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European Court of Human Rights
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> European Court of Human Rights >> DE BECKER v. BELGIUM - 214/56 [1962] ECHR 1 (27 March 1962)
URL: http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1962/1.html
Cite as: 1 EHRR 43, (1979) 1 EHRR 43, [1962] ECHR 1, (1980) 1 EHRR 43
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In the "De Becker" case,
The European Court of Human Rights, constituted, in accordance with
the provisions of Article 43 (art. 43) of the Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (hereinafter
referred to as "the Convention") and Rules 21 and 22 of the Rules of
Court of the European Court of Human Rights, in a Chamber composed of:
Mr. R. CASSIN, President
and of MM. A. VERDROSS
G. MARIDAKIS
A. ROSS
T. WOLD
K. F. ARIK
Baron L. FREDERICQ, ad hoc judge, Judges
Mr. P. MODINOS, Registrar
decides as follows:
PROCEDURE:
1. On 29th April 1960, the European Commission of Human Rights
(hereinafter referred to as the "Commission"), transmitted to the
Court a request dated 28th April 1960 referring to the Court the case
brought before the Commission on 1st September 1956 by an Application
(Article 25 of the Convention) (art. 25) of Mr. Raymond De Becker, a
Belgian national, against the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium.
The request, to which was attached the Report drawn up by the
Commission (Article 31 of the Convention) (art. 31), was submitted to
the Court within the period of three months laid down in
Articles 32 (1) and 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention.
In referring the case to the Court, the Commission adverted to the
declaration in which the Belgian Government recognised on 5th July 1955
the jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46 of the Convention) (art. 46)
and to the powers conferred upon the Commission under Article 48 (a)
(art. 48-a) of the Convention.
In accordance with Rule 32 of the Rules of Court, the Commission's
request was transmitted to the Belgian Government on 29th April 1960.
In pursuance of Rule 21, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
Registrar invited the said Government to inform him within thirty days
whether it wished to appear as a Party in this case. In accordance
with Rule 32, paragraph 1 in fine of the Rules of Court, the Registrar
informed the Committee of Ministers, also on 29th April 1960, of the
filing of the request.
2. By letter of 19th May 1960, the Belgian Government informed the
Registrar that it agreed to appear as a Party to this case and that
it had appointed as its Agent, Mr. Anthony Gomrée, Magistrat délégué
at the Ministry of Justice in Brussels.
3. Before the Chamber which was to hear the case was constituted,
Mr. Henri Rolin, the elected Judge of Belgian nationality and, under
Article 43 (art. 43) of the Convention, in this capacity an ex officio
member of the Chamber, informed the President of the Court that,
owing to certain special circumstances, he was obliged to withdraw.
The President having accepted this withdrawal and notified the Belgian
Government accordingly, the latter appointed as an ad hoc judge, in
accordance with (former) (1) Rule 23, paragraph 1 of the Rules of Court,
Baron Louis Fredericq, Honorary Rector of the University of Ghent. The
names of the other six judges required to sit in the Chamber were
chosen by lot [(former) (1) Rule 21, paragraph 3 of the Rules] by the
President of the Court in the presence of the Registrar on
20th June 1960.
_______________
(1) As adopted by the Court on 18th September 1959; this Rule was not
revised until 25th October 1961.
_______________
On 22nd June 1960 the judges, the Agent of the Belgian Government and
the President and delegates of the Commission were notified of the
composition of the Chamber.
4. After ascertaining, in accordance with Rule 35, paragraph 1, of
the Rules of Court, the views of the Agent of the Party, as well as
those of the delegates of the Commission, on the procedure to be
followed, on 6th October 1960, the President of the Chamber, by Order
dated the same day, granted the Commission for the filing of its first
Memorial a time-limit of six weeks as from the date of the Court's
decision on the preliminary objections raised in the "Lawless" case,
and to the Belgian Government for the filing of its Counter-Memorial,
a time-limit of two months as from the date of receipt of the
Commission's Memorial.
The decision in the "Lawless" case having been rendered on
14th November 1960, the Memorial of the Commission was filed on
22nd December 1960. After receiving on 3rd January 1961 the
Commission's Memorial, the Agent of the Belgian Government presented
on 3rd March 1961 his Government's Counter-Memorial.
5. A first public hearing was held on 3rd July 1961. The proceedings
having been postponed until a new hearing, the Commission and the
Belgian Government filed further written documents:
- The Commission, on 23rd August 1961, filed a document dated
21st August 1961, containing new conclusions,
- The Belgian Government, on 20th September 1961, also filed new
conclusions.
A second public hearing was held on 5th October 1961; at that hearing
the Court closed the hearings while reserving the right to re-open
them at a later date, if necessary.
On 7th October 1961, the Court was informed by the Secretary of the
Commission that R. De Becker, the Applicant before the Commission, had
on 5th October 1961 sent a memorandum to the delegates of the
Commission according to which "he now regards it as unnecessary further
to proceed with the case and withdraws his application".
In accordance with the invitation addressed to it during the hearing
of 5th October, the Belgian Government submitted to the Court on
16th October 1961 a communication supplemented by an additional
memorandum by that Government dated 18th December 1961 (deposited with
the Registrar of the Court on 20th December 1961). The Commission,
for its part, submitted on 22nd January 1962 new written conclusions
dated 15th January 1962. The President of the Chamber accordingly
decided, by Order of 24th January 1962, to re-open the hearings. The
Belgian Government filed further conclusions on 15th February 1962, in
reply to the conclusions of the Commission of 25th January 1962.
A third public hearing took place on 19th February 1962, when the
proceedings were declared closed.
At the hearings held in this case, the following have appeared:
For the Commission:
Mr. C.Th. Eustathiades, Principal Delegate
Mr. L.J.C. Beaufort (hearings of 3rd July 1961 and
19th February 1962 only)
Mr. F. Castberg (hearing of 5th October 1961 only)
Mrs. G. Janssen-Pevtschin, Deputy Delegates.
For the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium, Party:
Mr. A. Gomrée, Agent (hearings of 3rd July 1961 and
5th October 1961 only)
Mr. J. Van Ryn, Counsel (acting as Agent at hearing of
19th February 1962)
Mr. Dassesse, Counsel (hearings of 3rd July 1961 and
5th October 1961 only)
At the public hearings, the Court heard the addresses, replies and
conclusions of:
For the Commission:
Mr. C.Th. Eustathiades, Principal Delegate.
For the Belgian Government:
Mr. J. Van Ryn, Counsel.
THE FACTS:
I
1. Mr. Raymond De Becker, journalist and writer of Belgian
nationality, presently living in Paris, was condemned to death by the
Brussels Conseil de Guerre on 24th July 1946 on the ground that
between 13th June 1940 and 5th October 1943 he had collaborated with
the German authorities in Belgium in various ways and capacities,
principally in the exercise of his functions as general editor of the
Belgian daily newspaper Le Soir (Articles 66, 113, 117 and 118 bis
of the Belgian Penal Code).
De Becker was, in particular, found guilty of having "participated in
the enemy's transformation of legal institutions or organisations, of
having undermined the loyalty of Belgian citizens to the King and the
State in time of war" and of having "furthered the enemy's policy and
designs"; of having "deliberately directed, practised, incited,
promoted and encouraged propaganda against resistance to the enemy and
the enemy's allies ..."; of having by his writings "directly incited
Belgian nationals to commit the crime of taking up arms against their
country" or its allies "by knowingly performing on behalf of the enemy
such tasks as fighting, transport, mounting guard and other tasks
normally carried out by the enemy forces and their auxiliary services,
... with the effect intended" and of having "directly as well as through
intermediaries or acting himself as an intermediary, supplied the
enemies of the State with troops and manpower".
The judgment of the Conseil de Guerre carried with it, inter alia,
forfeiture by De Becker of the rights set out in Article 123 sexies of
the Belgian Penal Code.
