of Belgian domestic law that are unsettled (see, mutatis
mutandis, the above-mentioned Deweer judgment, Series A no. 35,
p. 28 in fine), with case-law of very recent date which is still
being developed and is the subject of debate. The Government have
challenged that case-law before the national courts; they did not rely
on it before the Commission, either in connection with Article 26
(art. 26) of the Convention or in connection with the merits. The
existence of a remedy must be sufficiently certain, failing which it
will lack the accessibility and effectiveness which are required by
Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4) (see, mutatis mutandis, the
above-mentioned De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp judgment, Series A no. 12,
p. 34, par. 62). At least at the time of the events in question, the
possibility of applying to the juge des référés on a matter covered by
the 1964 Act did not satisfy this condition.
In the second place, since the decision by the juge des référés can
contain only a "provisional" ruling, it is given without prejudice to
the merits of the case (see Article 1039 of the Judicial Code and,
mutatis mutandis, the above-mentioned Deweer judgment, Series A
no. 35, p. 28, (a), in fine) and therefore does not have the authority
of res judicata. Furthermore, the state of the case-law is not yet
such as to establish with adequate clarity whether the review
undertaken by the juge des référés meets, from the point of view of its
scope, the requirements of Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4) regarding a
decision on "lawfulness" (see paragraph 49 above). It is thus
necessary to know which court is empowered to dispose finally of the
matter "on the merits". The Court raised this question at the hearings
and the Government replied that it would be the court of first
instance. However, they did not produce any evidence in support of
this statement or as to how, at the present time, the requirement of a
"speedy" decision would be satisfied.
55. Some of the preceding observations also apply to the fifth and
last remedy mentioned by the Government.
In a judgment of 28 February 1979, the Mons Court of Appeal held that,
in the absence of any special provision and by virtue of Article 568
of the Judicial Code, it was for the court of first instance to hear
applications challenging the validity of a deprivation of liberty that
are based directly on Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4) of the Convention
(Journal des Tribunaux, 1979, pp. 358-361). The case in question
concerned the detention of an individual who, "at the time when the
facts occurred", was "in a serious state of mental derangement
rendering him incapable of regulating his conduct", this being a
matter governed by Chapters II to V (section 7 to 20) of the 1964 Act.
The Court of Cassation quashed that judgment on 14 February 1980, but
for reasons unconnected with the admissibility of the application,
which indeed it appears to have accepted implicitly (Revue de droit
pénal et de criminologie, 1980, pp. 765-790, with submissions to the
same effect by the ministère public).
Again, in a judgment of 22 August 1974 (Military Court, Journal des
Tribunaux, 1974, pp. 611-612) and a decision of 10 June 1976 (Chamber
of field court-martial, ibid., 1976, pp. 646-647), it has been
recognised, on the basis of Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4), that there is
nothing to prevent a serviceman placed in detention on remand by the
"Commission judiciaire" from applying for release to the court-martial
or the Military Court, as the case may be. Those precedents stated
that the powers of those courts were not derived from "current
domestic legislation" but were a "creation of case-law", the origin
whereof lay "in an international treaty and in the principle that
priority must be accorded to rules of international treaty law";
accordingly, the scope of those powers did not go beyond the
requirements of Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4) (review of lawfulness,
but not of expediency).
The Court has already had the occasion to draw attention to the
importance and the consequences of incorporating the Convention into
domestic law (see the above-mentioned Ireland v. the United Kingdom
judgment, Series A no. 25, p. 91, par. 239) and of the direct
applicability of the Convention (see the above-mentioned De Wilde,
Ooms and Versyp judgment, Series A no. 12, p. 46, par. 95, and the
Van Oosterwijck judgment of 6 November 1980, Series A no. 40, p. 16,
par. 33). However, the respondent State "is not aware of any
decision on an application based directly on Article 5 par. 4
(art. 5-4) of the Convention, lodged by a recidivist placed at the
Government's disposal" (paragraph 39 of the supplementary memorial).
Of those applications it mentions, the oldest (1974/1976) concern the
detention of servicemen on remand. The judgment delivered by the Mons
Court of Appeal on 28 February 1979 did, in fact, relate to a form of
deprivation of liberty covered by Chapters II to V - and not, as in
the present case, Chapter VII - of the Social Protection Act.
