R(IS) 4/99
(Perry v. Chief Adjudication Officer)
Mr. J. Mesher                                                                                         CIS/863/1994
31.10.95

CA (Beldam, Millett and Mummery LJJ)
15.10.98

Residence condition - temporary absence from the United Kingdom - whether domestic legislation providing for withdrawal of benefit after four weeks absence is compatible with Article 10a of Council Regulation (EEC) 1408/71
The claimant was refused income support after the first four weeks in each of three periods he had spent in Portugal.  A tribunal dismissed his appeal and he appealed to the Commissioner, contending firstly that, as his applicable amount included both a disability premium and sums in respect of his family, his income support was an invalidity benefit and a family benefit within Council Regulation (EEC) 1408/71 and was exportable under Article 10; secondly that he had a positive right to income support as a special non-contributory cash benefit within Article 10a of Council Regulation (EEC) 1408/71 as amended by Council Regulation (EEC) 1247/92; and thirdly that he was assisted by the transitional provisions in Article 2(4) of Council Regulation (EEC) 1247/92 because income support was a “special non-contributory benefit granted in addition to a pension” due to the existence of the disability premium within the income support scheme.  The Commissioner rejected those submissions.  He held (paragraphs 8 to 14) that income support did not fall within the scope of Council Regulation (EEC) 1408/71 before its amendment by Council Regulation (EEC) 1247/92 and he also rejected the claimant's second and third arguments.  The claimant appealed to the Court of Appeal, challenging the Commissioner's conclusions on his second and third points.
Held, dismissing the appeal, that:
1.	the language of Article 10a recognised that special non-contributory benefits were granted in accordance with the legislation of the Member State in which the claimant resided and, as domestic legislation expressly provided for the withholding of income support during the periods of the claimant’s temporary absence from the United Kingdom, the claimant could have no positive right to income support during his absence;  
2.	Article 2(4) of Council Regulation (EEC) 1247/92 applied to a special non-contributory benefit which was paid as a complement or supplement to a pension and it was not enough that the claimant received income support in parallel to his invalidity benefit as there was not a sufficient nexus between the two benefits.
____________________________________________________________________

DECISION OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY COMMISSIONER

1.	The claimant’s appeal fails. The decision of the Preston social security appeal tribunal dated 19 September 1994 is not erroneous in point of law, for the reasons given below, and therefore stands. 