2. The Brussels Military Court, to which De Becker appealed, while
confirming the facts and the Applicant's criminal intent, admitted the
existence of extenuating circumstances, namely the Applicant's
opposition to the "annexionist and separatist" intentions of the
occupant, which had led to his arrest in 1943 and his deportation to
Germany for a period of two years. In its judgment of 14th June 1947
the Court commuted the death penalty to one of life imprisonment. It
confirmed the judgment in all other respects, including the forfeiture
of the rigths enumerated in Article 123 sexies of the Penal Code.
3. Loss of civil and political rights for offences against the
external security of the State were introduced into the Belgian Penal
Code by the Legislative Decree of 6th May 1944, whose Article 2
provided as follows:
"The following provisions shall be added to Vol. II, Section 1,
Chapter II, of the Penal Code:
1. An Article 123 sexies worded as follows:
Any person sentenced to a penalty exceeding five years' imprisonment
for an offence or attempted offence under Vol. II, Section 1,
Chapter II, of the Penal Code or Articles 17 and 18 of the Military
Penal Code, committed in time of war, shall, ipso jure, be deprived
for life of the following rights:
(a) the rights set out in Article 31 of the Penal Code, including the
right to vote and the right to be elected;
(b) the right to appear on any roll of barristers, honorary counsel or
probationary barristers;
(c) the right to take part in any capacity whatsoever in instruction
provided by a public or private establishment;
(d) the right to receive remuneration from the State as a minister of
religion;
(e) the right to have a proprietary interest in or to take part in any
capacity whatsoever in the administration, editing, printing or
distribution of a newspaper or any other publication;
(f) the right to take part in organising or managing any cultural,
philanthropic or sporting activity or any public entertainment;
(g) the right to have proprietary interest in, or to be associated
with the administration or any other aspect of the activity of any
undertaking concerned with theatrical production, films or
broadcasting;
(h) the right to exercise the functions of director and/or manager or
authorised representative of a private company, limited shareholding
partnership, co-operative society or credit union; the functions
of manager of a Belgian establishment, under Article 198 (2) of the
consolidated Commercial Companies Acts; to follow the profession of
stockbroker, broker's agent or bank auditor, the profession of
banker, or exercise the functions of director, governor, manager or
authorised representative of a bank as defined in Royal Decree No. 185
of 9th July 1935, or those of manager of the Belgian branches of
foreign banks specified in Article 6 of Royal Decree No. 185 of
9th July 1935;
(i) the right to be associated in any way with the administration,
management or direction of a professional association or a
non-profit-making association;
(j) the right to be a leader of a political association.
2. An Article 123 septies worded as follows:
Any person sentenced to a correctional penalty of eight days or
more for an offence or attempted offence mentioned in Article 123
sexies shall ipso jure be temporarily debarred from exercising his
right to vote, to stand for election or to be elected.
The said disability shall cease ten years after conviction if the
sentence was of less than one month's imprisonment, and twenty years
after conviction if the sentence was of one month's imprisonment or
more.
If the correctional penalty exceeds one year's imprisonment, the
convicted person shall in addition be debarred ipso jure from
exercising the other rights referred to in Article 123 sexies.
Suspension of the exercise of these other rights shall cease ten years
after conviction where the sentence was less than three years'
imprisonment and twenty years after conviction where the sentence was
three years' imprisonment or more."
4. The report to the Council on the Legislative Decree of
6th May 1944 contains the following explanations:
"Article 2 also provides for the prohibition or suspension of the
exercise of certain rights by persons convicted of crimes against the
external security of the State.
Such prohibition and suspension following upon conviction of an
offence against the external security of the State constitute
preventive measures vis-à-vis those persons who have contributed to
placing their country in peril. Such persons are removed, for a
period which varies according to the seriousness of the offence, from
all activities in the national life where their action or influence
might revive that peril ...".
"... Thus, unlike the deprivation or suspension of rights prescribed in
Articles 31 et seq. of the Penal Code, those prescribed in
Article 2 (1) and (2) (123 sexies and 123 septies) of the draft are
not penalties. They are measures of a civil character, originating in
the law itself.
The rigths, the exercise of which is prohibited for life or suspended,
are listed in Article 2 (1) (123 sexies).
Paragraphs (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f) safeguard the nation's
spiritual, cultural and scientific heritage ..."
5. A first amendment to the above-mentioned provision was made by
Article 10 of the Legislative Decree of 19th September 1945, which was
designed to increase the severity of the measures by deleting the
words "to imprisonment" ("à une peine criminelle") in Article 123
sexies and by repealing Article 123 septies. The clause was worded as
follows:
"1. The words "à une peine criminelle" shall be deleted from
paragraph 1 of Article 123 sexies of the Penal Code. The deprivation
prescribed in the said article as amended shall apply ipso jure to any
conviction pronounced since 27th August 1939.
2. Article 123 septies of the Penal Code is hereby repealed."
This was the clause in force when De Becker was tried and sentenced.
6. In 1950, as a measure of clemency, the sentence of life
imprisonment was reduced to seventeen years.
On 22nd February 1951, De Becker was conditionally released on making
a "declaration" to the effect that he voluntarily undertook to take up
residence in France within one month of his release and that he would
not engage in politics. After his release, the Applicant took up
residence in Paris.
Subsequently, De Becker made several unsuccessful requests for the ban
to be lifted on his residing in Belgium and for the professional
disabilities inflicted on him under Article 123 sexies of the Penal Code
to be cancelled. He succeeded, however, in establishing legal
domicile in Belgium.
II
7. On 1st September 1956, De Becker lodged with the Commission an
application agginst Belgium.
First, De Becker contended that the restrictions imposed on him under
Article 123 sexies of the Belgian Penal Code were an infringement of
two Articles of the Convention. The first of these was Article 7
(art. 7), which lays down the principle that crimes and offences must
be defined by legislation; but Article 123 sexies had been introduced
by retroactive decree. Secondly, by preventing the Applicant from
exercising his profession as a journalist and writer, the imposition
of these restrictions also contravened Article 10 (art. 10), which
guarantees every person the right to freedom of expression. In
general, too, these restrictions were contrary to human dignity since
their effect was to leave the Applicant with four courses which were
equally unacceptable: to refrain from any expression at all, to
express himself under a pseudonym, to write abroad and renounce any
circulation in Belgium - which would hardly be acceptable to his
publishers - or, lastly, to disregard the injunction and expose
himself to a further term of imprisonment under Article 123 nonies
of the Penal Code. Under that clause, "any person who, notwithstanding
the prohibition resulting from the application of Article 123
sexies ... exercises, either directly or through another person, one
of the rights listed in that Article, shall on conviction be punished
by one to three years' imprisonment" and by a fine.
De Becker also complained of what he termed his de facto exile. There
is no provision for such exile in either the Belgian law or the
Constitution; it results solely from the terms on which the Applicant
was conditionally released on 22nd February 1951. The Applicant
submitted that it was incompatible with Article 5 (art. 5)
of the Convention, according to which "everyone has the right to
liberty and security of person", and with Article 9 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, which proclaims that "no one shall be
submitted to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile". De Becker further
asserted that he had given an undertaking to reside abroad under moral
pressure alone, namely under the threat that his release might be
refused and also because he had been led to believe that his
banishment would rapidly be terminated. Similarly, he had contrived
to respect that undertaking in order to avoid again being imprisoned.
His status as a "de facto exile" has now lasted for several years, and
since the Belgian authorities show no readiness to terminate it, may
well continue legally until 14th July 1973, which is the date set for
his final discharge.
The Applicant accordingly asked for recognition:
- of the right to reside in Belgium and
- of the right to express his ideas by all lawful means, in accordance
with the spirit of the Convention (in particular, of Article 17)
(art. 17).
He asked the Commission to invite the Belgian Government, preferably
under the terms of a friendly settlement (Article 28 (b) of the
Convention) (art. 28-b), to lift the measures of which he complained
and, in so far as this might necessitate certain legislative steps, to
suspend these measures in the meanwhile.