However, this was an isolated decision which has not been expressly
confirmed by the Court of Cassation on the point at issue and which
anyway post-dates Mr. Van Droogenbroeck's return to detention. Here
again, Belgian case-law appears to be in a process of evolution and
the extent to which it will in the future affirm the existence of a
judicial power of review is uncertain.
56. The Court by no means excludes the possibility that, once the
significant developments described above have come to their
conclusion, a result that meets the requirements of Article 5 par. 4
(art. 5-4) might be achieved by combining an application to the juge
des référés with an action "on the merits" based on Article 5 par. 4
(art. 5-4), or by exercising these two remedies concurrently or
successively (see, mutatis mutandis, the above-mentioned X v. the
United Kingdom judgment, Series A no. 46, p. 26, par. 60).
Nevertheless, it is obliged to find that such a result was not
attained in the instant case; there has accordingly been a violation
of Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4).
III. THE ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 4 (art. 4)
57. Mr. Van Droogenbroeck also relied on Article 4 (art. 4),
which reads:
"1. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.
2. No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour.
3. For the purpose of this Article (art. 4) the term "forced or
compulsory labour" shall not include:
(a) any work required to be done in the ordinary course of detention
imposed according to the provisions of Article 5 (art. 5)
of [the] Convention or during conditional release from such detention;
..."
58. The applicant's first allegation was that by being placed at the
Government's disposal he was held in "servitude", contrary to
paragraph 1, in that he was subjected "to the whims of the
administration".
The situation complained of did not violate Article 5 par. 1
(art. 5-1) (see paragraph 42 above). Accordingly, it could have been
regarded as servitude only if it involved a "particularly serious"
form of "denial of freedom" (see paragraphs 79-80 of the Commission's
report), which was not so in the present case.
59. Mr. Van Droogenbroeck further complained that, contrary to
paragraph 2 of Article 4 (art. 4-2), he was "forced" to work in
order to save 12,000 BF. According to the Government, he was simply
"invited" to work.
The Court considers that it may leave this question of fact open. In
practice, once release is conditional on the possession of savings
from pay for work done in prison (see paragraphs 13, 16 and 17
above), one is not far away from an obligation in the strict sense of
the term.
However, it does not follow that the complaint is well-founded, for
failure to observe Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4) (see paragraph 56
above) does not automatically mean that there has been failure to
observe Article 4 (art. 4): the latter Article authorises, in
paragraph 3 (a) (art. 4-3-a), work required to be done in the ordinary
course of detention which has been imposed, as was here the case, in a
manner that does not infringe paragraph 1 of Article 5 (art. 5-1).
Moreover, the work which Mr. Van Droogenbroeck was asked to do did not
go beyond what is "ordinary" in this context since it was calculated to
assist him in reintegrating himself into society and had as its legal
basis provisions which find an equivalent in certain other member
States of the Council of Europe (see paragraph 25 above and, mutatis
mutandis, the above-mentioned De Wilde, Oms and Versyp judgment,
Series A no. 12, pp. 44-45, par. 89-90).
60. Accordingly, the Belgian authorities did not fail to observe the
requirements of Article 4 (art. 4).
IV. THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 50 (art. 50)
61. At the hearings, one of the applicant's lawyers requested the
Court, should it find a violation of the Convention, to afford his
client just satisfaction under Article 50 (art. 50). He declared that
he would leave the item of "pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage" to the
Court's discretion; as regards "fees and expenses", he listed these in
a note which the Secretary to the Commission transmitted to the
Registrar on 14 November 1981.
The Government did not indicate their position on this matter.
62. Accordingly, although it was raised under Rule 47 bis of the
Rules of Court, this question is not ready for decision and must be
reserved; in the circumstances of the case, the Court considers that
the question should be referred back to the Chamber in accordance
with Rule 50 par. 4 of the Rules of Court.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY
1. Holds that there has not been a violation of Article 5 par. 1
(art. 5-1) of the Convention;
2. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 par. 4 (art. 5-4);
3. Holds that there has not been a violation of Article 4 (art. 4);
4. Holds that the question of the application of Article 50 (art. 50)
is not ready for decision;
(a) accordingly reserves the whole of the said question;
(b) refers the said question back to the Chamber under Rule 50
par. 4 of the Rules of Court.
Done in English and in French, the French text being authentic, at
the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, this twenty-fourth day of
June, one thousand nine hundred and eighty-two.
Signed: Gérard WIARDA
President
Signed: Marc-André EISSEN
Registrar