2.	The decision under appeal to the Commissioner, with leave granted by the appeal tribunal chairman, was recorded as follows:
“1.	There are before the tribunal three appeals lodged by [the claimant]. They all concern entitlement to income support for periods [the claimant] has spent in Portugal since 29 November 1991. Income support was withdrawn in December 1991, December 1992 and November 1993 when [the claimant], who is a person with disabilities, went abroad with his wife for therapeutic reasons.
2.	A hearing of the first two appeals took place on 13 September 1993 when [the claimant] attended and the adjudication officer was represented by Mr. Mark Jenking-Rees. It became apparent, after a lengthy hearing, that further submissions were required from the adjudication officer. The hearing was therefore adjourned and it resumed before an identically constituted tribunal on 19 September 1994. On this occasion [the claimant] again appeared and the adjudication officer was represented by Mr. Poole, counsel instructed by the solicitor to the Department of Social Security.
3.	Although [the claimant’s] disabilities make him incapable of work it is not in dispute that he is a “worker” able to take advantage of European legislation. It is also common ground that [the claimant] is habitually resident in the United Kingdom. [The claimant’s] point is essentially a simple one. He can take his invalidity benefit to Portugal. He can take his DLA to Portugal. His wife can take her invalid care allowance to Portugal. He submits that his income support (including a disability premium and a carer premium which depend upon invalidity benefit and invalid care allowance) should be treated in exactly the same way.
4.	United Kingdom legislation does not permit payment of income support to persons outside Great Britain except in the circumstances described in regulation 4 of the Income Support (General) Regulations 1987. The adjudication officer has applied these Regulations to [the claimant’s] case and, in each year, has allowed [the claimant] to retain income support for the first four weeks of his stay in Portugal. It is common ground that if income support is to be paid for the succeeding periods [the claimant] must be able to take advantage of European legislation.
5.	We have concluded that Regulation 1408/71 cannot assist [the claimant] in its original form because in our judgment, by analogy with the reasoning of the European Court in the cases of Cresswell and Jackson income support is not within the scope of the Regulation. We follow the obiter opinion of the Commissioner in CIS/501/1993.
6.	We then considered Article 10a of Regulation 1408/71 inserted by Regulation 1247/92 from 1 June 1992. Article 10a, however, does not itself seem to deal with exportability at all. It confers entitlement to benefits exclusively in the territory of the Member State in which the claimant habitually resides in accordance with the legislation of that state.
7.	More complex are the transitional provisions contained in Article 2 of the amending regulation, particularly paragraph 4. This reads as follows:
“Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 3, any special non‑contributory benefit granted in addition to a pension which has been refused or suspended on grounds of the claimant’s or beneficiary’s residence in the territory of a Member State other than the competent State shall, upon application of the claimant or beneficiary, be granted or reinstated from the date of entry into force of this Regulation with effect from the date of change of residence.”
8.	Income support is a special non‑contributory benefit. Arguably it is granted in addition to [the claimant’s] invalidity pension especially having regard to the provisions of the Claims and Payments Regulations which provide for payment of both benefits to be made at the same time. However, we have concluded that income support has not been refused on the ground of [the claimant’s] residence in Portugal. [The claimant] remains a habitual resident of the United Kingdom. Income support has been taken away from [the claimant] on the grounds of his presence in Portugal. See section 124 Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992. This distinction, which was urged on us by Mr. Poole, might seem a narrow one in a European context. However, the concept of “residence” ‑ as contrasted with “stay” ‑ is well‑established in European law. We do not think that the word is intended to cover mere presence. We accept Mr. Poole’s submission on this point.
9.	It follows that these appeals fail.
10.	We should mention an additional point. At the hearing, the chairman inadvertently gave the impression that it might be open to [the claimant] to insist on an adjournment of the third appeal. [The claimant] was concerned about a recent decision of the Rent Tribunal on housing costs and how these might affect the third appeal. In fact the chairman had made a mistake. Notice of hearing of all three appeals had been given to the parties. The chairman apologises to [the claimant] for being unable to inform him of this personally. [The claimant] had left the building, for health reasons, before the tribunal were in a position to orally announce their decision. It is right that we give a decision on all three appeals. The issues are identical. Any problem with housing costs will have to be pursued separately.”
3. 	I am satisfied, from the information provided in the certificate dated 27 July 1995 on behalf of the Secretary of State, that the decisions under appeal to the appeal tribunal were those made on 31 January 1992, 17 December 1992 and 26 November 1993. The decision made on 31 January 1992 was as follows:
“I have reviewed the decision dated 24 November 1991 of the adjudication officer awarding income support from and including 15 November 1991. I am satisfied that there has been a relevant change in circumstances since the decision was given. My revised decision is that [the claimant] is not entitled to income support from 27 December 1991 because he is no longer in Great Britain.”
The decision made on 17 December 1992 was as follows:
“I have reviewed the decision dated 15 December 1992 of the adjudication officer awarding income support from and including 27 November 1992. I am satisfied that there has been a relevant change in circumstances since the decision was given. My revised decision is that [the claimant] is not entitled to income support from 25 December 1992 because he is no longer in Great Britain.”
The decision made on 26 November 1993 was as follows:
“I have reviewed the decision dated 6 August 1993 of the adjudication officer awarding income support from and including 2 July 1993. I am satisfied that there has been a relevant change in circumstances since the decision was given. My revised decision is that [the claimant] is not entitled to income support from 12 November 1993 because he is no longer in Great Britain.”
4.	Although the appeal tribunal did not refer to those decisions very precisely, I do not think that anything turns on that. Nor does anything turn on the fact that the description of the 31 January 1992 decision on the first page of the form AT2 (at page T15 of the papers before me) was slightly different. The nature of the decisions before the appeal tribunal was perfectly clear, and the decisions were clearly identified. There may or may not have been a form AT2 prepared in respect of the appeal against the 17 December 1992 decision, although there was certainly a detailed written submission on behalf of the adjudication officer (at pages T51 to T58) covering the appeals against the first two decisions before the appeal tribunal, and provided to the claimant. It seems clear that there was no AT2 or separate written submission in relation to the appeal against the 26 November 1993 decision. I have been troubled by the claimant’s assertion that his letter of appeal against the 17 December 1992 decision was not before the appeal tribunal. It is certainly unsatisfactory if such a document was not before the appeal tribunal, for whatever reason. However, I have concluded that there cannot be said to have been a breach of the principles of natural justice in the appeal tribunal’s decision. I am satisfied that the claimant was fully aware of the case which he had to meet and that he had a full opportunity to make any points he wished in support of his own case in the course of the exhaustive hearing before the appeal tribunal. There is nothing to suggest that the making of the claimant’s case was in any way impaired by the absence of a copy of that letter of appeal or that the appeal tribunal failed to consider any relevant point.
5.	There have been voluminous submissions on the European and other issues arising in the appeal from the appeal tribunal’s decision. I shall not seek to summarise those submissions. There was also an oral hearing of the appeal, attended by the claimant and his wife. The adjudication officer was represented by Mr. Nicholas Paines, counsel instructed by the solicitor to the Department of Social Security. I am grateful to all concerned for the thoroughness of the submissions made at the hearing and for their assistance in difficult and technical matters.
6.	It was a matter of agreement that the three adjudication officer’s decisions set out in paragraph 3 above were correct in their application of purely domestic United Kingdom legislation. The claimant took the view that the appeals from those decisions also raised the questions of the proper make‑up of the existing awards of income support which were reviewed and revised in those decisions, in particular in relation to the allowance of housing costs. I am satisfied that those questions did not arise in those appeals. All that was in issue was whether, on the basis that the existing adjudication officer’s decision was to award income support of some amount or other, that decision was to be reviewed and revised so as to remove any entitlement at all on the expiry of four weeks after the claimant left Great Britain.
7. 	Therefore, the claimant could only succeed in his appeals if he was assisted by some provision of European Community legislation. Again, it is a matter of agreement that the only legislation which could possibly assist him was Council Regulation 1408/71 and Council Regulation 1247/92. Council Regulation 1247/71 amended Regulation 1408/71 with effect from 1 June 1992 and also provided some transitional provisions. It is necessary first to consider whether the claimant can be assisted by the form of Regulation 1408/71 in force prior to 1 June 1992.
8. 	On that question the claimant had two essential points that, where a disability premium or a carer premium is allowed for income support purposes, the benefit is an invalidity benefit within Article 4(1)(b) of Regulation 1408/71 and that, where income support is paid to a claimant in respect of members of the claimant’s family, the benefit is a family benefit within Article 4(1)(h). Article 4(1) provides that Regulation 1408/71 applies to all legislation concerning the branches of social security listed. On the first point, the claimant submitted that where income support was paid to top up invalidity benefit it would be paid together with the invalidity benefit in a combined payment. Where the entitlement to income support depends on entitlement to invalidity benefit or to disability living allowance (“DLA”) (by triggering entitlement to a premium) and entitlement to the invalidity benefit or DLA continues despite absence from Great Britain, fairness demanded that entitlement to income support should continue also. He also argued that the carer premium should be regarded as in a special category because of its interaction with the entitlement to invalid care allowance. On the second point, the claimant relied on the decision of the European Court of Justice (“ECJ”) in Hughes v Chief Adjudication Officer (Case C‑78/91) [1992] ECR I‑4839, relating to a claim for family credit.
9. 	In relation to both points, Mr. Paines relied in particular on the decisions of the ECJ in R v Secretary of State for Social Security, ex Parte Smithson (Case C‑243/90) [1992] ECR I‑467 and in the combined cases of Jackson and Cresswell v Chief Adjudication Officer (Cases C‑63/91 and C‑64/91) [1992] ECR I4737. Those were cases relating to the scope of Council Directive 79/7 on the progressive implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security, but Mr. Paines submitted that the principle involved applies also to Article 4(1) of Regulation 1408/71. He submitted that Smithson decides that any premium within a benefit like income support cannot be regarded as a benefit on its own. Jackson and Cresswell decided that in asking whether a benefit is directed towards one of the risks listed in Directive 79/7 the benefit as a whole must be looked at. He submitted that income support does not require any of the risks listed in Article 4(1) to exist as a necessary condition for entitlement. It is a general benefit available to anyone whose income falls below an applicable amount. For the same reason, Mr. Paines submitted that income support is not a family benefit. In Hughes the crucial fact was that having a child is a necessary condition of entitlement to family credit. It is not a necessary condition of entitlement to income support. Mr. Paines also referred to the case of Hoeckx v Openbaar Centrum voor Maatschaopeliik Welziin, Kalmhout (Case 249/83) [1985] ECR 973, concerning the Belgian minimex benefit, which was rather like income support. In Hoeckx a benefit like the minimex was held not to be covered by Article 4 of Regulation 1408/71.
10. 	On this question I reject the claimant’s submission and accept the result argued for by Mr. Paines. Article 4(1) of Regulation 1408/71 requires one to look at the purpose and conditions of entitlement of a benefit as defined by national legislation. So far as income support goes, that has two particular consequences. The first is that a premium is not a separate benefit in its own right or something to which a claimant can be entitled independently of entitlement to income support as a whole. It is merely one element in the calculation of the applicable amount for a particular claimant, which must then in total be set against any assessable income of the claimant. That is part of the essential structure of income support and I cannot accept the claimant’s submissions that premiums for the disabled or the carer premium can be regarded differently from other premiums. For that reason I am quite satisfied that the approach of the ECJ to premiums in Smithson in relation to Directive 79/7 and housing benefit applies equally in relation to Regulation 1408/71 and income support. The ECJ said this in paragraphs 15 to 17 of its judgment in Smithson:
“Article 3(1)(a) of Directive 79/7 does not refer to statutory schemes which are intended to guarantee any person whose real income is lower than a notional income calculated on the basis of certain criteria a special allowance enabling that person to meet housing costs.
The age and invalidity of the beneficiary are only two of the criteria applied in order to determine the extent of the beneficiary’s financial need for such an allowance. The fact that those criteria are decisive as regards eligibility for the higher pensioner premium is not sufficient to bring that benefit within the scope of Directive 79/7.
The premium is in fact an inseparable part of the whole benefit which is intended to compensate for the fact that the beneficiary’s income is insufficient to meet housing costs, and cannot be characterized as an autonomous scheme intended to provide protection against one of the risks listed in Article 3(1) of Directive 79/7.”
I apply that reasoning to the present case and to the place of the disability and carer premiums in income support.
11.	The second consequence is that one must look at the benefit as a whole in asking whether it is linked to one of the risks listed in Article 4(1). Smithson and Jackson and Cresswell suggest that a link does not exist merely because the amount of or entitlement to a benefit may be affected by the existence of one of the listed risks, if the existence of such a risk is not a necessary condition of entitlement. That appears in the passage cited from Smithson in the previous paragraph and in paragraphs 17 to 19 of the judgment in Jackson and Cresswell:
“Article 3(1)(a) of Directive 79/7 does not refer to a statutory scheme which, on certain conditions, provides persons with means below a legally defined limit with a special benefit to enable them to meet their needs.
That finding is not affected by the circumstance that the recipient of the benefit is in fact in one of the situations covered by Article 3(1) of the directive.