III
8. The Commission, after declaring the Application inadmissible in so
far as it concerned the complaint of "de facto exile" and the question
of the compatibility of Article 123 sexies of the Belgian Penal Code
with Article 7 (art. 7) of the Convention (which prohibits
retroactivity of the criminal law) decided on 9th June 1958 to declare
admissible the part of the Application that disputed the compatibility
of Article 123 sexies of the Belgian Penal Code with Article 10
(art. 10) of the Convention and in regard to the period subsequent to
14th June 1955.
The Commission recognised:
- in regard to its competence ratione temporis that the Applicant had
found himself placed in a continuing situation which had no doubt
originated before the entry into force of the Convention in respect of
Belgium (14th June 1955), but which had continued after that date,
since the forfeitures in question had been imposed "for life";
- that all domestic remedies (Article 26 of the Convention) (art. 26)
had been exhausted;
- that the six months' time-limit stipulated in Article 26 (art. 26)
of the Convention was not applicable in that case; and lastly,
- that the Applicant's complaint regarding the compatibility of
Article 123 sexies of the Belgian Penal Code with Article 10
(art. 10) of the Convention was not manifestly ill-founded
(Article 27, paragraph 2, of the Convention) (art. 27-2).
9. The Commission examined the part of the Application that has been
declared admissible under the procedure referred to in Articles 28 and
29 (art. 28, art. 29) of the Convention. In the absence of a friendly
settlement, the Commission drew up the Report provided for in Article 31
(art. 31) of the Convention.
10. As stated in that Report and in the first Memorial filed in the
course of the present procedure the Commission had to consider four
main questions:
(a) Is the compatibility of Article 123 sexies, paragraphs (e), (f)
and (g), of Belgian Penal Code with the provisions of the Convention
to be judged in the light of Article 10 (art. 10) to the Convention or
in the light of Articles 2 to 7 (art. 2, art. 3, art. 4, art. 5,
art. 6, art. 7)? In other words, is Article 10 (art. 10) applicable
here?
(b) If so, are paragraphs (e), (f) and (g) of Article 123 sexies
compatible with Article 10 (art. 10) of the Convention?
(c) If not, is the breach of Article 10 (art. 10) covered by
Article 15 (art. 15), or
(d) by Article 17 (art. 17) of the Convention?
11. As regards the first of these questions, the Commission, in its
Report (paragraph 263), expressed the unanimous opinion that "it is
Article 10 (art. 10), not Articles 2, 5 and 4 (art. 2, art. 5,
art. 4), to which reference has to be made in considering the
compatibility or otherwise of Article 123 sexies with the provisions
of the Convention".
As regards the second question, the Commission, by eleven votes to one,
expressed the opinion that paragraphs (e), (f) and (g) of Article 123
sexies, in so far as they affect freedom of expression, are not fully
justifiable under the Convention, "whether they be regarded as
providing for penal sanctions or for preventive measures in the
interests of public security. They are not justifiable in so far as
the deprivation of freedom of expression in regard to non-political
matters, which they contain, is imposed inflexibly for life without
any provision for its relaxation when with the passage of time public
morale and public order have been re-established and the continued
imposition of that particular incapacity has ceased to be a measure
'necessary in a democratic society' within the meaning of
Article 10, paragraph 2 (art. 10-2), of the Convention."
As regards the third and fourth questions, the Commission expressed
the unanimous opinion that neither Article 15 (art. 15) nor Article 17
(art. 17) of the Convention was applicable to the present case.
IV
12. In its request dated 28th April 1960 referring the matter to the
Court, the Commission pointed out that the Belgian Government had
referred on several occasions to the existence of proposals and draft
legislation directed towards amending Article 123 sexies or mitigating
its application.
The Belgian Government supplied the Court with full information on
this subject and added the relevant parliamentary papers to the file.
This material shows that, from 1948 onwards, various proposals and
bills were submitted to the Belgian legislature with a view to
mitigating the effects of the disabilities prescribed by Article 123
sexies.
13. The Act of 14th June 1948 (Article 10) amended Article 123
sexies: in contradistinction to the 1945 Act it provided that the
disabilities prescribed by that Article should only affect persons
upon whom a criminal sentence had been passed.
The 1948 Act also introduced an Article 123 septies worded as follows:
"Courts shall be empowered to impose the total or partial forfeiture,
for life or for a period, of the rights listed in the preceding
Article upon persons sentenced to a correctional penalty or to less
than five years' criminal detention for an offence or attemped offence
covered by the said Article."
14. Article 5 of the Act of 29th February 1952 made a further change,
limiting the application of Article 123 sexies to persons sentenced
"to more than five years' detention", and stipulating that Article 123
septies would in future cover only those sentenced either to a
correctional penalty or to less than five years' criminal detention.
15. Fresh initiatives were subsequently taken in the mood of
conciliation either by the Belgian Government or by Parliament with a
view to mitigating the system of professional disabilities introduced
by Article 123 sexies of the Belgian Penal Code.
On 15th January 1957 a bill - known as the "Lilar Bill", after the
Minister who initiated it - was introduced in Parliament with the
object inter alia of revising Article 123 sexies "in order to rectify
situations which it is undesirable to prolong".
The bill was amended several times during the parliamentary
proceedings.
16. The European Commission of Human Rights adopted its Report on the
De Becker case on 8th January 1960. On 1st February 1960 the Report
was transmitted to the Committee of Ministers.
While the "Lilar Bill" was being studied by the Belgian Parliament,
the Commission bound by Articles 32 and 47 (art. 32, art. 47)
of the Convention, referred the case to the Court on 28th April 1960,
pointing out at the same time that steps were being taken in the
Belgian Parliament to amend Article 123 sexies.
17. In its Memorial addressed to the Court on 22nd December 1960, the
Commission, after stating its opinion on the case, mentioned that it
had received no fresh information about the proceedings in the Belgian
Parliament relating to the Bill to amend Article 123 sexies.
The Commission emphasised, however, that "it will be for the Court to
take into account such developments as may occur in Belgian
legislation".
Subject to that reservation, and in those circumstances, the
Commission, in its Memorial of 22nd December 1960, made the following
submissions:
"May it please the Court to decide:
(a) whether the compatibility of Article 123 sexies of the Belgian
Penal Code with the provisions of the Convention should be determined
with relation to Article 10 (art. 10) or, rather, with relation to
Articles 2 to 7 (art. 2, art. 3, art. 4, art. 5, art. 6, art. 7). In
other words, whether Article 10 (art. 10) is applicable in
the present case;
(b) in the affirmative, whether paragraphs (e), (f) and (g) of
Article 123 sexies are compatible with Article 10 (art. 10) of the
Convention;
(c) if there has been a breach of Article 10 (art. 10), whether this
breach is covered by Article 15 (art. 15)
or
(d) by Article 17 (art. 17) of the Convention."
18. The Belgian Government, after reaffirming the standpoint which it
had maintained before the Commission throughout the proceedings,
namely that Article 123 sexies was fully compatible with the terms of
the Convention, made the following submissions in its Counter-Memorial
of 27th February 1961:
"May it please the Court to decide that Article 123 sexies of the
Belgian Penal Code is compatible with the terms of the Convention for
the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms."
19. The "Lilar Bill", taken up again in 1960 by the efforts of
Mr. Vermeylen, the Minister of Justice, became the Act of
30th June 1961 amending Article 123 sexie of the Belgian Penal Code.
This Act, insofar as it concerns the De Becker case, is worded as
follows:
30th June 1961
Civic Black Lists Act
(Loi relative à l'épuration civique)
SECTION 1
Amendments to the Penal Code and the Military Penal Code
Article 1. Articles 123 sexies, septies, octies and nonies of the
Penal Code are replaced by the following provisions:
Article 123 sexies, paragraph 1
By derogation from Articles 31 and 32, death sentences or sentences to
hard labour, life or rigorous (extraordinaire) imprisonment for an
offence or attempted offence punishable under Volume II, Section 1,
Chapter II of the Penal Code and committed in time of war shall not
include a prohibition on the accused against exercising the rights
enumerated therein but shall ipso jure entail deprivation for life of:
1° the rights enumerated in the said Article 31, including the rights
to vote, to elect or to be elected;
...
6° the right to participate, in any capacity whatsoever, in the
ownership, administration, editing, printing or distribution of a
newspaper or of any publication if such participation has a political
character;
7° the right to participate in the management or administration of any
cultural, philanthropic or sporting activity or any public
entertainment if such participation has a political character;
8° the right to participate in the ownership or administration or any
other aspect whatsoever of any undertaking concerned with theatrical
production, films or broadcasting if such participation has a
political character;
...
Paragraph 2
...
The sentence may entail deprivation of rights for a period of ten to
twenty years if the penalty is rigorous imprisonment (réclusion) or
ordinary detention, or for a period of five to ten years if the
penalty is correctional. The period of deprivation laid down in the
judgment or sentence shall run from the day on which the sentence,
whether delivered after a full hearing or in absentia, becomes res
judicata.
Article 123 septies, paragraph 1
Any person sentenced to deprivation of rights under Article 123 sexies
may apply for restitution of the rights enumerated in paragraphs 6 and
9 on condition that the said person:
1° is not under detention in execution of a penalty, and is not a
fugitive from justice nor in rebellion against the law (fugitif ou
latitant);
2° has paid the fines inflicted on him and acquitted himself of all
restitutions, damages and costs payments to which he has been
sentenced (the court may, however, release him from this condition if
he can prove that he cannot meet such payments either by reason of
poverty or for any other reason not imputable to him) and on condition
that;
3° twenty years have elapsed since the sentence was passed, in the
case of life deprivation of rights, ten years in the case of
deprivation for a period of ten to twenty years following a sentence
to a term of rigorous or ordinary imprisonment, or five years in the
case of deprivation for a period of five to ten years following a
sentence to a correctional penalty.
Paragraph 2
The application shall be made by registered letter addressed to the
Public Prosecutor (Procureur du Roi) of the domicile or place of
residence of the individual concerned, or, if the latter has neither
domicile nor residence in Belgium, to the Public Prosecutor of the
Brussels arrondissement.
The Public Prosecutor shall obtain such information as he considers
necessary and submit the application to the Court of first instance.
On receiving a summons, under registered postal cover, from the Public
Prosecutor, the individual concerned shall appear before the Court
sitting in private (Chambre du Conseil), either in person or
represented by an officer of the Court (avoué) or by Counsel briefed
by the Applicant (avocat porteur des pièces).
The summons shall indicate the Chamber before which the application
will be heard and the date and time at which the Applicant is to
appear. There shall be an interval of at least a week between the
date of notification and the date of the hearing. The date of
notification shall be the date of posting the summons.
If, after notification, the applicant fails to appear either in person
or represented by his Counsel or by an officer of the Court, the Court
may adjourn the case before sitting on the application, so as to allow
the Public Prosecutor (ministère public) time to issue a new summons.
The record of the case as kept by the Public Prosecutor shall be filed
with the Clerk of Court at least a week before the date fixed for the
hearing. The hearing procedure shall be the same as in a correctional
case.
There shall be no appeal from the judgment of the Court.
If the application is rejected in whole or in part it cannot be
renewed until two years have elapsed, since the date of the said
judgment.
...
Paragraph 3
Restitution of rights forfeited as a result of a sentence under the
preceding Article shall not be retrospective.
Article 123 octies
...
Article 123 nonies
...
Article 2
...
Article 3. The Civic Black Lists Act of 14th June 1948 and the
Civic Black Lists (Amendment) Act of 29th February 1952 are hereby
repealed.
SECTION 2
Interim Measures
Article 4. Within the limits indicated below, deprivations of civil
and political rights incurred before the present Act enters into force
and in respect of offences committed between 26th August 1939 and
15th June 1949 shall be maintained:
Paragraph 1
All deprivations of civil and political rights incurred under
paragraphs 1 or 2 of Article 1 of the Legislative Decree of
19th September 1945 (Civic Black Lists Act), or by inscription on the
lists of the Military Prosecutor (auditeur militaire) in virtue of the
said Legislative Decree or of the Act of 14th June 1948, or in virtue
of Article 7 of the said Legislative Decree or of Article 7,
paragraph 1 of the said Act, are hereby terminated.
Paragraph 2
...
Paragraph 3
...
Paragraph 4
...
Paragraph 5
Persons sentenced to deprivation of liberty for a period of more than
twenty years may apply to the Court for total or partial restitution
of the rights enumerated in sub-paragraphs 6 and 9 of paragraph 1 of
Article 123 sexies of the Penal Code.
The admissibility of such applications shall be subject to the
conditions laid down in Article 123 septies of the Penal Code and the
procedure shall be that defined in paragraph 2 of the said Article.
Paragraph 6
For the purposes of the present interim measures, heavier sentences
shall be assimilated to the penalties referred to above, if they have
been reduced to the equivalent of the latter by act of clemency.
Paragraph 7
Deprivations of rights under Article 123 sexies (e), (f) and (g) of
the Penal Code, as worded before the present Act came into force, shall
be maintained only insofar as the participation envisaged therein is of a
political character; the deprivation mentioned under (h) shall no
longer be applicable.
Paragraph 8
The provisions made under the preceding paragraphs shall quash all
future effect of these deprivations but shall not restore to those
concerned any title, rank, office, employment or public position of
which they have been stripped; nor shall they restore to such persons
the status of avocat, avocat stagiaire or avocat honoraire (barrister,
probationary barrister or honorary counsel) if they have been deprived
of such status."
20. At the public hearing on 3rd July 1961, the Agent of the Belgian
Government maintained that, in its earlier form, Article 123 sexies
was fully justified and that De Becker's criticisms were without
foundation. The Agent of the Belgian Government also submitted that
the Court had to consider the case on the basis of the Act of
30th June 1961 and that no one could deny that, by virtue of the
temporary measures of the said Act, De Becker had achieved the purpose
of his Application; that even in the matter of "political expression"
it was possible for De Becker to have recourse to the ordinary courts
of his country to recover the remaining rights of which he has been
deprived. Consequently - in the opinion of the Belgian Government -
the Applicant had no interest in the continuance of proceedings
arising from his Application.
Accordingly, at the hearing of 3rd July 1961 the Agent of the Belgian
Government submitted new conclusions as follows:
"May it please the Court,
1. To rule that in view of present Belgian legislation the Applicant
De Becker has no interest in further proceedings on his application;
2. To rule that in determining the compatibility of Article 123
sexies of the Belgian Penal Code with the provisions of the
Convention, both in regard to the past and the future, the provisions
of the Act of 30th June 1961 must be taken into account;
3. To state that there is no incompatibility between the said
Article 123 sexies and the provisions of the Convention."
21. The hearing having been adjourned, the Commission submitted on
21st August 1961 a Memorial in which it gave its views on the Act of
30th June 1961.
In this Memorial the Commission - while maintaining its view that the
former Article 123 sexies was not fully compatible with the Convention -
concluded that the Act of 30th June 1961, in so far as it is
applicable to De Becker, satisfied at least that part of the
Application which the Commission had recognised as being admissible.
In its Memorial of 21st August 1961 and at the hearing of
5th October 1961, the Commission adopted the following conclusions:
"May it please the Court, while confirming the view expressed by the
Commission on the subject of the former Article 123 sexies of the
Belgian Penal Code, to note that the limitations maintained by the Act
of 30th June 1961 as regards freedom of expression, in so far as these
apply to Mr. De Becker, do not go beyond the 'formalities,
conditions, restrictions or penalties' authorised in Article 10,
paragraph 2 (art. 10-2) of the Convention."
22. At the hearing on 5th October 1961, the Agent of the Belgian
Government emphasised that the views of the Commission and the Belgian
Government were identical concerning the compatibility with the
Convention of Article 123 sexies of the Belgian Penal Code, as amended
and superseded by the Act of 30th June 1961; he recalled that
parliamentary work on the Act had begun as long ago as 1952 and he
recognised that the opinion of the Commission had contributed to this
task of law-making.