Indeed, in the judgment in Smithson the Court held with regard to a housing benefit that the fact that some of the risks listed in Article 3(1) of Directive 79/7 were taken into account in order to grant a higher benefit was not sufficient to bring that benefit within the scope of the directive.”
I would have applied that approach to Regulation 1408/71 on the basis of those cases. But it is specifically reinforced by two further cases.
12.	Those cases are Hoeckx (above) and Scrivner v Centre public d’aide sociale de Chastre (Case 122/84) [1985] ECR 1027, another case about the Belgian minimex. Hoeckx was mentioned in the oral hearing before me, although not very extensively. Scrivner was not mentioned. However, I have decided not to delay my decision to allow any further submissions to be made on these decisions, because they merely reinforce a conclusion which I would have reached without them. In both Hoeckx and Scrivner there was argument whether the minimex was a social security benefit within Article 4(1) of Regulation 1408/71 or was social assistance within the exclusion in Article 4(4). In paragraphs 12 to 14 of its judgment in Hoeckx (repeated in paragraphs 19 to 21 of its judgment in Scrivner) the ECJ stated:
“Although it is possible that because of the classes of persons to which they apply, their objectives and the detailed rules for their application, certain laws may simultaneously contain elements belonging to both of the categories mentioned and thus defy any general classification, it must be stated that in order to fall within the field of social security covered by Regulation No. 1408/71 the legislation at issue must in any event satisfy, in particular, the condition of covering one of the risks specified in Article 4(1) of the regulation. It follows that the list of risks contained in that paragraph is exhaustive and that as a result a branch of social security not mentioned in the list does not fall within that category even if it confers upon individuals a legally defined position entitling them to benefits.
As is clear from the documents before the Court, the “minimex” is characterized on the one hand by the fact that it confers upon recipients a legally defined position and on the other by the fact that it is granted to any person who does not have adequate means and is unable to ‘obtain them either by his own efforts or in any other way’ (Article 1(1) of the Law of 7 August 1974); it thus adopts need as an essential criterion for its application and does not make any stipulations as to periods of work, contribution or affiliation to any particular social security body covering a specific risk. A claimant need only show that ‘he is prepared to accept work’ unless prevented by his state of health or compelling social reasons; furthermore he is required to exercise his rights to social benefits or even any rights to maintenance if the public social welfare centre considers it necessary (Article 6(1) and (2) of the 1974 Law).
It follows that an allowance like the one at issue, being a general social benefit, cannot be classified under one of the branches of social security listed in Article 4(1) of Regulation No. 1408/71 and therefore does not constitute a social security benefit within the specific meaning of the regulation.”
13.	It is to be noted that the reasoning in both Hoeckx and in Scrivner was not (as is often mistakenly stated) that a benefit like the Belgian minimex fell within the exclusion of Article 4(4) as social assistance, but was that as a general social benefit it did not fall within Article 4(1) even though entitlements were based on legally defined rights. It seems to me that that reasoning applies precisely to the case of income support. Income support is a general social benefit in which need is the essential criterion and to receive which a claimant does not have to demonstrate the existence of any specific risk. Although the assessment of need may be affected by the existence of circumstances such as disability or old age, that does not alter the general character of income support.
14.	The conclusion therefore is that income support in the case of the claimant in the present case is not an invalidity benefit or a family benefit within Article 4(1). Although the disability premium and the carer premium form part of his applicable amount that does not alter the reasoning that income support is a general social benefit. Nor does the fact that in his case income support was granted to top up income from invalidity benefit and that the two benefits would have been paid together in one combined weekly order. For the same reason, although income support was paid to the claimant in respect of both himself and his wife, income support is not a family benefit. Income support is not a benefit to which Regulation 1408/71, in its pre‑June 1992 form, applies and the claimant cannot take advantage of any provisions in it. I do not need to consider what assistance the claimant could have got from any of those provisions if my conclusion on Article 4 had been different.
15.	On that basis, is the result affected by the amendment of Regulation 1408/71 by Regulation 1247/92? The amendment introduced a new category of “special non‑contributory benefit” to which Regulation 1408/71 applies from 1 June 1992 onwards. Can the claimant, who continues to be unable to take advantage of any provisions applying to social security benefits within Article 4(1) of Regulation 1408/71, take advantage of the provisions relating to that new category? Article 4(2a) of Regulation 1408/71 provides:
“This Regulation shall also apply to special non-contributory benefits which are provided under a legislation or schemes other than those referred to in paragraph 1 or excluded by virtue of paragraph 4, where such benefits are intended:
(a)	either to provide supplementary, substitute or ancillary cover against the risks covered by branches of social security referred to in paragraph 1(a) to (h), or
(b)	solely as specific protection for the disabled.”
The substituted form of Article 5 provides:
“The Member States shall specify the legislation and schemes referred to in Article 4(1) and (2), the special non‑contributory benefits referred to in Article 4(2a), the minimum benefits referred to in Article 50 and the benefits referred to in Articles 77 and 78 in declarations to be notified and published in accordance with Article 97.”
The United Kingdom has not amended its declaration, last corrected in 1987, to specify any legislation as falling within Article 4(2a). If the purpose of and conditions of entitlement to income support are then considered there would be considerable doubt whether it falls within Article 4(2a). On the approach which I have adopted above, it could be argued that income support is not intended to provide supplementary, substitute or ancillary cover against the risks referred to in Article 4(1), even though in some cases the existence of such a risk may affect entitlement and income support may be paid as well as benefits within Article 4(1). However, Regulation 1247/92 also inserts a new Annex IIa into Regulation 1408/71, for the purpose of listing the special non‑contributory benefits to which the new Article 10a applies. Income support is listed in the section of Annex IIa relating to the United Kingdom. The Council of the European Community therefore at least assumed that income support is a special non‑contributory benefit. I think that the question of the effect of Annex IIa is a difficult one which may have to be explored in other cases, but in the present case I am prepared to assume in the claimants favour that income support falls within Article 4(2a).
16.	On that assumption, the claimant is not assisted by Article 10a of Regulation 1408/71, as the appeal tribunal correctly concluded. Article 10a(1) provides, with effect from 1 June 1992:
“Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 10 and Title III, persons to whom this Regulation applies shall be granted the special non‑contributory cash benefits referred to in Article 4(2a) exclusively in the territory of the Member State in which they reside, in accordance with the legislation of that State, provided that such benefits are listed in Annex IIa. Such benefits shall be granted by and at the expense of the institution of the place of residence.”
In Regulation 1408/71 “residence” means “habitual residence” (Article 1(h)). Since the claimant throughout remained habitually resident in the United Kingdom, Article 10a confers no rights for him to receive income support while outside the territory of the United Kingdom.
17.	The only other provisions which could potentially help the claimant are those in Article 2 of Regulation 1247/92. The potentially relevant provision, as correctly identified by the appeal tribunal, is Article 2(4). Article 2(3) and (4) provides, in the English text:
“3.	This Regulation shall not give rise to any rights in respect of any period prior to the date of its entry into force.
4.	Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 3, any special non‑contributory benefit granted in addition to a pension which has been refused or suspended on the grounds of the claimant’s or beneficiary’s residence in the territory of a Member State other than the competent State shall, upon application of the claimant or beneficiary, be granted or reinstituted from the date of entry into force of this Regulation with effect from the date of change of residence.”
The appeal tribunal took the view that arguably income support in the claimant’s case was granted in addition to a pension in the form of invalidity benefit, but that Article 2(4) did not help the claimant because he had not changed his residence, in the sense of habitual residence, and his income support had not been withdrawn on the ground of his habitual residence in Portugal. It was withdrawn on the ground of his presence or stay in Portugal. Before me, Mr. Paines did not argue that Article 2(4) failed to help the claimant for that reason. He submitted that Article 2(4) only applies to special non‑contributory benefits which are, like the means‑tested French supplementary allowance payable to recipients of old age, survivors’ or invalidity pensions discussed by the ECJ in Caisse Regionale d’Assurance Maladie Rhone‑Alpes v Giletti (Case 379/85) [1987] ECR 955, automatic supplements to a pension. He submitted that it does not apply to benefits like income support, which happen to be paid as well as a pension which falls within the category of an invalidity benefit. It would be extraordinary, he said, if Article 2(4) allowed the export of a benefit which, before 1 June 1992, was not covered by Regulation 1408/71 at all and, from 1 June 1992 onwards, could in the case of new claims be confined to the territory of the State of habitual residence. There was a reference to the French text of Article 2(4), which refers to a benefit “accordee a titre de complement a une pension”. The claimant did not make any comments on the interpretation of Article 2(4).
18.	I find this a most perplexing question. What is intended to be achieved by Article 2 of Regulation 1247/92, and in particular by Article 2(4), seems to me to be most obscure. Neither party asked me to refer any question to the ECJ and I do not consider that a reference is necessary, having reached a clear view on the questions which are necessary to my decision. I am reluctant to adopt the approach taken by the appeal tribunal, because in so far as Article 2 (4) gives an entitlement to export a special non-contributory benefit despite a change in the State of habitual residence, it could clearly be argued that it must include, a right to export the benefit despite the lesser change of a temporary stay in another Member State. That issue would not be reached if Mr. Paines is right and Article 2(4) simply does not apply to income support. The difficulty for Mr. Paines stems from the acceptance that income support is a special non‑contributory benefit. Therefore, it must be regarded, within the terms of Article 4(2a)(a) of Regulation 1408/71 as intended to provide supplementary, substitute or ancillary cover against risks listed in Article 4 (1) (since it is clear that income support is not intended solely as a specific protection for the disabled under Article 4(2a)(b)). He sought to meet that difficulty by arguing that Article 2(4) of Regulation 1247/92 was clearly intended only to apply to a limited category of special non‑contributory benefits, not to every benefit within Article 4(2a) of Regulation 1408/71. I agree with that. The reference in Article 2(4) to a benefit granted in addition to a pension must have been intended to be limiting, not merely descriptive of special noncontributory benefits as a whole. The question is what kind of limitation is imposed.
19.	The claimant’s case is that his income support was awarded in addition to his invalidity benefit, in that the income support topped up the amount of the invalidity benefit and that the two benefits were received together in one combined payment. His income support was withdrawn on the ground of his presence in Portugal. Therefore his circumstances come within Article 2(4), which requires the reinstitution of his entitlement to income support for the periods beyond the first four weeks of his absence from Great Britain. I think that it is legitimate to consider the French text of Article 2(4) of Regulation 1247/92 (see the end of paragraph 17 above), as an aid in interpreting the ambiguous English text. I have also considered the French text of Article 4(2a)(a) of Regulation 1408/71. That refers to benefits intended “a couvrir, a titre suppletif, complementaire ou accessoire, les eventualites correspondant aux branches visees au paragraphe 1 points a) a h)”. For some reason, “complementaire” there has been translated in the English text as “substitute”, rather than as “complementary”. But it seems to me that the same sort of notion is used in Article 2(4) of Regulation 1247/1992 as in Article 4(2a)(a) of Regulation 1408/71. After examining a number of French/English dictionaries and reference works on French legal terminology, I have concluded that the natural meaning of the phrase “a titre de complement de” in Article 2(4) is something like “by way of a complement to” or “as a complement to”. The phrase has a more specific meaning than might be suggested by the word “additional”. Article 2(4) should be interpreted as meaning that the grant of the special non-contributory benefit must in some way be dependant on the entitlement to the pension in question. Entitlement to income support does not depend on entitlement to any other benefits. The amount of other benefits received may count as income to be taken into account in the calculation of entitlement. Entitlement to other benefits may be relevant to whether certain premiums are or are not allowed. But entitlement to income support is not restricted to people who are also entitled to other benefits.
20.	I also take into account the startling consequences of accepting the claimant’s case on Article 2(4), as identified in Mr. Paines’ submission (see paragraph 17). It seems to me that to accept the claimant’s case on Article 2(4) so as to create a right to export entitlement to income support which does not and has never existed directly under Regulation 1408/71 would be contrary to the overall structure and purpose of Regulation 1247/92. Mr. Paines’ submission is substantially right. Article 2(4) of Regulation 1247/92 applies only to special non-contributory benefits entitlement to which depends on entitlement to a pension which falls within Article 4(1) of Regulation 1408/71. It does not apply to income support even when it is paid to top up a benefit such as invalidity benefit.
21.	I have taken a different approach to Article 2(4) of Regulation 1247/92 from that taken by the appeal tribunal, and I have doubts about the reasoning used by the appeal tribunal. However, I have decided that the appeal tribunal reached the right conclusion about the application of Article 2(4) to the claimant’s circumstances. If there was any error of law in the appeal tribunal’s reasoning, on which point I have not come to a settled conclusion, it was not a material error.
22.	Consequently I find that there was no error of law in the appeal tribunal’s conclusion that the claimant was unable to rely on any provisions of Community law, either before or after 1 June 1992, as modifying the effect of domestic British legislation in his case. Its conclusion in relation to that effect is unchallenged. Accordingly there is no ground on which the appeal tribunal’s decision can be set aside. The claimant’s appeal fails.