With regard to the past the Agent of the Belgian Government submitted
that there was no longer any need for the Court to give a ruling on
the request of the Commission concerning the former Article 123
sexies, whether it be to confirm the opinion of the Commission on this
point or to reject it, as previously by the Belgian Government.
The Agent of the Belgian Government added that there was no longer a
single person in Belgium to whom the provisions of the former
Article 123 sexies were applicable.
The Agent of the Belgian Government went on to say that the Commission
could not insist upon the Court giving its opinion regarding the past
unless the Court assumed that the legislative changes of
30th June 1961 were late in taking place. The Agent pointed out that it
was not the Court's function to see whether these legislative changes
were timely or not; if however, the Court did not share this point of
view, the Belgian Government must be given an opportunity of replying
to the arguments by which the Commission sought to justify its
opinion.
The conclusions submitted by the Agent of the Belgian Government at
the hearing of 5th October 1961 were as follows:
"May it please the Court
Disregarding all other fuller or contrary submissions,
To state that there is no incompatibility between Article 123 sexies
of the Belgian Penal Code, now supplemented and replaced by the Law of
30th June 1961, and the provisions of the Convention;
Insofar as former Article 123 sexies of the same Code is concerned, to
state that, in view of these circumstances, there is no further need
to deal with any application concerning it."
23. At the same hearing of 5th October 1961 the Commission maintained
that, in asking the Court to confirm the Commission's opinion
regarding the effect of applying the former Article 123 sexies to
De Becker, it was asking the Court to state that De Becker had been
the victim of a violation of Article 10 (art. 10) of the Convention
between the entry into force of the Convention with respect to
Belgium and promulgation of the Act of 30th June 1961.
The Commission submitted:
"May it please the Court,
To say whether during the whole or part of the period between the
entry into force of the Convention (14th June 1955) and the Act of
30th June 1961, the Applicant was the victim of a violation of
Article 10 (art. 10) of the Convention."
24. After the hearing of 5th October 1961 De Becker addressed a
memorandum to the Commission in which he stated that he considered
"that his Application to the Commission of Human Rights requesting the
restitution of the right of free expression of which he was deprived
under the former Article 123 sexies of the Belgian Penal Code has been
met by the adoption in the Belgian Parliament of the Act of
30th June 1961" and that he recognised that it "gives everyone the
possibility of regaining his or her full rights of free expression
including that of political expression". For this reason De Becker,
at the end of the memorandum, said that he "now regards it as
unnecessary futher to proceed with this case and withdraws his
Application". The Commission transmitted the text of the memorandum
to the Court on 7th October 1961.
25. On 22nd January 1962 the Commission sent to the Court a
memorandum dated 15th January 1962, entitled "Reconsideration by the
Commission of its Conclusions, having regard to the Applicant's letter
of 5th October 1961". Having regard to the new situation arising out
of De Becker's memorandum of 5th October 1961, the Commission, in its
own memorandum, stated, inter alia, that neither the general interests
of European public order nor the particular interest of the individual
in the present case required it to ask the Court to pronounce on the
question whether or not De Becker was the victim of a violation of the
Convention in the period between the entry into force of the
Convention with respect to Belgium and the entry into force of the Act
of 30th June 1961. The Commission therefore emphasised that it wished to
withdraw the submission made to the Court by the delegates of the
Commission at the hearing on 5th October 1961, asking the Court to
pronounce upon that question.
The final submissions of the Commission, set forth in the
above-mentioned memorandum, read as follows:
"Accordingly, the Commission believes that the appropriate course for
it to adopt on this question is to confine itself to submitting its
point of view to the Court, which is as follows:
1. If the Court should consider that, in the situation which now
exists in the case, the appropriate course is to terminate the
proceedings and strike the case off the list on the basis of the
Applicant's interests having been met, the Commission, since it
considers the provisions of the Belgian Penal Code now applicable to
Mr. De Becker to be in conformity with the Convention, would not wish
to oppose such a solution;
2. If the Court, however, were to consider that the general question
of the interpretation and application of the Convention, to which
attention has been drawn above, is of such a nature as to make it
desirable for the Court to pronounce upon the compatibility with the
Convention of the provisions of Article 123 sexies of the Belgian
Penal Code, as modified and supplemented by the Law of 30th June 1961
and as now applicable to Mr. De Becker, the Commission would wish to
ask the Court to decide:
(a) whether the compatibility with the Convention of Article 123
sexies of the Belgian Penal Code as amended and supplemented by the
Law of 30th June 1961, should be determined with relation to
Article 10 (art. 10) or, rather, with relation to Articles 2 to 7
(art. 2, art. 3, art. 4, art. 5, art. 6, art. 7), in other words,
whether Article 10 (art. 10) is applicable in the present case;
(b) in the affirmative, whether paragraphs (e), (f) and (g) of
Article 123 sexies, as amended, are compatible with Article 10
(art. 10) of the Convention;
and in deciding these questions, the Commission asks the Court:
(a) for the reasons stated in paragraph 263 of the Commission's
Report, to confirm its opinion that the powers of States to inflict
penal sanctions and apply preventive measures recognised in Articles 2
to 7 (art. 2, art. 3, art. 4, art. 5, art. 6, art. 7) of the
Convention do not of themselves suffice to justify the deprivation of
freedom of expression in political matters now imposed on
Mr. De Becker by Article 123 sexies and the Law of 30th June 1961; and
that it is by reference to the provisions of Article 10 (art. 10) that
the compatibility with the Convention of this restriction on his
freedom of expression has to be appreciated;
(b) for the reasons stated in the Commission's memorandum of
21st August 1961, to confirm its opinion that "the limitations
maintained by the Act of 30th June 1961 as regards freedom of
expression, in so far as these apply to Mr. De Becker, do not go
beyond the 'formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties'
authorised in Article 10, paragraph 2 (art. 10-2), of the
Convention"."
26. The Belgian Government in its turn, in a memorandum deposited on
15th February 1962, said it shared the Commission's opinion that the
case could be struck off the list. In addition, the Belgian
Government pointed out that, in the unlikely event of the Court
nevertheless retaining the case for judgment, the difference of opinion
between the Commission and the Belgian Government as to the
compatibility of the new Act with Articles 2 to 7 (art. 2,
art. 3, art. 4, art. 5, art. 6, art. 7) of the Convention rather than
with Article 10 (art. 10), could only give rise to a purely academic
argument, since the Commission and the Belgian Government both agreed
that "the restrictions on freedom of expression retained by the Act of
30th June 1961 in so far as they apply to Mr. De Becker in no case go
beyond the formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties permitted
by paragraph 2 of Article 10 (art. 10-2) of the Convention".
The Belgian Government accordingly requested the Court:
"May it please the Court,
Setting aside all other fuller or contrary submissions,
to strike the case off the list;
or, failing that, to declare that no incompatibility exists between
the provisions of the Convention and Article 123 sexies of the Belgian
Penal Code as amended and supplemented by the Act of 30th June 1961
and as applicable at the present time to Mr. De Becker."
27. At the hearing of 19th February 1962 and, in particular, as
regards the request that the case be struck off the list, the Agent of
the Belgian Government was in favour of striking the case off the list
as he found this solution to be logical and reasonable if one took
into account that, in these proceedings, the Court was concerned with
the submissions which affected the Applicant and the judgment should
not, therefore, contain any appreciation of the merits.
28. At the same hearing on 19th February 1962, the Principal Delegate
of the Commission submitted that it would be difficult to strike the
case off the list if the Court had any doubts regarding the
compatibility of a permanent loss of freedom of expression on
political matters with Article 10 (art. 10) of the Convention: in
spite, however, of the judicial recourse provided for in Section 4,
paragraph (4), the Act of 30th June 1961 did not wholly exclude the
possibility of such a permanent or perpetual loss: if, therefore, the
Court was not absolutely convinced of the lawfulness of this
particular restriction on the freedom of expression, the new Act of
30th June 1961 would still give rise to certain problems in regard to
Article 10 (art. 10) of the Convention: in that event the Court would
be justified in hesitating to strike the case off the list, in spite
of De Becker's declaration of "discontinuance" of 5th October 1961.
The Principal Delegate of the Commission added that in this connection
De Becker's memorandum of 5th October 1961 should not be the only
factor to be taken into account, although it was a factor of great
weight. In the opinion of the Commission that declaration was not
binding upon the Commission or the Court. If the Commission
nonetheless thought that the case should be struck off the list, it
did so because of its own conviction that the new legislation, as it
applied to De Becker, was not at variance with the Convention.
The Principal Delegate of the Commission went on to express the hope
that the Court, in the event of its striking the case off the list,
would avoid giving, in the reasons for its decision, the impression
that the case brought before the Court had ceased to have any purpose
for the only reason that the person who was the author of the
Application before the Commission had declared that he wished to
withdraw his Application.
29. Finally, the Principal Delegate and the Agent of the Belgian
Government both confirmed, at the hearing of 19th February 1962, their
own ultimate conclusions which are set forth in paragraphs 25 and 26
above.
AS TO THE REQUEST AS TO STRIKE THE CASE OUT OF THE LIST:
1. Whereas the case was referred to the Court by the Commission
following the Report drawn up by the Commission in pursuance of
Article 31 (art. 31) of the Convention; whereas the Commission's
request relates to the Application of De Becker, who claimed to be the
victim of a violation by the Belgian Government of his right, under
the European Convention, to freedom of expression, allegedly
disregarded by Article 123 sexies of the Belgian Penal Code - which
was applied to him - in that it prevented him from exercising his
profession of journalist and author;
2. Whereas two events have occurred since the first exchange between
the Commission and the Belgian Government of memorials before the
Court, first, the promulgation on 30th June 1961 of the Belgian Act on
civic screening, which amended Article 123 sexies of the Belgian Penal
Code, and secondly, the letter addressed to the Commission on
5th October 1961 in which the Applicant, finding that his Application
before the Commission has been met by the Act of 30th June 1961,
states that he regards it as "unnecessary further to proceed with this
case and withdraws his Application".
3. Whereas with regard to the Act of 30th June 1961, the Commission
found in its final Conclusions "that the limitations maintained by the
Act of 30th June 1961 as regards freedom of expression, in so far as
these apply to Mr. De Becker, do not go beyond the 'formalities,
conditions, restrictions or penalties' authorised in Article 10,
paragraph 2 (art. 10-2), of the Convention."
4. Whereas, with regard to the letter from De Becker, the statement
therein contained, coming from an individual who is not entitled under
the Convention to bring a case before the Court (Articles 44 and 48 of
the Convention) (art. 44, art. 48), cannot possess the legal character
or produce the effects of a notice of discontinuance of the present
proceedings, as provided for in Rule 47 of the Rules of Court; whereas
furthermore it is not binding on the Commission, which, as the
defender of the public interest, had a duty to take the statement into
account if it considered that it was a means of enlightening the Court
on the points at issue;
5. Whereas the Commission did make known to the Court on
7th October 1961 the statement it had just received from De Becker,
but insisted, at the hearing of 19th February 1962, that its ground
for proposing that the case be struck off the list of the Court was,
irrespective of the said statement, that, in its view, the Belgian Act
of 30th June 1961 was in conformity with the requirements of the
Convention, although the distinction between political and
non-political participation in various activities relating to
publication might give rise to certain problems of interpretation;
whereas in its final Conclusions the Commission stated that "if the
Court should consider that, in the situation which now exists in the
case, the appropriate course is to terminate the proceedings and
strike the case off the list on the basis of the Applicant's interests
having been met, the Commission, since it considers the provisions of
the Belgian Penal Code now applicable to De Becker to be in conformity
with the Convention, would not wish to opppose such a solution";
6. Whereas, lastly, the Commission, in its final Conclusions, has
withdrawn its request made at the hearing of 5th October 1961 for a
ruling as to whether the Applicant was the victim of a violation of
the Convention during the period from 14th June 1955 when the
Convention entered into force in regard to Belgium, and the entry
into force of the Act of 30th June 1961;
7. Whereas the Belgian Government, too, in its final Conclusions
adopted the opinion of the Commission and, as its principal submission,
requested the Court "to strike the case off the list";
8. Whereas, with regard to the withdrawal by the Commission of its
request relating to the period between 14th June 1955 and 30th June 1961,
the Belgian Government has approved the said withdrawal, while
maintaining that the former Article 123 sexies of the Belgian Penal
Code was never in conflict with the provisions of the Convention;
9. Whereas, therefore, on the day the oral proceedings terminated,
the two bodies appearing submitted to the Court final Conclusions
which, though differently formulated, are concordant in that they ask
that the case be struck off the list; whereas it follows from all the
facts and submissions mentioned above that the proceedings instituted
before the Court no longer have any purpose, following the amendment of
Article 123 sexies by an Act of the Belgian State, Party to the case,
and whereas, on general principles, it is fitting to comply with the
request to strike off the list;
10. Whereas, however, Article 19 (art. 19) of the Convention confers
on the Court a general responsibility to ensure the observance of the
engagements undertaken by the High Contracting Parties to the
Convention; whereas, for that purpose and in the special cases of
discontinuance by the Party which brought the case before the Court
(Rule 47, para. 1, of the Rules of Court) or of friendly settlement
reached during the proceedings (Article 28 of the Convention and
Rule 47, para. 3) (art. 28), it is provided that the Court, before
striking a case off its list, is bound to satisfy itself, after having
obtained the opinion of the Commission, that there is no objection
thereto, in which event it may strike out the case only by means of a
reasoned judgment;
11. Whereas the provisions referred to above do not directly cover
the present case, where the request to strike the case off the list has
been made by both sides - having regard to an Act of the Belgian
State, a Party, which Act is recognised by the Commission as
complying with the requirements of the Convention - but cover
particular aspects of the Court's supervisory duty;
12. Whereas the Court should therefore satisfy itself as to whether
there are any grounds, such as might, in the person of De Becker,
jeopardise the observance of the Human Rights set forth in the Convention,
oppose the removal of the case from the list or oblige the Court to
decide - as in the case covered by Rule 47, para. 2, of the Rules of
Court - to proceed with the consideration of the case ex officio
notwithstanding the latest conclusions of the Belgian Government and
the Commission; whereas the Court must satisfy itself successively
whether it should proceed with the case;
(a) as to whether De Becker was the victim of a violation of the
Convention between the entry into force of the Convention with respect
to Belgium and the entry into force of the Act of 30th June 1961;
(b) as to De Becker's freedom of expression in the light of the
provisions of Article 123 sexies of the Penal Code, as worded in the
Act of 30th June 1961;
13. Whereas, with regard to the first question, the Court has no
reason not to allow the concordant requests of the Commission and the
Belgian Government that this question be not examined as to substance;
whereas, although up to and including the hearing of 5th October 1961
there existed a divergence - already mentioned in the part of this
judgment relating to the "facts" - between the views of the Commission
and those of the Belgian Government as to whether former Article 123
sexies of the Belgian Penal Code had remained fully justified after
ratification of the Convention by Belgium, the modification of the
text of this Article which had in the meantime taken place has
deprived this divergence of any interest - other than historic;
whereas the Commission and the Belgian Government well understood
this, as is shown in their final conclusions; whereas, moreover,
De Becker, in the letter of 5th October 1961, which there is no reason
to believe does not express the free will of its author, regarded it
as "unnecessary further to proceed with this case" and made no
reservation or request for compensation in respect of the past;
whereas, therefore, the Court considers that there is no need for it
to give a decision on this question;
14. Whereas, with regard to the question of De Becker's freedom of
expression in the light of the provisions of Article 123 sexies of the
Belgian Penal Code, as applicable to him under the Act of
30th June 1961; whereas the Belgian Government submitted that in the
present state of legislation the Applicant regarded it as unnecessary
to proceed with his Application and that there was no incompatibility
between Article 123 sexies and the provisions of the Convention;