Date: 31 October 1995	(signed) Mr. J. Mesher
Commissioner

The claimant appealed to the Court of Appeal. The decision of the Court of Appeal follows.

DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEAL
Mr. R. Drabble QC (Instructed by Messrs Ward Dewhurst, Preston PR1 2JX) appeared on behalf of the Appellant.
Mr. N. Paines QC (Instructed by the solicitor to the Department of Social Security, London WC2A 2LS) appeared on behalf of the Respondent.

LORD JUSTICE MUMMERY:  
Introduction
	Mr. Anthony Perry, who suffers from incapacitating disabilities, normally receives income support while he is living at home in Blackburn.
Since the end of November 1991 he has spent part of the winter in an apartment in Albufeira in the Algarve.  His stays in Portugal in December 1991 and 1992 and in November 1993  were for therapeutic reasons.  On each occasion his temporary period of absence from the United Kingdom was for more than four weeks, a period potentially relevant to his continuing entitlement to income support. On this appeal the issue, on which Mr. Perry was unsuccessful before both the Social Security Appeal Tribunal and the Social Security Commissioner, is whether he is entitled to be paid income support during periods of temporary absence from the United Kingdom lasting for longer than four weeks.
The point for decision is what impact, if any, do EC Regulations relating to special non-contributory benefits have on the conditions governing entitlement to income support contained in the domestic legislation - the Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 (the 1992 Act) and the Income Support (General) Regulations 1987 (the 1987 Regulations).
It is submitted by Mr. Richard Drabble QC, on behalf of Mr. Perry, that the provisions of domestic law, which he accepts preclude Mr. Perry from receiving income support after four weeks absence from the United Kingdom, are incompatible with, and are therefore displaced by, the applicable provisions of EC Regulation 1408/71, as amended by Regulation 1247/92.  Alternatively, he contends that, if this submission is not accepted as “acte clair”, then this court should make a reference to the European Court of Justice under Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome on questions of interpretation of the Regulations.  During the course of the hearing of the appeal he helpfully produced a first draft of the proposed questions.
Mr. Nicholas Paines QC, on behalf of the Chief Adjudication Officer, submits that it is “acte clair” that no such incompatibility exists and that the relevant provisions of domestic law governing entitlement to income support are not displaced or modified by any provision of European Community law.  He opposes a reference on the ground that it is not necessary to request preliminary rulings of the Court of Justice on the questions proposed by Mr. Drabble to enable this Court to give judgment on this appeal.
Common Ground
There is no dispute between the parties on the following points:-
(1)	Throughout the relevant periods of temporary absence and stay in Portugal Mr. Perry continued to be habitually resident in Great Britain.
(2)	While staying in Portugal Mr. Perry remained entitled to his contributory invalidity benefit and to his disability living allowance; and his wife, who accompanied him, was entitled to an invalid care allowance.
(3)	Under section 124 of the 1992 Act and Regulation 4 of the 1987 Regulations Mr. Perry was not entitled to income support after four weeks’ absence from Great Britain. 
(4)	Mr. Perry can only succeed on this appeal if his submissions on the effect of EC Regulation 1408/71, as amended by EC Regulation 1247/92, are accepted as correct.  Regulation 1408/71 did not apply to income support before the amendments made by Regulation 1247/92 came into force on 1 June 1992.
(5)	Mr. Perry is a “worker” who is entitled to have directly applicable Articles in the Regulations applied to his case.

Relevant Provisions of Domestic Law
Part VII of the 1992 Act governs income-related benefits, which include a prescribed scheme providing for income support: Section 123(1)(a).  Under section 124 a person “in Great Britain” is entitled to income support if certain conditions of entitlement are satisfied relating to age, lack of income and lack of remunerative work.
Under section 137(2) of the 1992 Act Regulations may be promulgated, which make provision for the purposes of the Act,
“(a) as to circumstances in which a person is to be treated as being or not being in Great Britain;
(b) continuing a person’s entitlement to benefit during periods of temporary absence from Great Britain.”

Part II of the 1987 Regulations sets out the conditions of entitlement.  Regulation 4 prescribes those conditions which apply in cases of temporary absence from Great Britain:-
  “4 (1)  Where a claimant is entitled to income support for a period immediately preceding a period of temporary absence from Great Britain, his entitlement to income support shall continue only -
(a) in the circumstances specified in paragraph (2), during the first four weeks of that period of temporary absence....”

Paragraph (2) specifies the circumstances in which a claimant's entitlement to income support is to continue during the first four weeks of a temporary absence from Great Britain.  There are other circumstances, specified in  paragraph (3),in which a claimant’s entitlement to income support is to continue during the first eight weeks of temporary absence from Great Britain.
Under the 1987 Regulations Mr. Perry is entitled to have the disability premium provided for in regulation 11 reflected in the calculation of his income support.

Relevant Provisions of European Community Law
Article 51 of the Treaty of Rome provides:-
“The Council shall, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission, adopt such measures in the field of social security as are necessary to provide freedom of movement for workers; to this end, it shall make arrangements to secure for migrant workers and their dependants:
(a) aggregation, for the purpose of acquiring and retaining the right to benefit and of calculating the amount of benefit, of all periods taken into account under the laws of the several countries;
(b) payment of benefits to persons resident in the territories of Member States.”
Regulation 1408/71, as amended, is the detailed and complex  basic law giving expression to Article 51 of the Treaty on entitlement to social security benefits. The purpose of the Regulation is to facilitate and promote, in accordance with Article 51, the principle of free movement of workers, which might be impaired by the loss of benefits provided by Member States.  The Regulation sets out to achieve this objective by a process of co-ordinating the different domestic social security systems applicable in the territories of Member States. Provision is thus made for the aggregation of qualifying periods for benefit and for the exportability of benefits on a move by a worker to another Member State.

The Regulation does not, however, establish a harmonised Community scheme or system of social security benefits.  The relevant preambles to the Regulation, as amended, state the purposes of the Regulation as follows:-
“Whereas the provisions for co-ordination of national social security legislations fall within the framework of freedom of movement for workers who are nationals of Members States and should contribute towards the improvement of their standard of living and conditions of employment;
.............
Whereas it is necessary to respect the special characteristics of national social security legislations and to draw up only a system of co-ordination;
Whereas it is necessary, within the framework of that co-ordination, to guarantee within the Community equality of treatment under the various national legislations to workers living in the Member States and their dependants and their survivors;
Whereas the provisions for co-ordination must guarantee that workers moving within the Community and their dependants and their survivors retain the rights and the advantages acquired and in the course of being acquired; 
.......
Whereas employed persons and self-employed persons moving within the Community should be subject to the social security scheme of only one single Member State in order to avoid overlapping of national legislations applicable and the complications which could result therefrom;
Whereas the instances in which a person should be subject simultaneously to the legislation of two Member States as an exception to the general rule should be as limited in number and scope as possible;
Whereas with a view to guaranteeing the equality of treatment of all workers occupied on the territory of a Member State as effectively as possible, it is appropriate to determine as the legislation applicable, as a general rule, that of the Member State in which the person concerned pursues employment or self-employment;
Whereas in certain situations which justify other criteria of applicability, it is possible to derogate from this general rule;
Whereas certain benefits foreseen under national laws may fall simultaneously within social security and social assistance, because of the scope of their application, their objective and their manner of application, it is necessary to lay down a system of co-ordination, which takes into account the special characteristics of the benefits concerned, that should be included in the Regulation in order to protect the interests of migrant workers in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty;
Whereas such benefits should be granted, in respect of persons falling within the scope of this Regulation, solely in accordance with the legislation of the country of residence of the person concerned or of the members of his or her family, with such aggregation of periods of residence completed in any other Member State as is necessary and without discrimination on grounds of nationality.”

In Article 1(h) “residence” is defined as meaning “habitual residence.”  In   Article 1(i) “stay” is defined as meaning “temporary residence.” In Article 1(s) “periods of residence” are defined as meaning periods as defined or recognised as such by the legislation under which they were completed or considered as completed.
Article 4 sets out the branches of social security benefits to which the Regulation shall apply, such as sickness and maternity benefits, invalidity benefits, old-age benefits and so on.
Article 4.2a, as inserted by Regulation 1247/92, provides
“This Regulation shall also apply to special non-contributory benefits which are provided under legislation or schemes other than those referred to in paragraph 1 or excluded by virtue of paragraph 4, where such benefits are intended:
(a)	either to provide supplementary, substitute or ancillary cover against the risks covered by the branch of social security referred to in paragraph 1(a) to (h).”

Article 10 and 10a are central to the submissions made on behalf of Mr. Perry.  Article 10.1, which relates to the exportability of social security benefits, states:-
“Save as otherwise provided in this Regulation invalidity, old-age or survivors’ cash benefits, pensions for accidents at work or occupational  diseases and death grants acquired under the legislation of one or more Member States shall not be subject to any reduction, modification, suspension, withdrawal or confiscation by reason of the fact that the recipient resides in the territory of a Member State other than that in which the institution responsible for payment is situated.”

Thus the Article precludes the withdrawal of the specified benefits on the ground of the non-residence of the worker in the Member State in which he acquired the benefit in question.
Article 10a, which was introduced by the amendments in Regulation 1247/92 with effect from 1 June 1992, deals with “Special non-contributory benefits” which, it is agreed, include income support and are not exportable under Article 10:-
“1.  Notwithstanding the  provisions of Article 10 and Title III, persons to whom this Regulation applies shall be granted the special non-contributory cash benefits referred to in Article 4 (2a) exclusively in the territory of the Member State in which they reside, in accordance with the legislation of that State, provided that such benefits are listed in Annex IIa.  Such benefits shall be granted by and at the expense of the institution of the place of residence.”