whereas on 5th October 1961, that is to say prior to any statement by
De Becker, the Commission, convinced of this compatibility, requested
the Court to find that "the limitations maintained by the Act of
30th June 1961 as regards freedom of expression, in so far as these
apply to De Becker, do not go beyond the 'formalities, conditions,
restrictions or penalties' authorised in Article 10, paragraph 2
(art. 10-2), of the Convention"; whereas, in his turn De Becker, in
his memorandum of 5th October 1961 addressed to the Commission,
recognised that the Belgian Act of 30th June 1961 "gives everyone the
possibility of regaining his or her full rights of free expression
including that of political expression"; whereas the Court observes
incidentally, though it has no bearing on its decision, that such
recognition is all the more significant since it emanates from a
person who had been sentenced for betraying his country and assisting
an enemy whose victory would have led to the abolition of freedom of
expression and would have made it impossible to implement any
international instrument for the protection of human rights;
Whereas it is true that in spite of its "profound conviction" that
Belgian legislation complied with the Convention in regard to
De Becker's freedom of expression, the Commission expressed the
opinion that the new Act seemed to raise a question of general
importance in respect of the interpretation and implementation of the
Convention, namely to what extent and in what circumstances an
individual may be deprived of his right to freedom of expression in
political matters in pursuance of a penal sanction or a preventive
measure; whereas for this reason the Commission suggested, rather than
asked, that this part of the case be struck off the list, in order to
respect the Court's right of appreciation;
But whereas, although an individual who has lodged an application with
the Commission has no right to bring a case before the Court, no one
should forget the origins of a case such as this one brought before
the Court by the Commission which had been petitioned in pursuance of
Article 25 (art. 25) of the Convention on foot of an allegation that
the rights of an individual Applicant were violated as a result of
the application to him of legislative provisions in force in his
country; whereas the Court is not called upon, under Articles 19 and
25 (art. 19, art. 25) of the Convention, to give a decision on an
abstract problem relating to the compatibility of that Act with the
provisions of the Convention, but on the specific case of the
application of such an Act to the Applicant and to the extent to
which the latter would, as a result, be prevented from exercising one
of the rights guaranteed by the Convention;
15. Whereas, therefore, were implementation of the new Belgian Act to
raise problems of interpretation, it would not be incumbent upon the
Court - since in the present instance striking the case off the list
as requested by both the Belgian Government, as a Party to the case,
and the Commission is not likely to prejudice the fundamental freedoms
of the author of the original application - to give ex officio a
decision on such problems;
16. Whereas, finally, no particular circumstance of the De Becker
case justifies it being kept on the list in opposition to the
concordant submissions of the Commission and the Belgian Government,
and whereas, therefore, there is no need to proceed ex officio with
the case;
17. Whereas there is accordingly no cause to examine the subsidiary
conclusions of the Commission or of the Belgian Government;
18. For these reasons,
THE COURT
By 6 votes to 1
Decides to strike the case out of its list.
Done in French and English, the French text being authentic at the
seat of the Court at Strasbourg this twenty-seventh day of March 1962.
Signed: R. CASSIN
The President
Signed: P. MODINOS
The Registrar
Judge A. ROSS, availing himself of his right under the terms of
Rule 50 (2) of the Rules of Court, appends his dissenting opinion to
the present judgment.
Initialled: R. C.
Initialled: P. M.
DISSENTING OPINION OF MR. A. ROSS
I keenly regret that I am unable, in the case now before the Court, to
share the opinion of the majority of my colleagues and I therefore
consider it my duty to append to the Judgment the following statement
of my dissenting opinion.
1. As stated in the Court's Judgment, this case was brought before
the Commission in an Application dated 1st September 1956, lodged by
Raymond De Becker against Belgium. After the Commission had declared
this Application admissible as to that part of it which disputed the
compatibility of Article 123 sexies of the Belgian Penal Code with
Article 10 (art. 10) of the Convention and in regard to the period
subsequent to 14th June 1955, in the absence of a friendly settlement
and pursuant to Article 31 (art. 31) of the Convention, the Commission
drew up the Report, which, on 1st February 1960, was transmitted to
the Committee of Ministers as laid down in that Article (art. 31).
By a request dated 28th April 1960, transmitted to the Court on
29th April 1960, that is to say, within the time-limit of three months
from the date of the transmission laid down in Article 32, paragraph 1
(art. 32-1), of the Convention, the Commission referred the case to
the Court in accordance with Article 48 (art. 48) of the Convention.
2. It appears from Articles 25-32 and 48 (art. 25, art. 26,
art. 27, art. 28, art. 29, art. 30, art. 31, art. 32, art. 48) of the
Convention that, in a case like the present, the machinery to ensure
the observance of the engagements undertaken by the States which are
Parties to the Convention is as follows. If the Application, or a
part thereof, has been declared admissible and a friendly settlement
has not been reached, the Commission shall draw up a Report on the
facts and state its opinion as to whether the facts found disclose a
breach by the State concerned of its obligations under the Convention
(Article 31) (art. 31). Thereupon a final decision shall be made by
means of one of two procedures: "If the question is not referred to
the Court in accordance with Article 48 (art. 48) of this Convention
within a period of three months from the date of the transmission of
the Report to the Committee of Ministers, the Committee of Ministers
shall decide by a majority of two-thirds of the members entitled to
sit on the Committee whether there has been a violation of the
Convention" (Article 32, paragraph 1) (art. 32-1). There can be no
doubt that the "question" referred to in this Article (art. 32-1)
is "whether there has been a violation of the Convention", or, as more
elaborately stated in Article 31 (art. 31), "whether the facts found
disclose a breach by the State concerned of its obligations under the
Convention".
From this it follows that when, as in these proceedings, a case is
referred by the Commission to the Court, it is the duty of the Court
to decide "whether there has been a violation of the Convention".
This duty, arising directly out of the Convention, cannot be cancelled
or modified by any step taken by the Commission or the State concerned
but only in accordance with the Rules of the Court or generally
accepted principles of the administration of justice construed in the
light of the specific purpose of the Convention.
As mentioned above, the Commission must in its Report "state its
opinion as to whether the facts found disclose a breach by the State
concerned of its obligations under the Convention" (Article 31,
paragraph 1) (art. 31-1). In the present case the Commission, in its
Report of 8th January 1960, section 263, expressed the opinion "that
the paragraphs (e), (f) and (g) of Article 123 sexies, in so far as
they affect freedom of expression, are not fully justifiable under the
Convention". This statement, interpreted in the light of the terms of
Article 31 (art. 31) of the Convention, can only mean that the
Commission stated the opinion that the facts found disclosed a breach
by the State concerned of its obligations under the Convention.
3. The Commission, in its Memorial of 22nd December 1960, accordingly
asked the Court to decide whether the paragraphs mentioned were
compatible with the Convention. Furthermore, after the Belgian Act of
30th June 1961 had been passed, the Commission, in its submission of
21st August 1961 and at the hearing of 5th October 1961, renewed its
request that the Court formally declare that the Applicant had been victim
of a violation of Article 10 (art. 10) of the Convention from the
entry into force (14th June 1955) of the Convention in regard to
Belgium until the entry into force of the Act of 30th June 1961. With
regard to the revised legislation, the Commission asked the Court "to
note that the limitations maintained by the Act of 30th June 1961 as
regards freedom of expression, in so far as these apply to
Mr. De Becker, do not go beyond the 'formalities, conditions,
restrictions or penalties' authorised in Article 10, paragraph 2
(art. 10-2) of the Convention".
It was not until 15th January 1962 that the Commission, in a document
entitled "Reconsideration by the Commission of its Conclusions, having
regard to the Applicant's letter of 5th October 1961", expressed the
desire to withdraw, subject to the approval of the Court, its earlier
submission asking the Court to decide whether De Becker was or was not
the victim of a violation of the Convention during the period before
the legislative changes of 30th June 1961. As the Commission was
further of the opinion that the legal situation of the Applicant after
that date was not contrary to the Convention, the Commission, in
logical consequence of these premises, declared that it would not wish
to oppose a decision of the Court to terminate the proceedings.
From this it will be seen that between 5th October 1961 and
15th January 1962 the Commission changed its opinion about asking the
Court to determine whether a violation of the Convention had or had
not taken place under the legislation in force at the time when the
case was brought before the Court. As its reason for this change of
attitude, the Commission referred to the Applicant's letter of
5th October 1961 which he stated that he considered the new Act by and
large to be in conformity with the Convention and for this reason
withdrew his Application. Various phrases used by the Commission in
this connection showed that the Commission did not hold that it had
any power to request that the proceedings be terminated. This, it was
said, was a decision which belonged to the Court rather than to the
Commission.
4. Having regard to the above, it must be asked: Does the Court have
the necessary authority to terminate the proceedings, and, if so, is
it, in the conditions described, reasonable and well-founded to do so
and to strike the case off the list of the Court?
First, I wish to point out that the fact that the Belgian Government,
in its submissions of 13th February 1962, asked the Court to strike
the case off the list, is in itself of no consequence. It seems to me
obvious that no wish or submission in this direction on the part of
the State accused by an Applicant of having violated the Convention
can be a ground for terminating the proceedings.
If, therefore, there is reason to terminate the proceedings in the
present case, it must be because of the withdrawal of the Application
as a result of Belgian legislation having been amended by the Act of
30th June 1961. It could be argued that since, after the case was
brought before the Court, the defendant State took steps to change the
legislation complained of and the Applicant declared himself satisfied
by the steps taken, there was no longer ground for dispute between the
Applicant and the defendant State and that, for this reason, the
proceedings should, according to generally recognised principles for
the administration of justice, be terminated.
I cannot agree with this view which seems to me to rest on a
misinterpretation of facts and to be based on principles of procedural
law which do not apply to proceedings before this Court.
To understand the problem it is necessary to analyse the situation,
considering separately the two circumstances and their possible
consequences.
5. First, it may be asked whether the fact that a State, accused of
violating the Convention, amends the relevant legislation after the
case has been brought before the Court, makes it ipso facto incumbent
upon the Court to consider the case before it in the light of the
amended legislation. This question arises independently of whether
the Applicant is or is not satisfied with the new state of affairs and
must be answered in the negative. It seems to me to follow from the
spirit of the Convention that the Applicant is entitled to a decision
on the question which the Commission brought before the Court.
Whatever changes may occur after the case is brought before the Court,
the Applicant may, should he, for example, wish to bring a suit for
damages, have a legitimate interest in a decision relating to the
legal situation prevailing before the legislative changes.
6. The next question is whether a withdrawal of the Application can
reasonably allow the Court to terminate proceedings, especially when the
withdrawal is due to the legal situation of the Applicant being
improved by new legislation which he declares to meet his Application.
This question could have been answered in the positive if the function
of this Court had been to enforce private claims, which a claimant
may, if he wishes, modify during proceedings. This is not, however,
the case here. According to the Convention, the function of the Court
is "to ensure the observance of the engagements undertaken by the High
Contracting Parties in the present Convention" (Article 19 of the
Convention) (art. 19). In view of this the Applicant is not
recognised as a Party before the Court. His Application can only
cause the Commission to make investigations; and, if the result of
these investigations substantiate to a reasonable extent the complaint
and a friendly settlement is not achieved, the Commission may bring
the question for final decision before the Committee of Ministers or
before the Court. When the proceedings have gone that far, the public
interest requires that the question whether a violation has or has not
taken place shall be decided regardless of whether the Applicant is
or is not interested in the continuance of proceedings.
In the present case the withdrawal of the Application by no means
implies withdrawal of the accusations against the defendant State.
The Applicant has never conceded that his legal situation before
30th June 1961 was not a violation of the Convention; he has declared
only that he is no longer interested in a decision on this question.
Neither before nor after amendment of the Belgian legislation, has the
Belgian Government ever acknowledged that it committed any violation
of the Convention. The question which the Commission brought before
the Court still exists, and public interest demands that it be
settled.
It is true that the Convention enjoins the Commission to place itself
at the disposal of the Parties concerned with a view to securing a
friendly settlement of the matter on the basis of respect for Human
Rights as defined in the Convention; and it is also true that under
the Rules of Court a friendly settlement may be reached even after the
Commission has brought a case before the Court (Rule 47, paragraph 3).
If a friendly settlement of this kind is reached before the Commission
has transmitted its Report, there shall, it is understood, be no
decision on the question whether a violation of the Convention has or
has not taken place (Article 30 of the Convention) (art. 30). If the
case has already been brought before the Court, the Court may strike
the case out of its list (Rule 47, paragraph 3).
It would, however, be a mistake to assume that a friendly settlement,
or anything similar thereto, has been reached in the present case.
When Article 28 (art. 28) of the Convention (and Rule 47, paragraph 3,
of the Rules of Court) speaks of a friendly settlement of "the matter"
it obviously means the matter which is the subject of complaint in the
Application (as far as declared admissible). If the parties, through
the good offices of the Commission, come to an understanding with
regard to the complaint, it seems reasonable to stop further
proceedings. In the present case, however, no such understanding with
regard to the complaint contained in the Application has been reached.
The complaint contained in De Becker's Application concerned his legal
situation as it was before the Act of 30th June 1961; on this point no
understanding has been reached. De Becker has declared himself to be
no longer interested in pursuing the question; this is different from
having reached a mutual understanding.
Furthermore, general considerations concerning the proper
administration of justice militate against attaching undue importance
to the withdrawal of an application. An individual lodging an
application against a State, especially against the State of which he
is a subject, will always be in a weak position. A withdrawal of an
application which is not the outcome of a friendly settlement reached
through the good offices of the Commission will always be the subject
of suspicion that the decision may be influenced by the position of
the individual being unequal to that of his State. This consideration
is not invalidated because the circumstances in the present case
disclose no grounds for doubting the sincerity and spontaneity of the
withdrawal. If the particular circumstances could be taken into
consideration, it is certain that the Court would almost invariably be
obliged to accept a withdrawal, since it would be impossible to prove
that pressure had been brought to bear upon the Applicant and improper
to express and plead suspicion thereof.
Furthermore, I have no doubt that a withdrawal accepted by the Court
will make an unfavourable impression upon public opinion, especially
when the withdrawal is due to steps taken by the defendant State. In
people not fully acquainted with the facts may give rise to the view
that the defendant State, out of a feeling of guilt and fearing an
unfavourable decision of the Court, has made a last-minute manoeuvre
and induced the Applicant to withdraw his complaint. The belief,
however mistaken, that a defendant State might be able to turn the
tables on the Court and evade responsibility, would be highly damaging
to the authority of the Court and to the prestige attaching to the
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms.
7. For these reasons I believe that it is inexpedient for the Court
to terminate the proceedings in this case, even if it has the power to
do so.
Indeed, I doubt whether the Court has such power. It seems clear that
the provisions concerning discontinuance in Rule 47 of the Rules of
Court do not apply in the present situation. This view is, moreover,
shared by the Commission and by the majority of the Court.
Confirmation of this power can, therefore, be sought only in generally
accepted principles of judicial procedure. Those principles differ,
however, according to whether the proceedings are civil or criminal.
None of these principles apply to proceedings before this Court which
are not to be identified with judicial proceedings in a private
lawsuit or with criminal proceedings; the proceedings in this Court
are of a special nature, particularly, when, as in this case, they
concern a complaint lodged by an individual against his own State.
Therefore I am inclined to believe that no authority to terminate
proceedings can be found in general principles of judical procedure
which have not found recognition in the Rules of this Court.
For these reasons, I cannot concur in the conclusion of the majority
of my colleagues that the De Becker case be struck out of the list of
the Court.
Signed: A. ROSS