Annex IIa (Article 10a of the Regulation) includes in L. United Kingdom (e) “Income support.”
Title II of the Regulation contains provisions for the “Determination of the Legislation Applicable.”  The general rules contained in Article 13 provide:-
“1.	Subject to Article 14c, persons to whom this Regulation applies shall be subject to the legislation of a single Member State only.  That legislation shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of this Title.
2.	Subject to Articles 14 to 17:
(a)	a person employed in the territory of one Member State shall be subject to the legislation of that State even if he resides in the territory of another Member State or if the registered office or place of business of the undertaking or the individual employing him is situated in the territory of another Member State.
.......................
(f)    a person to whom the legislation of a Member State ceases to be applicable, without the legislation of another Member State becoming applicable to him in accordance with one of the rules laid down in the aforegoing subparagraphs or in accordance with one of the exceptions or special provisions laid down in Articles 14 to 17 shall be subject to the legislation of the Member State in whose territory he resides in accordance with the provisions of that legislation alone.” 
Article 2 of 1247/92 contained transitional provisions:-
“(3)  This Regulation shall not give rise to any rights in respect of any period prior to the date of its entry into force.
(4)  Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 3, any special non-contributory benefit granted in addition to a pension which has been refused or suspended on grounds of the claimant’s or beneficiary’s residence in the territory of a Member State other than the competent State shall, upon application of the claimant or beneficiary, be granted or reinstituted from the date of entry into force of  this Regulation with effect from the date of change of residence.”

Mr. Perry’s Appeals
Regulation 1408/71, as amended, was relied on by Mr. Perry in his appeals against three decisions of the Adjudication Officer dated 31 January 1992, 17 December 1992 and 26 November 1993 withdrawing his income support in respect of his periods of temporary absence in the Algarve in December 1991, December 1992 and November 1993.  
On 19 September 1994 the Preston Social Security Appeal Tribunal dismissed Mr. Perry’s appeals.  The Tribunal held that the domestic legislation did not permit income support to be paid to Mr. Perry beyond the first four weeks of his stay in Portugal; that if income support was to be paid for later periods Mr. Perry would have to rely on European Community law; that Regulation 1408/71, in its original form, did not assist Mr. Perry because income support was not within its scope; that Article 10a, inserted in the basic Regulation by Regulation 1247/92, did not assist Mr. Perry, because it did not deal with “exportability” and only conferred entitlement to benefits exclusively in the territory of the Member State in which a claimant habitually resides in accordance with the legislation of that State; and that the transitional provisions in Article 2(4) of Regulation 1247/92 did not assist Mr. Perry, as income support had not been refused on the grounds of his residence in Portugal, but rather it had been taken away from him on the grounds of his presence in Portugal, while he remained habitually resident in the United Kingdom.  (Although Mr. Paines QC defended this result, he did not seek on this appeal to support the reasoning of the Appeal Tribunal on the transitional provision point.)  
Mr. Perry appealed to the Social Security Commissioner.  On 31 October 1995 the Social Security Commissioner (Professor John Mesher) upheld the decision of the Social Security Appeal Tribunal. On 9 July 1996 he refused leave to appeal.  Leave to appeal on a point of law was subsequently granted by the Court of Appeal on 6 June 1997.
The Social Security Commissioner noted the agreement of the parties that the decisions of the Adjudication Officer were correct in their application of purely domestic United Kingdom legislation and that Mr. Perry could only succeed in his appeals in reliance on some provision of European  Community legislation.  It was agreed that the only relevant legislation consisted of the two Regulations already cited.  He agreed with the decision of the Appeal Tribunal that income support is not a benefit to which Regulation 1408/71, in its pre-June 1992 form, applied.  The only question, therefore, was whether that position was changed by the amendments made by the 1992 Regulation.  He assumed in Mr. Perry’s favour that income support fell within Article 4.2a, but concluded that he was not assisted by Article 10a, on which Mr. Drabble QC relies in this appeal, as Mr. Perry throughout remained habitually resident in the United Kingdom; and Article 10a conferred no rights on him to receive income support while he was outside the territory of the country in which he habitually resided within the meaning of the Regulation.
He also rejected Mr. Perry’s submissions on the transitional provisions in Article 2(4) of Regulation 1247/92.  Although he did not agree with the reasoning of the Appeal Tribunal on this Article, he decided that the Appeal Tribunal had reached the correct conclusion on the application of the Article to Mr. Perry’s circumstances.  He accepted the submission on behalf of the Chief Adjudication Officer that Article 2(4) only applies to special non-contributory benefits payable as automatic supplements to pensions paid on grounds of old age or invalidity.  The Article does not apply to additional benefits, like income support, which happen to be paid in parallel with a pension.  He referred to the language of the French text of the Article in its reference to a benefit “accordee a titre de complement a une pension.”  He concluded that Article 2(4) was clearly intended only to apply to a limited category of special non-contributory benefits and not to every benefit within Article 4.2a of Regulation 1408/71.  He said (paragraph 18):-
“The reference in Article 2(4) to a benefit granted in addition to a pension must have been intended to be limiting, not merely descriptive of special non-contributory benefits as a whole.  The question is what kind of limitation is imposed.”

Having regard to the French text, as an aid to interpreting what he regarded as an ambiguous English text, he stated:-
“Article 2(4) should be interpreted as meaning that the grant of the special non-contributory benefit must in some way be dependent on the entitlement to the pension in question.  Entitlement to income support does not depend on entitlement to any other benefits.  The amount of other benefits received may count as income to be taken into account in the calculation of the entitlement.  Entitlement to other benefits may be relevant to whether certain  premiums are or are not allowed.  But entitlement to income support is not restricted to people who are also entitled to other benefits.” (paragraph 19)

Issues on the Appeal
The notice of appeal states two grounds in support of the contention that the Social Security Commissioner erred in law in dismissing Mr. Perry’s appeals.
(1)	Article 10a Point
Did the Commissioner err in law in holding that Article 10a did not assist Mr Perry in his claims to income support during periods when he was habitually resident in the United Kingdom and therefore “resident” for the purpose of the regulation and the article, but was temporarily absent? This point relates only to the two periods for which income support is claimed after the amendments to the original Regulation came into force on 1 June 1992.
It is submitted on behalf of Mr. Perry that Article 10a defines a territorial test for entitlement to “special contributory benefits” The test is that of habitual residence, not of presence. Although Mr. Perry was present in Portugal during the periods in question, he remained habitually resident in the United Kingdom: that entitled him to continued payment of income support.  It was emphasised that it was not a case of “exportability” of the income support in the conventional sense of a benefit paid by one Member State to an individual  who was resident in another Member State.  Mr. Perry never became resident in Portugal within the meaning of the Regulation.
(2)	The Article 2(4) Point
Did the Commissioner err in law in holding that income support fell outside the transitional provisions of Article 2(4), because it could not be said to be “granted in addition to” a pension? This point relates only to the one period for which income support is claimed before the 1992 amendments came into force.
It is argued on behalf of Mr. Perry that Article 2 simply requires that the “special non-contributory benefit” be granted in addition to a pension, such as is invalidity benefit or disability allowance, or that, at the most, there must be some link between the purposes of the “special non-contributory benefit” and such a pension.  There was such a link in this case in the existence of the disability premium within the income support scheme.
Submissions of Appellant - The Article 10a Point
Mr. Drabble QC developed the grounds of appeal in the following submissions:-
(1)	Article 10a confers on Mr. Perry a positive Community right to be granted the special non-contributory benefit under the law of his country of residence.  He is entitled to income support over the periods in question by virtue of that positive right and by virtue of his habitual residence in the United Kingdom, even during the periods of temporary absence in the Algarve.  He is not, Mr. Drabble emphasised, claiming to be entitled under Article 10 to export income support.  Confusion with the concept of exportability had crept into and coloured the decisions of the Appeal Tribunal and the Commissioner.  Mr. Perry relies on Article 10a which is not concerned with the export of benefits on a change of residence from one Member State to another Member State: it is concerned with entitlement to special non-contributory benefits by virtue of continuing habitual residence in the Member State under the legislation of which those benefits are granted.  
(2)	It is not open to the United Kingdom, as a Member State, to deny to Mr. Perry, by the provisions of its domestic legislation, the benefit of income support on the ground that, although he satisfies the test of habitual residence in Article 10a of the Regulation, he fails to satisfy the narrow domestic test of presence in the 1992 Act and the regulations made under it.  It would be contrary to the basic scheme introduced by Article 10a to allow a Member State to rely on its domestic law provisions concerning residence or presence so as to deny the special non-contributory benefit to a Community national who was resident in that State in the Community sense.  The important point is that Article 10a prescribes the test of habitual residence in a Member State for entitlement to benefit, not a test of continuous presence.  The presence test in the 1987 Regulations produces a different effect from Article 10a, is incompatible with the scheme of co-ordination created by the Regulation and is therefore displaced by the paramount provisions of Article 10a.
	(3) The approach taken by the Appeal Tribunal and the Commissioner was incompatible with the purpose of the EC legislation, because it discriminated against migrant workers in the Community: they are more likely than nationals of a host Member State to be temporarily absent for short periods from the Member State in which they habitually reside.
	(4) The expression “in accordance with the legislation of that State” means in accordance with the legislation other than that governing the required connection with the Member State.  The expression also indicates that the legislation of other Member States is irrelevant in the context of special non-contributory benefits, entitlement to which is to be determined under the legislation of the state of residence, not, for example, the state in which the worker is employed.  The expression does not permit the domestic law of a Member State to operate different residence conditions which are incompatible with the scheme of the Regulations.     

In support of the these contentions Mr. Drabble QC cited decisions of the European Court of Justice.
In the case of Sociale Verzekeringsbank -v- Kuijpers [1982] ECR 3027 the ECJ stated the purpose of the Regulation in these terms:-
“10.  According to  a consistent line of decisions of the Court the aim of the provisions contained in Title II of.... Regulation No. 1408/71, which determine the legislation applicable to workers moving within the Community, is to ensure that the persons concerned shall be subject to the social security scheme of only one Member State, in order to prevent more than one national legislation from being applicable and the complications which may result from that situation.
	..............
14.  It follows from the provisions cited above that the application of national legislation is determined by reference to criteria drawn from the rules of Community law.  Although the Court stated in its judgment of 24 April 1980 in Case 110/79, Coonan -v- Insurance Officer [1980] ECR 1445, that it is for the legislature of each Member State to lay down the conditions creating the right or the obligation to become affiliated to a social security scheme or to a particular branch under such a scheme, it must be emphasised that this does not mean that the Member States are entitled to determine the extent to which their own legislation or that of another Member State is applicable.”

In Ten Holder -v- Nieuwe Algemene Bedrijfsvereniging [1986] ECR 1821 the Court said this about Regulation 1408/71:-
“21.  The provisions of Title II constitute a  complete system of conflict rules the effect of which is to divest the legislature of each Member State of the power to determine the ambit and the conditions of the application of its national legislation so far as the persons who are subject thereto and the territory within which the provisions of national law take effect are concerned.  As the Court pointed out in its judgment of 23 September 1982 in Case 276/81 (Kuijpers 1982 ECR 3027) and in Case 275/81 (Koks [1982] ECR 3013),” the Member States are [not] entitled to determine the extent to which their own legislation or that of another Member State is 	applicable since they are “under an obligation to comply with the provisions of Community law in force.”

Mr. Drabble QC also cited Pietro Pinna -v- Caisse d'allocations familiales de la Savoie Case 41/84[1986] ECR 1.  The Court held that an Article in the Regulation (Article 73(2)) was invalid in so far as it precluded the award to employed persons subject to French legislation of French family benefits for members of their family residing in the territory of another Member State.  It was stated in paragraph 22 of the judgment that article 73 of the Regulation
“creates two different systems for migrant workers depending on whether they are subject to French legislation or to the legislation of another Member State.  Accordingly, it adds to the disparity caused by national legislation and, as a result, impedes the achievement of the aims set out in Articles 48 to 51 of the Treaty.
23.  More specifically with regards to the assessment of the validity of Article 73(2) itself, it must be stated that the principle of equal treatment prohibits not only overt discrimination based on nationality but all covert forms of discrimination which, by applying other distinguishing criteria, in fact achieve the same result.
24.  That is precisely the case when the criterion set out in Article 73(2) is used in order to determine the legislation applicable to the family benefits of a migrant worker.  Although as a general rule the French legislation employs the same criterion to determine the entitlement to family benefits of a French worker employed in a French territory, that criterion is by no means equally important to that category of worker, since the problem of members of the family residing out France arises essentially for migrant workers.  Consequently, the criterion is not of such a nature as to secure the equal treatment laid down by Article 48 of the Treaty and therefore may not be employed within the context of the co-ordination of national legislation which is laid down in Article 51 of the Treaty with a view to promoting the free movement of workers within the Community in accordance with Article 48.”

Finally, the case of Snares -v- Adjudication Officer [1998] CMLR 897 was cited.  In that case the ECJ ruled that, on a proper construction of Article 10a of the Regulation, disability living allowance is a special non-contributory benefit within the meaning of Article 4.2a
 “with the result that the position of a person  such as the claimant, who satisfied the conditions for the award of that benefit, is governed exclusively by the system of co-ordination established by the said Article 10a.”

Mr. Drabble QC referred in particular to passages in the opinion of the Advocate General (paragraphs 17 and 83 to 101).  In paragraph 93 it is stated that
“....the Member States are required to grant special non-contributory benefits provided for by the legislation to all their residents who fall within the scope of the Regulation, whatever their nationality, provided they fulfil the conditions for entitlement laid down by national legislation and the benefits in question are specified in Annex IIa”
	The Advocate General continued in paragraph 95:-
“In the present case, reference should therefore be made to the relevant provisions of Spanish legislation, the  State of residence, without referring to the United Kingdom provisions, even if the latter provisions are more advantageous for Mr. Snares.  Otherwise the principle that the legislation of a single Member State only is applicable, which underlies the relevant Community rules, would be impaired.  The binding force of the rules on connecting factors contained in the Regulation undoubtedly flows from the primacy of Community law.”

Mr. Drabble QC relied upon all these authorities in support of the proposition that under Community law there is a positive obligation on a Member State to pay a special non-contributory benefit as long as the claimant is resident in that State; the Regulation does not allow a Member State to refuse such a benefit to a person habitually resident in it on the basis of temporary presence or stay in another Member State; in  other words, the relevant test of connection for the special non-contributory benefit must not be a more arduous one than Article 10a.  The presence requirement in the United Kingdom Regulations is incompatible with that provision of European Community Law.
Article 10a - Conclusion
In my judgment Mr. Drabble’s submissions should be rejected for these reasons:-
(1)	Article 10a does not confer on Mr. Perry a positive right to income support claimed by him so as to displace the requirement of presence under the domestic income support system.  The language of Article 10a recognises that special non-contributory benefits are granted “in accordance with the legislation of that state” i.e. the territory of the Member State in which the relevant person resides.  The legislation of the United Kingdom expressly provides for the withholding of income support during periods of the claimant's temporary absence from Great Britain.  Article 10a does not override or displace the conditions of entitlement to income support.  On the contrary, it provides that the right to the special non-contributory benefit is determined in accordance with the domestic law of the Member State.  This is reinforced by the preamble to Regulation 1247/92 which  states
“Whereas benefits should be granted, in respect of persons falling within the scope of Regulation (EEC) No. 1408/71, solely in accordance  with the legislation of the country of residence of the person concerned or of the members of his or her family, with such aggregation of periods of residence completed in any other Member State as is necessary and without discrimination on grounds of nationality;”
(2)	This result is consistent with the purpose of the Regulation, which is to co-ordinate and not to harmonise the systems of social security, and with the purpose of a special non-contributory benefit, such as income support, which is to provide assistance in the form of an addition to income which is linked to the cost of living in that Member State.
(3)	There is clearly no incompatibility between article 10a and the provisions in the United Kingdom legislation which disentitle Mr. Perry to income support during a period of temporary absence in another Member State.  The Regulation requires the benefits to be granted “in accordance with the legislation of that State.” That State is the one in which the person resides.  In the case of Mr. Perry that State is the United Kingdom.  The legislation of the United Kingdom does not entitle Mr. Perry to income support if he is out of Great Britain for more than four weeks.  As there is clearly no incompatibility, there is no question to be referred to the European Court of Justice under Article 177.
The Article 2(4) Point –Appellant’s Submissions
Mr. Drabble QC submitted that the transitional provisions of Article 2 (3) and (4) of Regulation 1247/92 prescribe that the special non-contributory benefit is “granted in addition to a pension.”  Mr. Perry fulfills that requirement because income support paid to him is “granted in addition to”  his invalidity pension.  That is a contributory benefit providing protection against the risk of invalidity.  There is a close link or connection between income support and that invalidity pension. Indeed, receipt of that contributory benefit is reflected in the amount of income support by virtue of the premium referred to in regulation 11 of the 1987 Regulations.
Further, Mr. Drabble submits that the income support was paid as a complement or supplement to his invalidity pension.  This is clear from the terms of Article 4.2a, as inserted by amendment with effect from 1 June 1992.  The decisions of the Court of Justice, which are relied on by the Chief Adjudication Officer (and cited below) in his argument that income support is not a complement or a supplement to the invalidity pension, do not apply in view of the terms of Regulation 1247/92. 
It is accepted by Mr. Paines that income support is listed in Annex IIa of the Regulation and that it falls within Article 4.2a. Mr. Drabble submits that it must follow from this concession and from the language of that Article that income support is intended to provide “supplementary...cover against the risks covered by the branches of social security referred to in paragraph 1(a) to (h).” Those “branches” include “invalidity benefits” (1.(b)),and they are such a “pension” as is referred to in Article 2(4) of No. 1247/92.  Mr. Perry’s income support for the December 1991 period was refused or suspended on the grounds of his temporary absence in Portugal, which is a Member State other than the competent State. As directed by Article 2(4), Mr. Perry’s income support for the December 1991 period should be granted or reinstituted from 1 June 1992.  (Mr. Drabble accepted that this argument, even if successful, would not  assist Mr. Perry’s claim for the two periods of absence in Portugal after 1 June 1992.)
Article 2(4) Point - Conclusion
On this point I am persuaded by the submissions of Mr. Paines that it is clear that there is no error of law in the construction and application of Article 2(4) by the Social Security Commissioner and that Mr. Drabble’s construction should be rejected as erroneous.
Mr. Paines submitted, and I accept, that Article 2(4) applies to special non-contributory benefits which are paid as a complement or supplement to a pension.  It is not sufficient that income support is in fact paid to Mr. Perry in parallel with an invalidity pension nor is it sufficient that there is a link of the kind relied on by Mr. Drabble between the purposes of the special non-contributory benefit and such a pension.
Support for this conclusion is, as the Social Security Commissioner held, to be found in the language of the French text in its reference to “complement” and also in the fact that non-contributory benefits, paid as a supplement to an invalidity or old-age pension, are well established in European Community social security law: see, for example, Case 379/86 Caisse Régionale d'Assurance Maladie Rhône-Alpes v. Giletti  [1987] ECR 955, a case concerned with a supplementary allowance to recipients of old-age or invalidity benefits where their resources are inadequate, so as to achieve what is regarded as the indispensable minimum level.  It was an automatic supplement linked to an invalidity or old-age pension.  That legislation was regarded by the Court of Justice as fulfilling a dual function, as it guaranteed both a minimum means of subsistence to persons in need and also provided additional income for the recipients of social security benefits which are inadequate.  In so far as such legislation conferred a right to supplementary benefits designed to increase the amount of pensions paid by way of social security, without any assessment of individual needs or circumstances, which is a characteristic of assistance, it came within the social security scheme within the meaning of Regulation 1408/71.  Income support payable under the 1992 Act and the 1987 Regulations is not a supplementary benefit of that kind.
The language and context of Article 2(4) indicate a reference to a subcategory of special non-contributory benefits of this automatic supplementary kind, and not to benefits in the form of assistance payments based on individual needs and circumstances, such as income support, received in parallel with a pension.  Mr. Drabble’s contrary construction would produce this irrational result: a transitional provision in an amending Regulation dealing with cases of entitlement to export benefits which had arisen under the provisions applicable before 1 June 1992 (being provisions which did not, prior to amendment, apply to income support at all) would create a new right to export income support in respect of a pre-1 June 1992 period; and, if Mr. Drabble is wrong on the Article 10a point, as I think he is, there would be no right under Article 10 or Article 10a to export income support after 1 June 1992, even though income support now falls within the Regulation.  It is improbable, to put it at its lowest, that the framers of the transitional provisions intended to produce such a result.
It is more probable, as contended by Mr. Paines, that the reference to a special non-contributory benefit “which has been refused or suspended” before the entry into force of Regulation 1247/92 relates only to benefits which were covered by and were exportable under Regulation 1408/71.  As already explained, income support was not a benefit which fell within Regulation 1408/71 until the amendments made by Regulation 1247/92 came into force on 1 June 1992 and even then it was not made an exportable benefit. 
I would add that the European Court of Justice has held that the fact that income support schemes include premia based on certain specified  risks is not sufficient to bring them within the scope of social security: see C-63/91 and 64/91 Jackson and Cresswell v. Chief Adjudication Officer [1992]ECR I-4737 and C-243/90 R v. Secretary of State for Social Security ex parte Smithson [1992]ECR I-467.  Both cases were concerned with Council Directive 79/7 regarding the progressive implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security.  According to Article 3(1) of the directive it applies to statutory schemes which provide protection against specified risks, such as sickness, invalidity, old age and so on and to social assistance in so far as it is intended to supplement or replace those schemes.  The Court of Justice held that a benefit, if it is to fall within the scope of Directive 79/7, must constitute the whole or part of a statutory scheme providing protection against one of the specified risks or a form of social assistance having the same objective: the benefit must be directly and effectively linked to the protection provided against one of the specified risks.  The fact that some of the risks listed in Article 3(1) are taken into account in order to grant a higher benefit is not sufficient to bring that benefit as such within the scope of the directive.  Exclusion from the scope of the directive is “a fortiori” where the benefit in question is determined independently of any consideration relating to any of the listed risks.  The result contended for by Mr. Drabble would be inconsistent with those decisions.  He attempted to distinguish them by reference to the express provisions of Article 4.2a, which were inserted in the Regulation and are linked by the provisions of the Article itself to the specified benefits in Article 4.2.  But, even if it is possible to distinguish those decisions on the language of the amended Regulation, Mr. Drabble’s submission does not address the unacceptable irrational consequences of his construction of Article 2(4) which have already been noted.  
For all those reasons I would dismiss this appeal on both points.  The decision of the Social Security Commissioner is legally correct.  It is not necessary to request the Court of Justice for a ruling on the interpretation of Regulation 1408/71, as amended by Regulation 1247/92.

LORD JUSTICE MILLETT:  
I agree.

LORD JUSTICE BELDAM:  
I also agree.

Order:	 Appeal dismissed; no order for costs, leave to appeal to the House of Lords refused.